scholarly journals Current Finding of Helminth Morphology Cause Infectious Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 76
Author(s):  
Reqgi First Trasia
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Soil Contamination ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Current Finding ◽  
Female Type ◽  
Populations At Risk

<p><strong>In Indonesia, the prevalence of helminthiasis is still high, especially in children. The frequency is 60-70% in populations at risk. The lack of use of family latrines causes soil contamination with feces around the yard. There are still few articles that review the morphology of worms that cause infectious diseases in Indonesia. Whereas knowledge of morphology is important to understand the life cycle of worms that play a role in disease transmission in humans and mammals. This article aims to discuss the latest findings regarding the morphology of worms that cause infectious diseases in humans. It can be concluded that at the adult stage, worms can be sexed. Usually, the female type has a relatively larger size than the male. On the head (anterior) there are 3 lips that have sensor papillae, one on the mediodorsal and 2 on the ventrolateral. Between the 3 lips there is a bucal cavity which is triangular in shape and functions as a mouth.</strong></p><p><em><strong>Keywords - </strong>Morphology, Helminth, Infectious disease</em></p>

scholarly journals Human infectious disease burdens decrease with urbanization but not with biodiversity

2017 ◽  
Vol 372 (1722) ◽  
pp. 20160122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chelsea L. Wood ◽  
Alex McInturff ◽  
Hillary S. Young ◽  
DoHyung Kim ◽  
Kevin D. Lafferty
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Dilution Effect ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Over Time

Infectious disease burdens vary from country to country and year to year due to ecological and economic drivers. Recently, Murray et al. (Murray CJ et al . 2012 Lancet 380 , 2197–2223. ( doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61689-4 )) estimated country-level morbidity and mortality associated with a variety of factors, including infectious diseases, for the years 1990 and 2010. Unlike other databases that report disease prevalence or count outbreaks per country, Murray et al. report health impacts in per-person disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), allowing comparison across diseases with lethal and sublethal health effects. We investigated the spatial and temporal relationships between DALYs lost to infectious disease and potential demographic, economic, environmental and biotic drivers, for the 60 intermediate-sized countries where data were available and comparable. Most drivers had unique associations with each disease. For example, temperature was positively associated with some diseases and negatively associated with others, perhaps due to differences in disease agent thermal optima, transmission modes and host species identities. Biodiverse countries tended to have high disease burdens, consistent with the expectation that high diversity of potential hosts should support high disease transmission. Contrary to the dilution effect hypothesis, increases in biodiversity over time were not correlated with improvements in human health, and increases in forestation over time were actually associated with increased disease burden. Urbanization and wealth were associated with lower burdens for many diseases, a pattern that could arise from increased access to sanitation and healthcare in cities and increased investment in healthcare. The importance of urbanization and wealth helps to explain why most infectious diseases have become less burdensome over the past three decades, and points to possible levers for further progress in improving global public health. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Conservation, biodiversity and infectious disease: scientific evidence and policy implications’.

scholarly journals Searching for the Source of Infection: A Website to Help Teach the Principles of Infectious Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-42
Author(s):  
Jie Shen ◽  
Zhu Xiang ◽  
Yang Peijing ◽  
Zhou Zixuan
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Exchange Process ◽  
Multiple Infection ◽  
Major Threat ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Sources Of Infection ◽  
Test Use

Infectious diseases are a major threat to humans, and finding sources of infection is therefore an important task. We designed a website to help teachers communicate the relevant principles of infectious diseases, deepen students' understanding of disease transmission, and equip students with the ability to trace the origin of infections caused by microorganisms. The website enables multi-person online use, with real-time recording of the exchange process and real-time viewing of infection results. Additionally, the website is able to preserve data permanently by setting multiple infection sources, providing a better simulation of real-world scenarios. Test use of the website by 120 students demonstrated that it has no significant bugs.

scholarly journals The Intestinal Microbiome in Infectious Diseases: The Clinical Relevance of a Rapidly Emerging Field

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa C Harris ◽  
Bastiaan W Haak ◽  
Michaël Boele van Hensbroek ◽  
Willem J Wiersinga
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Clinical Relevance ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Risk Patient ◽  
Immune Development ◽  
Enteric Infections

Abstract The field of infectious disease is undergoing a paradigm shift as the intestinal microbiome is becoming understood. The aim of this review is to inform infectious disease physicians of the potential relevance of the intestinal microbiome to their practice. We searched Medline using both index and text words relating to infectious diseases, microbiome, and probiotics. Relevant articles published up through 2017 were reviewed within Rayyan. The review illustrates pathophysiologic concepts linking the microbiome and infectious diseases; specifically, the intestinal microbiome’s relevance to early immune development, the microbiome and enteric infections, the microbiome’s relevance in compromised hosts, and antimicrobial resistance. Within each subject, there are specific examples of diseases and at-risk patient populations where a role for the microbiome has been strongly established. This provides an overview of the significance of the intestinal microbiome to microbiology, pediatric and adult infectious diseases with an underpinning of concepts useful for the practicing clinician.

scholarly journals Impact of Social Distancing on COVID-19 and Other Related Infectious Disease Transmission: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (F) ◽  
pp. 601-607
Author(s):  
Nor Rumaizah Mohd Nordin ◽  
Fadly Syah Arsad ◽  
Puteri Sofia Nadira Megat Kamaruddin ◽  
Muhammad Hilmi ◽  
Mohd Faizal Madrim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
Infectious Disease Transmission ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
The Impact

Background   Similar to other coronaviruses, COVID-19 is transmitted mainly by droplets and is highly transmissible through close proximity or physical contact with an infected person. Countries across the globe have implemented public health control measures to prevent onwards transmission and reduce burden on health care settings. Social or physical distancing was found to be one of appropriate measure based on previous experience with epidemic and pandemic contagious diseases. This study aims to review the latest evidence of the impact of social or physical distancing implemented during COVID-19 pandemic towards COVID-19 and other related infectious disease transmission.   Methodology   The study uses PRISMA review protocol and formulation of research question was based on PICO. The selected databases include Ovid MEDLINE and Scopus. Thorough identification, screening and eligibility process were done, revealed selected 8 articles. The articles then ranked in quality through MMAT.   Results   A total of eight papers included in this analysis. Five studies (USA, Canada, South Korea and the United Kingdom) showed physical distancing had resulted in a reduction in Covid-19 transmission. In comparison, three other studies (Australia, South Korea and Finland) showed a similar decline on other infectious diseases (Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), other sexually transmitted infections (STI), Influenza, Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and Vaccine-Preventive Disease (VPD). The degree of the distancing policy implemented differ between strict and lenient, with both result in effectiveness in reducing transmission of infectious disease.   Conclusion   Physical or social distancing may come in the form of extreme or lenient measure in effectively containing contagious disease like COVID-19, however the stricter the measure will give more proportionate impact towards the economy, education, mental health issues, morbidity and mortality of non-COVID-19 diseases. Since we need this measure to ensure the reduction of infectious diseases transmission in order to help flattening the curve which allow much needed time for healthcare system to prepare adequately to response, ‘Precision physical distancing” can be implemented which will have more benefit towards the survival of the community as a whole.

scholarly journals Influence of Climatic Factors on Human Hantavirus Infections in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Systematic Review

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Kirk Osmond Douglas ◽  
Karl Payne ◽  
Gilberto Sabino-Santos ◽  
John Agard
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Habitat Type ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
The Caribbean

Background: With the current climate change crisis and its influence on infectious disease transmission there is an increased desire to understand its impact on infectious diseases globally. Hantaviruses are found worldwide, causing infectious diseases such as haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS)/hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in tropical regions such as Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). These regions are inherently vulnerable to climate change impacts, infectious disease outbreaks and natural disasters. Hantaviruses are zoonotic viruses present in multiple rodent hosts resident in Neotropical ecosystems within LAC and are involved in hantavirus transmission. Methods: We conducted a systematic review to assess the association of climatic factors with human hantavirus infections in the LAC region. Literature searches were conducted on MEDLINE and Web of Science databases for published studies according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) criteria. The inclusion criteria included at least eight human hantavirus cases, at least one climatic factor and study from > 1 LAC geographical location. Results: In total, 383 papers were identified within the search criteria, but 13 studies met the inclusion criteria ranging from Brazil, Chile, Argentina, Bolivia and Panama in Latin America and a single study from Barbados in the Caribbean. Multiple mathematical models were utilized in the selected studies with varying power to generate robust risk and case estimates of human hantavirus infections linked to climatic factors. Strong evidence of hantavirus disease association with precipitation and habitat type factors were observed, but mixed evidence was observed for temperature and humidity. Conclusions: The interaction of climate and hantavirus diseases in LAC is likely complex due to the unknown identity of all vertebrate host reservoirs, circulation of multiple hantavirus strains, agricultural practices, climatic changes and challenged public health systems. There is an increasing need for more detailed systematic research on the influence of climate and other co-related social, abiotic, and biotic factors on infectious diseases in LAC to understand the complexity of vector-borne disease transmission in the Neotropics.

scholarly journals Infectious Diseases and Vaccination Strategies: How to Protect the “Unprotectable”?

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Bozzola ◽  
Mauro Bozzola ◽  
Valeria Calcaterra ◽  
Salvatore Barberi ◽  
Alberto Villani
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Childhood Immunization ◽  
Household Contacts ◽  
Vaccination Strategies ◽  
Immunization Strategies ◽  
Complicated Course

Introduction. The circulation of infectious diseases puts small infants too young to be vaccinated at risk of morbidity and mortality, often requiring prolonged hospitalization. Material and Methods. We have reviewed the medical records of children not eligible for vaccination because of age, admitted to hospital for pertussis, measles, or varicella from February 1, 2010, till February 1, 2012. Results. Of the case records scrutinized, 21 were hospitalized for pertussis, 18 for measles, and 32 for varicella. Out of them, 42%, 66%, and 78% diagnosed with, respectively, pertussis, measles, and varicella had a complicated course of the disease. Discussion. To avoid infectious disease circulation, childhood immunization strategies should be adopted, such as vaccination of healthcare givers, adult household contacts, and parents planning to have, or who have had, a newborn baby.

scholarly journals Preparations for the European football championship (EURO 2008) in Switzerland

2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Dreyfus ◽  
J Marfurt ◽  
A Birrer ◽  
H. C. Matter ◽  
P-A Raeber
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Disease Prevention ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
National Level ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Mass Gathering ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
European Football

The European football championship (EURO 2008) is taking place in Austria and Switzerland between 7 and 29 June 2008. From a public health point of view, such a mass gathering requires attention with regard to infectious disease prevention because of (i) a potential increased risk for disease transmission (ii) increased media attention and (iii) its potential as a target for actions of a bioterrorist nature [2,6,8,9]. This article gives an overview of the preparations for Euro 2008 on the national level in Switzerland with regards to infectious diseases.

scholarly journals Application of computer simulation in the study of infectious disease transmission mechanism

2021 ◽  
Vol 336 ◽  
pp. 06010
Author(s):  
Chengzhen Zhao ◽  
Hui Zhao ◽  
Xun liang
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Transmission Mechanism ◽  
Dynamics Model ◽  
Infectious Disease Transmission ◽  
Testing Cost ◽  
Time Variables ◽  
And Control ◽  
Degree Of Isolation

Major infectious diseases have exerted a serious influence on people's lives. Through quantifying the effect of prevention and control, we can deeply understand the transmission mechanism of infectious diseases. This paper estimates the intensity of detection, the degree of isolation and other indicators, and analyzes the influence mechanism of these indicators on the scale of the epidemic, using computer programming to simulate the extended dynamics model of infectious diseases, based on the infectious disease in Hubei. The mortality rate and recovery rate, according to the data of Hubei, in the model are set as time variables, and the threshold is set at the same time. As a result, the improved analysis mechanism of the model will get more realistic simulation prediction results. It is concluded that isolation measures can effectively control the scale of the epidemic, but there is a phenomenon of marginal utility degression with excessively strict isolation measures by analysing and comparing. The increasing detection efforts will reduce the epidemic duration of the later stage, accelerating the arrival of the epidemic peak, although the peak will be slightly larger. All in all, we can comprehensively consider the testing cost and maintain a moderate detection intensity.

scholarly journals Effect of Climate Changes on the Spread of Infectious Disease: A Public Health Threat

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Shaheen MNF
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Major Part ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Host Susceptibility ◽  
Human History ◽  
Population Declines ◽  
Public Health Threat

Infectious diseases can lead to a rapid population declines or species extinctions. Many pathogens of marine taxa and terrestrial are sensitive to humidity, temperature, and rainfall creating synergisms that could impacts biodiversity. Climate warming can lead to increase in the pathogen development and survival rates, disease severity, disease transmission, and host susceptibility. The effects of climate changes on infectious diseases can play a major part in human history, influencing the increase and fal l of civilizations and promoting the conquest of new territories. In order to improve our ability to predict wild epidemics, it will be important to separate the independent and interactive impacts of multiple climate drivers on disease effects. In this re view, we highlighted the significant climate changes on infectious disease distribution.

HVAC system requirements for protection against epidemics similar to Covid-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 001-013
Author(s):  
Ali Kemal CAKIR
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Hvac Systems ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Infectious Disease Transmission ◽  
Indirect Contact ◽  
Engineering Controls ◽  
Short Term Exposure

Tuberculosis and in some cases, flu, colds and other airborne diseases. Since research is one of the biggest concerns of causing influenza pandemics, most research surrounding aerosol contamination revolves around environmental influences on the influenza virus. Many literatures suggest that influenza is transmitted primarily through close contact, such as exposure to large respiratory droplets, direct mouth-to-mouth contact and short-term exposure to infectious aerosols. Diffusion can be accelerated or controlled by heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. Researches continue that advances state of knowledge in the specific techniques that control airborne infectious disease transmission through HVAC systems, including ventilation rates, airflow regimes, filtration, and ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI). In this paper three methods of transmission of Airborne Infectious Diseases are discussed, namely through direct contact, large droplet contact, inhalation of droplet core. An extensive literature review of many papers was conducted infectious diseases spread in several different ways and the transmission of infectious viruses. This review targets direct and indirect contact as well as infectious viruses known to be transmitted from the air. And he focused on preventive ventilation systems for these targets. This paper will give idea to support further research on engineering controls to reduce infectious disease transmission.

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