Residual biomass potential in olive tree cultivation and olive oil industry in Spain: valorization proposal in a biorefinery context

Olive crop and olive oil industry generates several residues, i.e., olive tree pruning biomass (OTPB), extracted olive pomace (EOP) and olive leaves (OL) that could be used to produce high-added value products in an integrated biorefinery. OTPB is generated in the field as a result of pruning operation to remove old branches; EOP is the main residue of the pomace olive oil extracting industry after extraction with hexane of residual oil contained in olive pomace; and OL comes from the olive cleaning process carried out at olive mills, where small branches and leaves are separated by density. In this work, an analysis of the potential of OTPB, EOP and OL residues was addressed by estimating the production volumes at national level and the spatial distribution of these residues using geographic information system software. Information provided by public institutions and personal surveys to the industries was evaluated. Moreover, chemical analysis of the residues was undertaken and the results used to make a first assessment of valorization into biofuels such as bioethanol and bio based chemicals. Results show that close to 4.2 million tons/year of EOP, OL and OTPB derived from olive oil industry and olive tree cultivation in Spain could be available as a raw material for biorefineries in Spain. The analysis of the chemical characteristics indicates the relevant potential of these feedstocks for the production of bioethanol and other compounds such as phenols based on suitable processing and conversion routes, although techno-economic evaluations must be tackled to refine this approach.

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Valorization of olive oil industry subproducts: ash and olive pomace fast pyrolysis

Food and Bioproducts Processing ◽

10.1016/j.fbp.2020.10.011 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 125 ◽

pp. 37-45

Author(s):

A. Alcazar-Ruiz ◽

R. Garcia-Carpintero ◽

F. Dorado ◽

L. Sanchez- Silva

Keyword(s):

Olive Oil ◽

Fast Pyrolysis ◽

Oil Industry ◽

Olive Pomace

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Biorefinery of the Olive Tree—Production of Sugars from Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Olive Stone Pretreated by Alkaline Extrusion

Energies ◽

10.3390/en13174517 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (17) ◽

pp. 4517

Author(s):

Pablo Doménech ◽

Aleta Duque ◽

Isabel Higueras ◽

Raquel Iglesias ◽

Paloma Manzanares

Keyword(s):

Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽

Olive Oil ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Olive Tree ◽

Reactive Extrusion ◽

Extraction Process ◽

Raw Material ◽

Chemical Agent ◽

Olive Stone ◽

Conversion Rates

This work addresses for the first time the study of olive stone (OS) biomass pretreatment by reactive extrusion technology using NaOH as the chemical agent. It is considered as a first step in the biological conversion process of the carbohydrates contained in the material into bio-based products. OS is a sub-product of the olive oil extraction process that could be used in a context of a multi-feedstock and multi-product biorefinery encompassing all residues generated around the olive oil production sector. OS biomass is pretreated in a twin-screw extruder at varying temperatures—100, 125 and 150 °C and NaOH/biomass ratios of 5% and 15% (dry weight basis), in order to estimate the effectiveness of the process to favour the release of sugars by enzymatic hydrolysis. The results show that alkaline extrusion is effective in increasing the sugar release from OS biomass compared to the raw material, being necessary to apply conditions of 15% NaOH/biomass ratio and 125 °C to attain the best carbohydrate conversion rates of 55.5% for cellulose and 57.7% for xylan in relation to the maximum theoretical achievable. Under these optimal conditions, 31.57 g of total sugars are obtained from 100 g of raw OS.

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Valorization of by-products from olive oil industry and added-value applications for innovative functional foods

Food Research International ◽

10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109683 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 137 ◽

pp. 109683 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Patricia Gullón ◽

Beatriz Gullón ◽

Gonzalo Astray ◽

María Carpena ◽

María Fraga-Corral ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Olive Oil ◽

Functional Foods ◽

Oil Industry ◽

Added Value ◽

By Products

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Energetic Valorisation of Olive Biomass: Olive-Tree Pruning, Olive Stones and Pomaces

Processes ◽

10.3390/pr8050511 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (5) ◽

pp. 511 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Juan Francisco García Martín ◽

Manuel Cuevas ◽

Chao-Hui Feng ◽

Paloma Álvarez Mateos ◽

Miguel Torres García ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Olive Oil ◽

Energy Production ◽

Oil Industry ◽

Olive Tree ◽

Biofuel Production ◽

Future Research ◽

Olive Stones ◽

The World ◽

Tree Pruning ◽

By Products

Olive oil industry is one of the most important industries in the world. Currently, the land devoted to olive-tree cultivation around the world is ca. 11 × 106 ha, which produces more than 20 × 106 t olives per year. Most of these olives are destined to the production of olive oils. The main by-products of the olive oil industry are olive-pruning debris, olive stones and different pomaces. In cultures with traditional and intensive typologies, one single ha of olive grove annually generates more than 5 t of these by-products. The disposal of these by-products in the field can led to environmental problems. Notwithstanding, these by-products (biomasses) have a huge potential as source of energy. The objective of this paper is to comprehensively review the latest advances focused on energy production from olive-pruning debris, olive stones and pomaces, including processes such as combustion, gasification and pyrolysis, and the production of biofuels such as bioethanol and biodiesel. Future research efforts required for biofuel production are also discussed. The future of the olive oil industry must move towards a greater interrelation between olive oil production, conservation of the environment and energy generation.

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Thermochemical Conversion of Olive Oil Industry Waste: Circular Economy through Energy Recovery

Recycling ◽

10.3390/recycling5020012 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 12 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Leonel J. R. Nunes ◽

Liliana M. E. F. Loureiro ◽

Letícia C. R. Sá ◽

Hugo F.C. Silva

Keyword(s):

Olive Oil ◽

Energy Recovery ◽

Energy Content ◽

Oil Industry ◽

Thermochemical Conversion ◽

Olive Pomace ◽

Industry Waste ◽

Direct Combustion ◽

Laboratory Characterization ◽

Conversion Technologies

The demand for new sources of energy is one of the main quests for humans. At the same time, there is a growing need to eliminate or recover a set of industrial or agroforestry waste sources. In this context, several options may be of interest, especially given the amounts produced and environmental impacts caused. Olive pomace can be considered one of these options. Portugal, as one of the most prominent producers of olive oil, therefore, also faces the problem of dealing with the waste of the olive oil industry. Olive pomace energy recovery is a subject referenced in many different studies and reports since long ago. However, traditional forms of recovery, such as direct combustion, did not prove to be the best solution, mainly due to its fuel properties and other characteristics, which cause difficulties in its storage and transportation as well. Torrefaction and pyrolysis can contribute to a volume reduction, optimizing storage and transportation. In this preliminary study, were carried out torrefaction and pyrolysis tests on olive pomace samples, processed at 300 °C, 400 °C, and 500 °C, followed by laboratory characterization of the materials. It was verified an improvement in the energy content of the materials, demonstrating that there is potential for the use of these thermochemical conversion technologies for the energy recovery of olive pomace.

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Lessons Learned from Deepwater Horizon Incident - Adapting an Integrated Command System with Governmental Takeover of the Incident Command

International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings ◽

10.7901/2169-3358-2014.1.361 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 (1) ◽

pp. 361-372 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Johan Marius Ly ◽

Kathrine Idas ◽

Rune Bergstrøm ◽

Egil Dragsund

Keyword(s):

Oil Spill ◽

Pollution Control ◽

National Level ◽

Oil Industry ◽

Deepwater Horizon ◽

Lessons Learned ◽

Added Value ◽

Incident Command ◽

Offshore Oil ◽

Operating Company

ABSTRACT Both the Norwegian authorities and the oil industry have completed assessments and evaluations with respect to the lessons learned and experiences gained from the Deepwater Horizon incident in 2010. This paper will focus on the establishment of a national system for handling very large oil spills and governmental takeover of the incident command from the responsible operating company. The Norwegian oil industry is subject to preparedness requirements following the Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) regulations for petroleum related activities. Based on this, all offshore operating companies must have contingency plans and be able to respond to an oil spill resulting from their own activities. The Norwegian Coastal Administration (NCA) has a duty on behalf of the government to maintain preparedness and respond to major instances of acute pollution and, by law, has the obligation to take command and direct major response operations. On the Norwegian Continental Shelf there have only been two incidents involving the offshore oil industry with the release of crude oil estimated at more than 4,000 m3. The Bravo blow-out occurred in 1977, with a release of oil of approximately 12,700 m3. The Statfjord A release occurred in 2007 during a shuttle tanker loading with a release of oil of approximately 4,400 m3. The Bravo blowout lasted for eight days and resulted in a high focus on oil spill response both within the oil industry and for the authorities. The Norwegian Clean Seas Association for Operating Companies (NOFO) was established in 1978 as the industry's operational organization within oil spill contingency. In 2013 an updated national risk picture was presented with fourteen defined scenarios. One of these is an offshore oil and gas blow-out spilling approximately 300,000 tonnes and resulting in approximately 3,000 km of polluted shoreline. Together with the lessons identified from the Deepwater horizon response in 2010 there was a need to assess and improve how spills with an extreme nature and magnitude were organized on a national level. Within the framework of the Pollution Control act and HSE regulations a system has been developed in a joint effort between the oil industry and the authorities. The system is based on the already existing integrated command structure in Norway and will be part of the national contingency plan. The system for governmental takeover of the incident command, how the takeover is organized, and how the responsibilities are distributed is described in a bridging document. One of the main issues is how to be prepared to make full use of the Pollution Control Act and international agreements to bring added value to the spill response operations. A decision for governmental takeover will be based on a holistic assessment of the actual oil spill and the environmental consequences, and will build upon the already existing spill response organization established by the responsible operating company.

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Bioactive Compounds with Added Value Prepared from Terpenes Contained in Solid Wastes from the Olive Oil Industry

Chemistry & Biodiversity ◽

10.1002/cbdv.200900023 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 421-439 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Andres Parra ◽

Pilar E. Lopez ◽

Andres Garcia-Granados

Keyword(s):

Olive Oil ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Oil Industry ◽

Solid Wastes ◽

Added Value

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Total and Sustainable Valorisation of Olive Pomace Using a Fractionation Approach

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10196785 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (19) ◽

pp. 6785 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Tânia B. Ribeiro ◽

Ana L. Oliveira ◽

Cristina Costa ◽

João Nunes ◽

António A. Vicente ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Olive Oil ◽

Liquid Fraction ◽

Value Added ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Added Value ◽

Olive Pomace ◽

Food Ingredients ◽

Physicochemical Composition ◽

Solid Biofuel ◽

Oil Sector

Olive pomace management represents a great concern to the olive oil industry. This work focused on the development of a “zero waste” strategy for olive pomace based on a fractionation approach resulting in the obtention of different value-added fractions. The physicochemical composition of edible fractions obtained (liquid and pulp) was analysed. The potential use as a solid biofuel of the non-edible fraction (stones) was evaluated. High amounts of hydroxytyrosol (513.61–625.76 mg/100 g dry weight) were present in the liquid fraction. Pulp fraction was demonstrated to be a good source of fibre (53–59% dry weight) with considerable antioxidant activity both from free and bound phenolics. The stones fraction exhibited substantial high heating values (18.65–18.94 megajoule (MJ/kg). All these results support the added value of the olive pomace fractions combining the biofuel potential from the stones fraction and the functional food ingredients’ potential both from liquid and pulp fractions. The present methodology seems to be a feasible whole valorisation approach to achieve the circularity in the olive oil sector, prioritising obtaining high over low added-value products.

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Olive tree (Olea europaea L.) leaf as a waste by-product of table olive and olive oil industry: a review

Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture ◽

10.1002/jsfa.8619 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 98 (4) ◽

pp. 1271-1279 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

Selin Şahin ◽

Mehmet Bilgin

Keyword(s):

Olive Oil ◽

Olea Europaea ◽

Oil Industry ◽

Olive Tree ◽

Olea Europaea L ◽

Table Olive ◽

Olea Europaéa

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L'anglicisme dans la langue française

Digital Press Social Sciences and Humanities ◽

10.29037/digitalpress.43286 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

pp. 00013

Author(s):

Danny Susanto

Keyword(s):

English Language ◽

Oil Industry ◽

English Word ◽

Public Institutions ◽

Font Size ◽

The World ◽

French Speaking ◽

The Difference ◽

Definition Of ◽

Bibliographic Study

The purpose of this study is to analyze the phenomenon known as “anglicism”: a loan made to the English language by another language. Anglicism arose either from the adoption of an English word as a result of a translation defect despite the existence of an equivalent term in the language of the speaker, or from a wrong translation, as a word-by-word translation. Said phenomenon is very common nowadays and most languages of the world including making use of some linguistic concepts such as anglicism, neologism, syntax, morphology etc, this article addresses various aspects related to Anglicisms in French through a bibliographic study: the definition of Anglicism, the origin of Anglicisms in French and the current situation, the areas most affected by Anglicism, the different categories of Anglicism, the difference between French Anglicism in France and French-speaking Canada, the attitude of French-speaking society towards to the Anglicisms and their efforts to stop this phenomenon. The study shows that the areas affected are, among others, trade, travel, parliamentary and judicial institutions, sports, rail, industrial production and most recently film, industrial production, sport, oil industry, information technology, science and technology. Various initiatives have been implemented either by public institutions or by individuals who share concerns about the increasingly felt threat of the omnipresence of Anglicism in everyday life.

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