Crop-weather based relation and severity prediction of aerial blight incited by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn in soybean

Crop-weather based relation and other aspects of aerial blight incited by Rhizoctoniasolani Kuhn were investigated on two mega varieties (JS 335 and JS 97-52, now susceptible) under central Indian conditions during 2017, 2018 and 2019. It was found that aerial severity and sclerotial formation on affected leaves were varied significantly in all three season, and progress of disease was rapid between 63–84 days old crop {full pod (R4) to maturity initiation (R7) stage}.Increasing crop age was also significantly positively correlated with increasing severity (0.732*) and sclerotial formation (0.981**). Mean relative humidity and maximum temperature of current as well as previous week were found to be positively and negatively correlated with increasing severity of aerial blight, respectively. A regression based model with three explanatory variables (Mean RH, Rainfall and Minimum temperature) of current week was found to be most significant in prediction of disease severity (R2=0.946) of aerial blight. Whereas previous week weather variables i.e. rainy days and rainfall were also accounted 71.7 per cent variability (R2 = 0.717) in disease severity. Overall, weekly average maximum temp (27 to 30o C) and mean RH (80 to 90 per cent) in current week coupled with more rainfall and rainy days in previous week were found to be most conducive field condition for rapid progress of aerial blight disease in soybean.

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Role of Epidemiological and Biochemical Factors against Early Blight of Potato

International Journal of Phytopathology ◽

10.33687/phytopath.002.01.0025 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 08-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Saira Mehboob ◽

Muhammad Aslam Khan ◽

Abdul Rehman ◽

Muhammad Idrees

Keyword(s):

Wind Speed ◽

Relative Humidity ◽

Disease Severity ◽

Early Blight ◽

Maximum Temperature ◽

Pan Evaporation ◽

Advanced Line ◽

Blight Disease ◽

Relationship Of ◽

Moderately Resistant

Epidemiological and biochemical factors play a significant role in early blight disease development in potatoes. For this 29 test cultivars/ lines, were screened, 15 lines including Cardinal and Desiree were found to be very highly susceptible. Eight lines including Diament FSD-White, and TPS-9813 showed highly susceptible response. Two lines i.e. 9802 and 396266-33 were susceptible. Only one variety /advanced line FD-1-8 was found to be resistant. None of the 29 advanced lines was found to be highly resistant while two lines such as FD-3-9 and FD-48-41 were shown moderately resistant response. At varietal level, among 29 test varieties/ advanced lines, all the varieties showed highly significant correlation with minimum temperature and negative correlation with maximum temperature. 18 varieties/advanced lines have significant correlation with pan evaporation. Whereas all the 29 varieties/ advanced lines did not show any correlation with relative humidity and wind speed. Five varieties/ advanced lines namely Cardinal, 396240-181, 9803, FD-1-9 and 9801 were selected to study the relationship of environmental conditions with disease severity. Maximum disease severity was recorded at 17-200C maximum temperature, 6-9oC of minimum air temperature and 1.9-2.4 mm pan evaporation. Relative humidity and wind speed almost had no significant effect on disease severity. On varietal level early blight disease severity had significant correlation with phenolic production both in leaves and tubers. Among 29 varieties, 20 varieties had significant correlation with phenolic production while 9 had no correlation in case of leaves while in case of tubers 19 varieties/ lines showed significant correlation 10 lines did not show any correlation with phenolics production.

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Impact of climate on Spot Blotch (Bipolaris sorokiniana) severity on wheat (Triticum aestivum) crop over Eastern Gangetic Plains (EGP) of India

Journal of Agrometeorology ◽

10.54386/jam.v21i4.279 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 21 (4) ◽

pp. 444-451

Author(s):

C.K. Singh ◽

R. Chand ◽

V.K. Mishra ◽

G. Sonkar ◽

R.K. MALL

Keyword(s):

Disease Severity ◽

Management Practices ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Bipolaris Sorokiniana ◽

Spot Blotch ◽

Maximum Temperature ◽

Wheat Crop ◽

Arima Models ◽

Wheat Varieties ◽

Average Maximum

Spot blotch (SB) in wheat crop is caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana, become an epidemic in warm and humid regions. The climate influences the incidence and severity of the crop diseases. The present study is an attempt to assess the role of climatic parameters on the SB of wheat. The experiment was conducted on susceptible wheat varieties grown under timely and late sown conditions at Varanasi for three consecutive years (2014-15, 2015-16, and 2016-17). The Multi Liner Regression (MLR) model revealed that the R2 for disease severity was 0.74 and 0.72, for timely and late sown conditions, respectively. Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) models were evaluated to predict the SB severity. Out of eight ARIMA models, ARIMA (1, 0, 1) was the best fit to predict the disease severity. The R2 and RMSE were 0.88 and 7.61, respectively for the timely sown condition. For the late sown, R2 was 0.86 and RMSE 5.48. It was noted that the disease incidence and severity increased rapidly during 8th to 13th SMW that follows after the heading. The risk of SB increased after heading in those areas characterized by average maximum temperature >30 °C with high relative humidity >50%. The outbreaks of SB were recorded during this period. This study will help wheat growers of the EGP for timely adaptation of management practices and breeder for the screening of SB resistant germplasms.

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Role of weather factors in development of late leaf spot (Phaeoisariopsis personata) on groundnut (Arachis hypogaea)

MAUSAM ◽

10.54302/mausam.v68i2.632 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 68 (2) ◽

pp. 299-308

Author(s):

UTPAL DEY ◽

D. N. DHUTRAJ ◽

DIGANGGANA TALUKDAR ◽

ANUP DAS

Keyword(s):

Relative Humidity ◽

Wind Velocity ◽

Leaf Spot ◽

Weather Condition ◽

Maximum Temperature ◽

Leaf Spot Disease ◽

Late Leaf Spot ◽

Spot Disease ◽

Average Maximum ◽

Rainy Days

The field experiment was conducted during Kharif 2012 and 2013 to find out the influence of weather parameters viz., temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, rainy days and wind velocity on the intensity of late leaf spot disease and defoliation in four groundnut cultivars viz., JL-24, LGN-1, TAG-24 and TG-26. The prevailing weather condition viz., average temperatures of 30.92 °C (max.) and 22.31 °C (min.), average RH of 89.67 % (morning) and 64.25 % (evening), well distributed average rainfall of 50.33 mm, average rainy days of 2.67 and average wind velocity of 4.24 km/hr were found to be conducive for the initiation, development and spread of late leaf spot disease in susceptible groundnut Cv. JL-24, TAG-24 and tolerant Cv. LGN-1, TG-26. As a result, overall average maximum disease intensity of 33.97 (21.96 to 46.37 %) per cent and 29.06 (18.62 to 39.01 %) per cent, were recorded in JL-24 and TAG-24, respectively. Groundnut Cv. JL-24 and TAG-24 (susceptible) exhibited comparatively maximum average defoliation in the range of 6.65 to 14.05 (Av. 10.29 %) and 5.64 to 11.82 per cent (Av. 8.80 %), respectively. The correlation coefficient between weather variables and disease intensity in both the years indicated that maximum temperature had negative and non significant effect in all the groundnut cultivars; whereas, minimum temperature had positive and significant effect on the disease intensity in all the groundnut cultivars. Relative humidity (morning and evening) played significant positive role on the disease intensity in all the groundnut cultivars.

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The Effect of the Thermal Mass of the Building Envelope on Summer Overheating of Dwellings in a Temperate Climate

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14144117 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (14) ◽

pp. 4117

Author(s):

Tadeusz Kuczyński ◽

Anna Staszczuk ◽

Piotr Ziembicki ◽

Anna Paluszak

Keyword(s):

Building Materials ◽

Heat Waves ◽

Residential Buildings ◽

Building Envelope ◽

Temperate Climate ◽

Maximum Temperature ◽

Thermal Mass ◽

Occupant Behavior ◽

Average Maximum ◽

Night Ventilation

The main objective of this paper is to demonstrate the effectiveness of increasing the thermal capacity of a residential building by using traditional building materials to reduce the risk of its excessive overheating during intense heat waves in a temperate climate. An additional objective is to show that the use of this single passive measure significantly reduces the risk of overheating in daytime rooms, but also, though to a much lesser extent, in bedrooms. Increasing the thermal mass of the room from light to a medium heavy reduced the average maximum daily temperature by 2.2K during the first heat wave and by 2.6K during the other two heat waves. The use of very heavy construction further reduced the average maximum temperature for the heat waves analyzed by 1.4K, 1.2K and 1.7K, respectively, giving a total possible reduction in maximum daily temperatures in the range of 3.6 °C, 3.8 °C and 4.3 °C. A discussion of the influence of occupant behavior on the use of night ventilation and external blinds was carried out, finding a significant effect on the effectiveness of the use of both methods. The results of the study suggest that in temperate European countries, preserving residential construction methods with heavy envelopes and partitions could significantly reduce the risk of overheating in residential buildings over the next few decades, without the need for night ventilation or external blinds, whose effectiveness is highly dependent on individual occupant behavior.

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The effect of average temperature on suicide rates in five urban California counties, 1999–⁠2019: an ecological time series analysis

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-021-11001-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Sierra Cheng ◽

Rebecca Plouffe ◽

Stephanie M. Nanos ◽

Mavra Qamar ◽

David N. Fisman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Suicide Rate ◽

Minimum Temperature ◽

The United States ◽

Additive Models ◽

Maximum Temperature ◽

Mortality Data ◽

Average Temperature ◽

Suicide Rates ◽

Average Maximum

Abstract Background Suicide is among the top 10 leading causes of premature morality in the United States and its rates continue to increase. Thus, its prevention has become a salient public health responsibility. Risk factors of suicide transcend the individual and societal level as risk can increase based on climatic variables. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the association between average temperature and suicide rates in the five most populous counties in California using mortality data from 1999 to 2019. Methods Monthly counts of death by suicide for the five counties of interest were obtained from CDC WONDER. Monthly average, maximum, and minimum temperature were obtained from nCLIMDIV for the same time period. We modelled the association of each temperature variable with suicide rate using negative binomial generalized additive models accounting for the county-specific annual trend and monthly seasonality. Results There were over 38,000 deaths by suicide in California’s five most populous counties between 1999 and 2019. An increase in average temperature of 1 °C corresponded to a 0.82% increase in suicide rate (IRR = 1.0082 per °C; 95% CI = 1.0025–1.0140). Estimated coefficients for maximum temperature (IRR = 1.0069 per °C; 95% CI = 1.0021–1.0117) and minimum temperature (IRR = 1.0088 per °C; 95% CI = 1.0023–1.0153) were similar. Conclusion This study adds to a growing body of evidence supporting a causal effect of elevated temperature on suicide. Further investigation into environmental causes of suicide, as well as the biological and societal contexts mediating these relationships, is critical for the development and implementation of new public health interventions to reduce the incidence of suicide, particularly in the face increasing temperatures due to climate change.

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Fuel and fire characteristics in savanna - woodland of West Africa in relation to grazing and dominant grass type

International Journal of Wildland Fire ◽

10.1071/wf07011 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 16 (5) ◽

pp. 531 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

Patrice Savadogo ◽

Didier Zida ◽

Louis Sawadogo ◽

Daniel Tiveau ◽

Mulualem Tigabu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Prescribed Burning ◽

Management Tool ◽

Fuel Load ◽

Maximum Temperature ◽

Fire Intensity ◽

Fire Behaviour ◽

Savanna Woodland ◽

Vegetation Height ◽

Average Maximum ◽

Dominant Grass

Fuel characteristics, fire behaviour and temperature were studied in relation to grazing, dominant grass type and wind direction in West African savanna–woodland by lighting 32 prescribed early fires. Grazing significantly reduced the vegetation height, total fuel load, and dead and live fuel fractions whereas plots dominated by perennial grasses had higher values for vegetation height, total fuel load and the quantity of live fuel load. Although fire intensity remained insensitive (P > 0.05) to any of these factors, fuel consumption was significantly (P = 0.021) reduced by grazing, rate of spread was faster in head fire (P = 0.012), and flame length was shorter in head fire than back fire (P = 0.044). The average maximum temperature was higher (P < 0.05) on non-grazed plots, on plots dominated by annual grasses, on plots subjected to head fire, and at the soil surface. Lethal temperature residence time showed a nearly similar trend to fire temperature. Wind speed and total fuel load were best predictors of fire behaviour parameters (R2 ranging from 0.557 to 0.862). It can be concluded that grazing could be used as a management tool to modify fire behaviour, back fire should be carried out during prescribed burning to lower fire severity, and the fire behaviour models can be employed to guide prescribed early fire in the study area.

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Impact of Climate Change on Water Availability and Food Security of Nepal

Hydro Nepal Journal of Water Energy and Environment ◽

10.3126/hn.v11i1.7206 ◽

2012 ◽

pp. 59-63

Author(s):

Roshan Kumar Mehta ◽

Shree Chandra Shah

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Crop Production ◽

Climatic Factors ◽

Monsoon Season ◽

Groundwater Table ◽

Maximum Temperature ◽

Aquatic Life ◽

Temperature And Precipitation ◽

Average Maximum ◽

Water Scarce

The increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere is widely believed to be causing climate change. It affects agriculture, forestry, human health, biodiversity, and snow cover and aquatic life. Changes in climatic factors like temperature, solar radiation and precipitation have potential to influence agrobiodiversity and its production. An average of 0.04°C/ year and 0.82 mm/year rise in annual average maximum temperature and precipitation respectively from 1975 to 2006 has been recorded in Nepal. Frequent droughts, rise in temperature, shortening of the monsoon season with high intensity rainfall, severe floods, landslides and mixed effects on agricultural biodiversity have been experienced in Nepal due to climatic changes. A survey done in the Chitwan District reveals that lowering of the groundwater table decreases production and that farmers are attracted to grow less water consuming crops during water scarce season. The groundwater table in the study area has lowered nearly one meter from that of 15 years ago as experienced by the farmers. Traditional varieties of rice have been replaced in the last 10 years by modern varieties, and by agricultural crops which demand more water for cultivation. The application of groundwater for irrigation has increased the cost of production and caused severe negative impacts on marginal crop production and agro-biodiversity. It is timely that suitable adaptive measures are identified in order to make Nepalese agriculture more resistant to the adverse impacts of climate change, especially those caused by erratic weather patterns such as the ones experienced recently.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v11i1.7206 Hydro Nepal Special Issue: Conference Proceedings 2012 pp.59-63

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Evaluation of various plant extracts against the early blight disease of tomato plants under greenhouse and field conditions

Plant Protection Science ◽

10.17221/14/2011-pps ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 48 (No. 2) ◽

pp. 74-79 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

S.M.A. Nashwa ◽

K.A.M. Abo-Elyousr

Keyword(s):

Disease Severity ◽

Plant Extracts ◽

Mycelial Growth ◽

Early Blight ◽

Field Conditions ◽

Nerium Oleander ◽

Tomato Plants ◽

Infected Control ◽

Blight Disease

The antimicrobial activity of six plant extracts from Ocimum basilicum (Sweat Basil), Azadirachta indica (Neem), Eucalyptus chamadulonsis (Eucalyptus), Datura stramonium (Jimsonweed), Nerium oleander (Oleander), and Allium sativum (Garlic) was tested for controlling Alternaria solani in vitro and in vivo. In in vitro study the leaf extracts of D. stramonium, A. indica, and A. sativum at 5% concentration caused the highest reduction of mycelial growth of A. solani (44.4, 43.3 and 42.2%, respectively), while O. basilicum at 1% and 5% concentration and N. oleander at 5% concentration caused the lowest inhibition of mycelial growth of the pathogen. In greenhouse experiments the highest reduction of disease severity was achieved by the extracts of A. sativum at 5% concentration and D. stramonium at 1% and 5% concentration. The greatest reduction of disease severity was achieved by A. sativum at 5% concentration and the smallest reduction was obtained when tomato plants were treated with O. basilicum at 1% and 5% concentration (46.1 and 45.2 %, respectively). D. stramonium and A. sativum at 5% concentration increased the fruit yield by 76.2% and 66.7% compared to the infected control. All treatments with plant extracts significantly reduced the early blight disease as well as increased the yield of tomato compared to the infected control under field conditions.

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Evaluation of Climate Change on Streamflow, Sediment, and Nutrient Load at Watershed Scale

Climate ◽

10.3390/cli9110165 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. 165

Author(s):

Prem B. Parajuli ◽

Avay Risal

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Water Quality ◽

Minimum Temperature ◽

Future Climate ◽

Maximum Temperature ◽

Nutrient Load ◽

Climate Scenarios ◽

Monthly Average ◽

Average Maximum ◽

Monthly Streamflow

This study evaluated changes in climatic variable impacts on hydrology and water quality in Big Sunflower River Watershed (BSRW), Mississippi. Site-specific future time-series precipitation, temperature, and solar radiation data were generated using a stochastic weather generator LARS-WG model. For the generation of climate scenarios, Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs), 4.5 and 8.5 of Global Circulation Models (GCMs): Hadley Center Global Environmental Model (HadGEM) and EC-EARTH, for three (2021–2040, 2041–2060 and 2061–2080) future climate periods. Analysis of future climate data based on six ground weather stations located within BSRW showed that the minimum temperature ranged from 11.9 °C to 15.9 °C and the maximum temperature ranged from 23.2 °C to 28.3 °C. Similarly, the average daily rainfall ranged from 3.6 mm to 4.3 mm. Analysis of changes in monthly average maximum/minimum temperature showed that January had the maximum increment and July/August had a minimum increment in monthly average temperature. Similarly, maximum increase in monthly average rainfall was observed during May and maximum decrease was observed during September. The average monthly streamflow, sediment, TN, and TP loads under different climate scenarios varied significantly. The change in average TN and TP loads due to climate change were observed to be very high compared to the change in streamflow and sediment load. The monthly average nutrient load under two different RCP scenarios varied greatly from as low as 63% to as high as 184%, compared to the current monthly nutrient load. The change in hydrology and water quality was mainly attributed to changes in surface temperature, precipitation, and stream flow. This study can be useful in the development and implementation of climate change smart management of agricultural watersheds.

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Effect of grazing period management on growth performances of camel in climate change condition

10.31220/osf.io/gzndr ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Champak Bhakat

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Body Weight ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Body Weight Gain ◽

The Body ◽

Maximum Temperature ◽

Change Condition ◽

Average Maximum ◽

Group 2 ◽

Group 1

In order to decide the optimum time of grazing for camels during hot summer months, 10 growing camel calveswere divided into 2 equal groups. First group was sent for grazing during 10:00 h to 16:00 h daily and second groupallowed for grazing during thermo neutral period. The climatic variables were recorded daily (April 2012 to March2013). The average daily gain and total body weight gain in calves sent for grazing during relatively cool parts ofday (group 2) was significantly higher as compared to group 1 calves sent as per routine farm schedule. Theaverage intake of fodder and water from manger was higher in group 1 calves. The average DMI from manger forgroup 1 calves was higher as compared to group 2 calves. The comparative biometrics of camel calves in differentgrazing management practices revealed that body length, heart girth, height at wither, neck length were significantly(P<0.01) higher in group 2 calves as compared to group 1 calves. After 180 days of experimentation, humpcircumference vertical and hind leg length were significantly (P<0.05) increased in group 2 as compared to group1. Analysis of recorded data of climatic parameters revealed that average maximum temperature was higher duringJune 2012. The values of THI also were higher in monsoon and post monsoon months hence the practice of sendingcamel calves during relatively comfortable part of hot and hot humid months was successful in getting good growth.The relative humidity was significantly higher during morning as compared to evening period for all months. TheTHI was significantly lower during morning as compared to evening hours for all months in different climate forwhole year. Economic analysis reveals that the cost of feed per kg body weight gain was quite less in group 2 ascompared to group 1. So the practice of grazing of camel calves during cool hours of day remain profitable forfarmers by looking at the body weight gain and better body conformation in climate change condition.

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