scholarly journals Infectious Diseases and Vaccination Strategies: How to Protect the “Unprotectable”?

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Bozzola ◽  
Mauro Bozzola ◽  
Valeria Calcaterra ◽  
Salvatore Barberi ◽  
Alberto Villani
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Childhood Immunization ◽  
Household Contacts ◽  
Vaccination Strategies ◽  
Immunization Strategies ◽  
Complicated Course

Introduction. The circulation of infectious diseases puts small infants too young to be vaccinated at risk of morbidity and mortality, often requiring prolonged hospitalization. Material and Methods. We have reviewed the medical records of children not eligible for vaccination because of age, admitted to hospital for pertussis, measles, or varicella from February 1, 2010, till February 1, 2012. Results. Of the case records scrutinized, 21 were hospitalized for pertussis, 18 for measles, and 32 for varicella. Out of them, 42%, 66%, and 78% diagnosed with, respectively, pertussis, measles, and varicella had a complicated course of the disease. Discussion. To avoid infectious disease circulation, childhood immunization strategies should be adopted, such as vaccination of healthcare givers, adult household contacts, and parents planning to have, or who have had, a newborn baby.

Structure and clinical features of patients with acute appendicitis in infectious hospital

2021 ◽  
pp. 11-19
Author(s):  
V. P. Zemlyanoy ◽  
B. V. Sigua ◽  
V. A. Melnikov ◽  
M. M. Nakhumov ◽  
Yu. V. Letina
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Acute Appendicitis ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Comparison Group ◽  
Surgical Patients ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Hospital Patients

The results of the analysis of medical records of 148 patients with acute appendicitis who were treated in the surgical departments of an infectious diseases hospital and in a general surgical hospital are presented. The patients were divided into 3 groups: I (main) — patients with a confirmed infectious disease, II (occult) — patients with excluded infectious disease, III (comparison group) — patients of a general surgical hospital. Patients treated in an infectious diseases hospital were admitted mainly within 24 hours from the onset of the disease, while patients with a general surgical profile — in the interval from 6 to 24 hours from the onset of symptoms. In the structure of morphological forms of acute appendicitis in infectious patients, gangrenous appendicitis prevailed, and phlegmonous appendicitis among general surgical patients. Peritonitis, which is the most frequent complication of acute appendicitis, was registered in group I in 53 (96,4 %) cases, in group II in 35 (71,4 %) cases, and in group III in 16 (36,4 %) cases, moreover, the patients of the infectious diseases hospital predominantly developed purulent forms, and the patients of the general surgical hospital developed serous peritonitis.

scholarly journals The Intestinal Microbiome in Infectious Diseases: The Clinical Relevance of a Rapidly Emerging Field

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa C Harris ◽  
Bastiaan W Haak ◽  
Michaël Boele van Hensbroek ◽  
Willem J Wiersinga
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Clinical Relevance ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Risk Patient ◽  
Immune Development ◽  
Enteric Infections

Abstract The field of infectious disease is undergoing a paradigm shift as the intestinal microbiome is becoming understood. The aim of this review is to inform infectious disease physicians of the potential relevance of the intestinal microbiome to their practice. We searched Medline using both index and text words relating to infectious diseases, microbiome, and probiotics. Relevant articles published up through 2017 were reviewed within Rayyan. The review illustrates pathophysiologic concepts linking the microbiome and infectious diseases; specifically, the intestinal microbiome’s relevance to early immune development, the microbiome and enteric infections, the microbiome’s relevance in compromised hosts, and antimicrobial resistance. Within each subject, there are specific examples of diseases and at-risk patient populations where a role for the microbiome has been strongly established. This provides an overview of the significance of the intestinal microbiome to microbiology, pediatric and adult infectious diseases with an underpinning of concepts useful for the practicing clinician.

scholarly journals The Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS in Aboriginal Communities: An Anthropological Perspective

1996 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion Maar
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Aboriginal People ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Anthropological Perspective ◽  
Aboriginal Communities ◽  
Aids Epidemic ◽  
Canadian Population ◽  
The Many ◽  
Hiv Aids

Historically, Aboriginal people have been dramatically affected by epidemics of infectious disease. Today, levels of morbidity and mortality from such illnesses are much higher than in the broader Canadian population. This paper presents an anthropological investigation into the factors which put Aboriginal people and their communities at risk for the AIDS epidemic, and explores some of the many approaches Aboriginal people have chosen to respond to this crisis.

scholarly journals Current Finding of Helminth Morphology Cause Infectious Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 76
Author(s):  
Reqgi First Trasia
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Soil Contamination ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Current Finding ◽  
Female Type ◽  
Populations At Risk

<p><strong>In Indonesia, the prevalence of helminthiasis is still high, especially in children. The frequency is 60-70% in populations at risk. The lack of use of family latrines causes soil contamination with feces around the yard. There are still few articles that review the morphology of worms that cause infectious diseases in Indonesia. Whereas knowledge of morphology is important to understand the life cycle of worms that play a role in disease transmission in humans and mammals. This article aims to discuss the latest findings regarding the morphology of worms that cause infectious diseases in humans. It can be concluded that at the adult stage, worms can be sexed. Usually, the female type has a relatively larger size than the male. On the head (anterior) there are 3 lips that have sensor papillae, one on the mediodorsal and 2 on the ventrolateral. Between the 3 lips there is a bucal cavity which is triangular in shape and functions as a mouth.</strong></p><p><em><strong>Keywords - </strong>Morphology, Helminth, Infectious disease</em></p>

scholarly journals Peculiarities of Diagnostics of Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Patients with Acute Infectious Diseases

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 178-186
Author(s):  
Vyacheslav Petrovich Zemlyanoy ◽  
Mikhail Mikhajlovich Nakhumov ◽  
Dmitriy Valerievich Tretyakov
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Gastrointestinal Bleeding ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Lower Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Laboratory Methods ◽  
Endoscopic Techniques ◽  
Limited Effectiveness

Relevance. Diagnosis of gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with infectious diseases is difficult and has a number of features. Aim. To analyze the peculiarities of diagnostic gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with acute infectious diseases to improve diagnostic results. Materials and methods. The data were used in medical records of 58 patients with confirmed infection, 48 patients with unconfirmed infectious disease brought in infectious hospitals in St. Petersburg from 2002 to 2014 years who have diagnosed gastrointestinal bleeding. Depending on the level of gastrointestinal bleeding (upper or lower gastrointestinal tract divisions), complaints are analyzed, objective clinical data, information of various symptoms, sensitive instrumental and laboratory studies. The results of the study compared with the control group – 49 patients with confirmed gastrointestinal bleeding without infection, surgical wards had been treated in city hospitals. Conclusions. Due to represented data the following concluded the limited effectiveness of clinical and laboratory methods for diagnosis of gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with infectious diseases and the need for greater use of objective such as rectal digital research and sensing stomach sensitivity comparable with endoscopic techniques.

scholarly journals Emerging Infectious Diseases in Pregnant Women in a Non-Endemic Area: Almost One Out of Four Is at Risk

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
Giulia Modi ◽  
Beatrice Borchi ◽  
Susanna Giaché ◽  
Irene Campolmi ◽  
Michele Trotta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria ◽  
Emerging Infectious Disease ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Sub Saharan

We report the results of a targeted testing strategy for five emerging infectious diseases (Chagas disease, human T-lymphotropic virus 1 infection, malaria, schistosomiasis, and Zika virus infection) in pregnant women accessing an Italian referral centre for infectious diseases in pregnancy for unrelated reasons. The strategy is based on a quick five-question questionnaire which allows the identification of pregnant women at risk who should be tested for a specific disease. One hundred and three (24%) out of 429 pregnant women evaluated in a 20 month period were at risk for at least one emerging infectious disease. Three (2.9%, all from sub-Saharan Africa) out of 103 at-risk women resulted in being affected (one case of Plasmodium falciparum malaria, two cases of schistosomiasis) and were appropriately managed. Prevalence of emerging infectious disease was particularly high in pregnant women from Africa (three out of 25 pregnant women tested, 12%). The proposed strategy could be used by health care professionals managing pregnant women in non-endemic setting, to identify those at risk for one of the five infection which could benefit for a targeted test and treatment.

scholarly journals HLA and Infectious Diseases

2009 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 370-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenefer M. Blackwell ◽  
Sarra E. Jamieson ◽  
David Burgner
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Human Leukocyte Antigen ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Selective Pressure ◽  
Human Leukocyte ◽  
Acquired Immunity ◽  
Leukocyte Antigen ◽  
Extreme Variability ◽  
Classical Human Leukocyte Antigen

SUMMARY Following their discovery in the early 1970s, classical human leukocyte antigen (HLA) loci have been the prototypical candidates for genetic susceptibility to infectious disease. Indeed, the original hypothesis for the extreme variability observed at HLA loci (H-2 in mice) was the major selective pressure from infectious diseases. Now that both the human genome and the molecular basis of innate and acquired immunity are understood in greater detail, do the classical HLA loci still stand out as major genes that determine susceptibility to infectious disease? This review looks afresh at the evidence supporting a role for classical HLA loci in susceptibility to infectious disease, examines the limitations of data reported to date, and discusses current advances in methodology and technology that will potentially lead to greater understanding of their role in infectious diseases in the future.

scholarly journals Drivers of Infectious Disease Seasonality: Potential Implications for COVID-19

2021 ◽  
pp. 074873042098732
Author(s):  
N. Kronfeld-Schor ◽  
T. J. Stevenson ◽  
S. Nickbakhsh ◽  
E. S. Schernhammer ◽  
X. C. Dopico ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Multidisciplinary Approach ◽  
Preliminary Assessment ◽  
Epidemiological Evidence ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Timing Phase

Not 1 year has passed since the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Since its emergence, great uncertainty has surrounded the potential for COVID-19 to establish as a seasonally recurrent disease. Many infectious diseases, including endemic human coronaviruses, vary across the year. They show a wide range of seasonal waveforms, timing (phase), and amplitudes, which differ depending on the geographical region. Drivers of such patterns are predominantly studied from an epidemiological perspective with a focus on weather and behavior, but complementary insights emerge from physiological studies of seasonality in animals, including humans. Thus, we take a multidisciplinary approach to integrate knowledge from usually distinct fields. First, we review epidemiological evidence of environmental and behavioral drivers of infectious disease seasonality. Subsequently, we take a chronobiological perspective and discuss within-host changes that may affect susceptibility, morbidity, and mortality from infectious diseases. Based on photoperiodic, circannual, and comparative human data, we not only identify promising future avenues but also highlight the need for further studies in animal models. Our preliminary assessment is that host immune seasonality warrants evaluation alongside weather and human behavior as factors that may contribute to COVID-19 seasonality, and that the relative importance of these drivers requires further investigation. A major challenge to predicting seasonality of infectious diseases are rapid, human-induced changes in the hitherto predictable seasonality of our planet, whose influence we review in a final outlook section. We conclude that a proactive multidisciplinary approach is warranted to predict, mitigate, and prevent seasonal infectious diseases in our complex, changing human-earth system.

scholarly journals Application of 3D bioprinting in the prevention and the therapy for human diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hee-Gyeong Yi ◽  
Hyeonji Kim ◽  
Junyoung Kwon ◽  
Yeong-Jin Choi ◽  
Jinah Jang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
3D Bioprinting ◽  
Disease Research ◽  
Infectious Disease Research

AbstractRapid development of vaccines and therapeutics is necessary to tackle the emergence of new pathogens and infectious diseases. To speed up the drug discovery process, the conventional development pipeline can be retooled by introducing advanced in vitro models as alternatives to conventional infectious disease models and by employing advanced technology for the production of medicine and cell/drug delivery systems. In this regard, layer-by-layer construction with a 3D bioprinting system or other technologies provides a beneficial method for developing highly biomimetic and reliable in vitro models for infectious disease research. In addition, the high flexibility and versatility of 3D bioprinting offer advantages in the effective production of vaccines, therapeutics, and relevant delivery systems. Herein, we discuss the potential of 3D bioprinting technologies for the control of infectious diseases. We also suggest that 3D bioprinting in infectious disease research and drug development could be a significant platform technology for the rapid and automated production of tissue/organ models and medicines in the near future.

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