scholarly journals Karakteristik Ibu Hamil Dengan KEK Di PUSKESMAS Sumberberas Banyuwangi 2021

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-18
Author(s):  
Tria Eni
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Junior High School ◽  
World Health ◽  
Energy Deficiency ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Chronic Energy Deficiency ◽  
Adequate Food ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract       One of the causes of maternal death is Chronic Energy Deficiency. Pregnant women who are at risk for chronic energy deficiency can be seen from the measurement of the upper arm circumference  which is less than 23.5 cm. Based on data from the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2016, pregnant women who suffered from CED were 629 mothers (73.2 percent) of all maternal deaths and had a risk of death 20 times greater than mothers with normal. sez in pregnant women can be caused by the characteristics of pregnant women consisting of age, education and parity.        This research method is descriptive, this research was conducted to determine the characteristics of age, education and parity of pregnant women with Chronic Energy Deficiency in PUSKESMAS Sumberberas Muncar Village Banyuwangi. This study uses a total sampling technique where all the data of population members are used as a sample of 30 people. The data collection technique in this study was by using secondary data through a study of documentation of medical records or registers of pregnant women who experienced (Chronic Energy Deficiency) for the period January-August 2021 at PKM Sumberberas.       The results of this study are the characteristics of pregnant women with the most in PUSKESMAS Sumberberas at the age of 20-35 years as many as 23 people (76.6%), the most parity characteristics are multiparas as many as 19 people (63.3%), the most educational characteristics in junior high school / equivalent high school as many as 27 (90%) where age, parity and education are one of the factors that affect the incidence of CED in pregnant women.       Efforts to deal with pregnant women with sez are by providing additional food to pregnant women, providing adequate food in the household, counseling about the importance of meeting the nutritional needs of pregnancy and changing eating habits or patterns to suit the needs of the pregnant woman's body.     Keywords: characteristics, Chronic Energy Deficiency, pregnant mother Abstrak      Salah satu penyebab kematian Ibu yaitu Kekurangan Energi Kronik (KEK). Ibu hamil yang berisiko mengalami kekurangan energi kronis dapat dilihat dari pengukuran lingkar lengan atas (LILA) yang kurang dari 23,5 cm. Berdasarkan data dari World Health Organization (WHO) pada tahun 2016, ibu hamil yang menderita KEK yaitu sebanyak 629 ibu (73,2 persen) hingga dari seluruh kematian ibu dan memiliki risiko kematian 20 kali lebih besar dari ibu dengan LILA normal. KEK pada ibu hamil bisa disebabkan karena faktor karakteristik ibu hamil yang terdiri dari usia, pendidikan dan paritasnya.         Metode penelitian ini adalah deskriptif, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui karakteristik umur, pendidikan dan paritas ibu hamil dengan Kekurangan Energi Kronik (KEK) di PUSKESMAS Desa Sumberberas Muncar Banyuwangi. penelitian ini menggunakan teknik total sampling dimana seluruh data anggota populasi dijadikan sebagai sampel yang berjumlah 30 orang. Tehnik pengumpulan data pada penelitian ini adalah dengan cara menggunakan data sekunder melalui studi dokumentasi catatan rekam medik atau register ibu hamil yang mengalami KEK (Kekurangan Energi Kronis) periode bulan januari-agustus 2021 di PKM sumberberas.        Hasil penelitian ini yaitu karakteristik ibu hamil dengan KEK terbanyak di PUSKESMAS sumberberas pada umur 20-35 tahun sebanyak 23 orang (76,6%), karakteristik paritas terbanyak adalah pada multipara sebanyak 19 orang (63,3%), karakteristik pendidikan terbanyak pada SMP/SMA sederajat sebanyak 27 (90%) dimana umur, paritas dan pendidikan merupakan salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi kejadian KEK pada ibu hamil. Upaya penanganan untuk ibu hamil dengan KEK yaitu dengan pemberian makanan tambahan (PMT) pada ibu hamil, ketersediaan pangan yang memadai di rumah tangga, penyuluhan mengenai pentingnya memenuhi kebutuhan nutrisi kehamilan dan perubahan kebiasaan atau pola makan agar sesuai dengan kebutuhan tubuh ibu hamil.   Kata kunci: ibu hamil, karakteristik, kurang energi kronis

scholarly journals Covid-19 and Pregnancy: An Overview

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (07) ◽  
pp. 420-426
Author(s):  
Pedro Castro ◽  
Ana Paula Matos ◽  
Heron Werner ◽  
Flávia Paiva Lopes ◽  
Gabriele Tonni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
Present Review ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Health Organization

AbstractSince the World Health Organization (WHO) declared coronavirus infection (COVID-19) a Public Health Emergency of International Concern in January 2020, there have been many concerns about pregnant women and the possible effects of this emergency with catastrophic outcomes in many countries. Information on COVID-19 and pregnancy are scarce and spread throughout a few case series, with no more than 50 cases in total. The present review provides a brief analysis of COVID-19, pregnancy in the COVID-19 era, and the effects of COVID-19 on pregnancy.

scholarly journals Guía de la OMS sobre detección y tratamiento de la sífilis en embarazadas

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
World Health ◽  
Calidad De Vida ◽  
Syphilis Screening ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Infecciones De Transmisión Sexual ◽  
Who Guideline

Las infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS) constituyen un importante problema de salud pública en todo el mundo, que afecta a la calidad de vida y se acompaña de importantes niveles de morbilidad y mortalidad. Estas infecciones influyen directamente en la salud infantil y reproductiva porque traen consigo infertilidad, cánceres y complicaciones del embarazo. También tienen una influencia indirecta porque facilitan la transmisión por vía sexual del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH), pesando así igualmente en la economía de los países y las personas. Cada día, más de un millón de personas contraen una infección de transmisión sexual. Se calcula que en 2012 hubo en el mundo 357 millones de nuevos casos de ITS curables (blenorragia, clamidiasis, sífilis o tricomoniasis) que afectaron a adultos de entre 15 y 49 años de edad, entre ellos 5,6 millones de casos de sífilis. El número de casos prevalentes de sífilis asciende, según las estimaciones, a unos 18 millones. Versión oficial en español de la obra original en inglés: WHO Guideline on syphilis screening and treatment for pregnant women. © World Health Organization 2017. ISBN: 9789241550093.

scholarly journals Factors associated with the intention to exclusively breastfeed at Siloam Lippo Cikarang Hospital

2016 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 156
Author(s):  
Naomi Dewanto ◽  
Sudigdo Sastroasmoro ◽  
Rulina Suradi ◽  
Theresia Santi
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Working Women ◽  
World Health ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Identity Knowledge

Background World Health Organization (WHO) recommendsbreastfeeding as the appropriate method of infant feeding.Predelivery intentions about breastfeeding are strong predictorsof both initiating and continuing exclusively breastfeedingthrough the post delivery period.Objective To determine the association of age, education,occupation, parity, and information got by pregnant women withthe intention to give exclusive breastfeeding at Siloam LippoCikarang Hospital.Methods Pregnant women were chosen by consecutive samplingfilled in questionnaires contained identity, knowledge, obstacles ofbreastfeeding and intentions to exclusively breastfeed. Pregnantwomen visiting Obstetrics and Gynecologic Department SiloamLippo Cikarang Hospital who were able to read and write inIndonesian were eligible for this study.Result: Most of the 200 respondents were between 20-30 years ofage (69.5%), college graduated (55.5%), working women (50.5%),multiparous (58.5%) and have already got the informationabout breastfeeding (64.5%). The commonly cited source isprinted device (40%). Knowledge about breastfeeding in generalwere good (78%), but respondents who intended to exclusivelybreastfeed were only 58.5%. Multivariate analysis showed thatthe factors significant associated with the intention to exclusivelybreastfeed were age, with OR 0.9 (95%CI 0.84;0.98, P<0.05) andinformation, with OR 0.28 (95%CI 0.143;0.56, P<O.OOl)Conclusions The significant influencing factors to the intentionsto give exclusively breastfeed are age and information.

scholarly journals Gambaran Kejadian Malaria Pada Ibu Hamil di Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Kabupaten Boven Digoel Papua

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Halmina Ilyas ◽  
Serly Serly
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Malaria Infection ◽  
District General Hospital ◽  
World Health ◽  
Maternal Deaths ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government ◽  
Health Organization

In malaria endemic areas, pregnant women are more susceptible to infection with malaria parasites than non-pregnant women. The World Health Organization (WHO) in 2014 estimated that 10,000 maternal deaths each year were associated with malaria infection during pregnancy. The aim of the study was to describe the incidence of malaria in pregnant women at the Boven Digoel District General Hospital, Papua. Methods This research uses a descriptive type of research. Samples were taken as many as 92 pregnant women who were taken by accidental sampling. Collecting data by using a questionnaire sheet. Data analysis was carried out univariate and bivariate. The results showed that from 78 pregnant women who were positive for malaria, most of them suffered from anemia as many as 51 people (65.4%) and 27 people did not suffer from anemia (34.6%). For the incidence of abortion from 78 pregnant women who were positive for malaria, most of them did not experience an abortion as many as 62 people (79.5%) and 16 people had an abortion (20.5%). For the habit of being out of the house at night, from 78 pregnant women who were positive for malaria, most of them were always outside at night as many as 41 people (52.6%) and 37 people (47 people) were not out of the house at night. ,4%). The conclusion of this study, the description of the incidence of malaria in pregnant women mostly suffer from anemia, do not have abortions and are always outside the house at night. The advice that can be given is that malaria in pregnant women must be eradicated immediately so that the MCH program made by the government can be successful and the health of pregnant women can be maintained

HUBUNGAN ANTARA PENGETAHUAN DAN SUMBER INFORMASI DENGAN PERILAKU SEKS PADA SISWA SISWI SMAN 1 PANGKAL PINANG TAHUN 2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Astari, Bina Marsasi Martina Astari, Bina Marsasi
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
World Health ◽  
P Value ◽  
Sex Behavior ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Health Organization

ABSTRAK Menurut World Health Organization (WHO) remaja adalah penduduk dalam rentang usia 10 – 19 tahun. Masa remaja merupakan periode terjadinya pertumbuhan dan perkembangan yang pesat baik secara fisik psikologis maupun intelektual. Survey Demografi dan Kesehatan Indonesia (SDKI) Tahun 2012 menunjukkan Angka remaja Indonesia yang melahirkan sangat mengkhawatirkan . Itu karena terjadi peningkatan tajam pada angka kelahiran di bawah usia 20 tahun. Fertilitas tingkat remaja kelompok usia 15-19 tahun mengalami kenaikan dari 35 menjadi 48 kelahiran per 1.000 penduduk. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara pengetahuan dan sumber informasi dengan perilaku seks Pada Siswa-Siswi di SMAN 1 Pangkal Pinang  tahun 2017. Penelitian ini menggunakan survey analitik dengan pendekatan  Cross Sectional dimana data yang menyangkut variabel bebas atau resiko dan variabel terikat, dikumpulkan dalam waktu yang bersamaan. Populasi penelitian ini adalah semua kelas X dan XI di SMAN 1 Pangkal Pinang  tahun 2017 sebanyak 215 siswa dengan besar sampel 142 siswa dengan teknik proporsional sampling, instrumen penelitian yaitu kuesioner. Dari hasil uji statistik Chi-Square didapatkan ada hubungan bermakna antara pengetahuan denga perilaku seks dimana P value = 0,011 < 0,05, dan ada hubungan bermakna antara sumber informasi dengan perilaku seks dimana P value =0,028 < 0,05. Dari Hasil penelitian, peneliti  menyarankan upaya- upaya penyuluhan tentang kesehatan reproduksi terhadap anak mulai dari usia dini serta dijadiakn pelajaran tambahan.   ABSTRACT According to the World Health Organization ( WHO ) adolescents are resident in the age range 10 – 19 years. Adolescence is a period of rafid growth and development both physically psychological and intellectual.. Survei Demografi Kesehatan Indonesia (SDKI) in 2012 shows Indonesian teenagers who give birth rate is very alarming . That's because of a sharp increase in the birth rate under 20 years of age . Fertility rate of teenage age group 15-19 years increased from 35 to 48 births per 1,000 population . This study aims to determine the relationship between knowledge and resources with sexual behavior At High School Students of 1 Pangkal Pinang  in 2017. This research uses analytic survey with cross sectional approach where data concerning the independent variable and the dependent variable or risk , collected at the same time . The study population was all class X and XI in Pangkal Pinang  Capital High School in 2017 with as many as 215 students a large sample of 142 students with proportional sampling technique , the research instrument is the questionnaire . Data analysis was performed using univariate and bivariate. From the statistical test of Chi-Square which compared bertween P value= the significance level α = 0,05 indicated that there was a significant relationship between the knowledge to sex behavior in which P value = 0,011 and there was also significant relationship between sumber information to sex behavior where P value= 0,028.  From the results of study, the researchers suggest efforts on reproductive health counseling to children from an early age and can be made as additional subjects.

GAMBARAN PENGETAHUAN TENTANG KEPUTIHAN PADA SISWI SMA DI KABUPATEN OKU SELATAN TAHUN 2016

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuhemy Zurizah Yuhemy Zurizah
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Vaginal Discharge ◽  
World Health ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
School Students ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

  ABSTRAK Flour Albous is the liquid that comes out of the vagina is not excessive blood. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) research on reproductive health Data show that 75 women in the world are experiencing vaginal discharge is normal and 45 of them may experience abnormal vaginal discharge. Vaginal discharge is caused by some common factor, among other personal hygiene which is less good, stress, drug use, wearing tight underwear, rinse the genitals from the wrong direction, did not immediately replace the pads when the menstruation, and a dirty sanitary environment. The design of this research is a survey with cross sectional approach analytic where the independent variables (understanding, messes, symptoms, causes, complications, and cope, prevent vaginal discharge)and the dependent variable (an overview knowledge on students about whiteness) collected within 2 days. He knew an overview knowledge of whiteness on the HIGH SCHOOL students in the County's southern OKU 2016. This population is all 3rd grade HIGH SCHOOL students in the County's southern OKU 2016. Samples of penelian this is a 3rd grade HIGH SCHOOL students in the South 2016dan OKU taken total engineering population, methods of sampling by disseminating a questionnaire with the amount of 150 respondents. Univarat analysis results showed that respondents found out about understanding whiteness good of 79 respondents (52,6%) while less knowledge of 71 respondents (47,4%), response based on the knowledge of the various good whiteness 112 respondents (74,6%) and while less knowledge i.e. 38 respondents (25,4%). respondents to the investigation of knowledge about signs of vaginal discharge either 95 respondents (63,4%) and while less knowledge i.e. 55 respondents (36,6%) respondents based on the cause of vaginal discharge either 60 respondents (40%) and while less knowledge i.e. 90 respondents (60%),reponden based on knowledge about overcoming good whiteness 62 respondents (41,3%) and while less knowledge i.e. 88 respondents (58,7%),respondents to the investigation of the knowledge of good whiteness complications 78 respondents (52%) and while less knowledge i.e. 72 respondents (48%), and the respondent investigation knowledge how to prevent vaginal discharge either 52 respondents (34,6%) and while less knowledge i.e. 98 respondents (65,4%).       Keputihan adalah cairan yang keluar berlebihan dari vagina bukan merupakan darah. Menurut World Health Organization (WHO) Data penelitian tentang kesehatan reproduksi menunjukan bahwa 75% perempuan di dunia mengalami keputihan normal dan 45% diantaranya dapat mengalami keputihan abnormal.Keputihan disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor umum, antara lain personal hygiene yang kurang baik, stress, penggunaan obat-obatan, memakai pakaian dalam yang ketat, membilas alat kelamin dari arah yang salah, tidak segera mengganti pembalut saat menstruasi, dan lingkungan sanitasi yang kotor.Desain penelitian ini adalah survey analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional dimana variabel independen (pengertian, macam-macam, gejala, penyebab, mengatasi, komplikasi, dan mencegah keputihan) dan variable dependen (gambaran pengetahuan pada siswi tentang keputihan) dikumpulkan dalam waktu 2 hari. Diketahuinya gambaran pengetahuan tentang keputihan pada siswi SMA DI Kabupaten OKU SelatanTahun 2016. Populasi ini adalah semua kelas 3 siswi SMA DI Kabupaten OKU Selatan Tahun 2016. Sampel penelian ini adalah kelas 3 siswi SMA DI Kabupaten OKU Selatan Tahun 2016dan diambil metode teknik total populasi, pengambilan sampel ini dengan cara menyebarkan kuesioner dengan jumlah 150 responden. Hasil analisis univarat menunjukan responden yang mengetahui tentang pengertian keputihan baik sebesar 79 responden (52,6%), Respon berdasarkan pengetahuan tentang macam-macam keputihan baik 112 responden (74,6%) dan berdasarkan pengetahuan tentang mengatasi keputihan baik 62 responden (41,3%) dan responden berdasarakan pengetahuan cara mencegah keputihan baik 52 responden (34,6%)      

GAMBARAN PENGETAHUAN REMAJA PUTRI TENTANG DISMINORE DI SMA OKU TIMUR TAHUN 2016

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Astari Martina Astari
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
High School ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Female Students ◽  
World Health ◽  
Thigh Muscle ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Individual

ABSTRACT Dysmenorrhea, or menstrual pain is a common complaint experienced by women in the lower abdomen. Some teenage girls are often felt in the lower back, hips, pelvis, thigh muscle on, until the calf. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), adolescence is a period in which the individual develops from the first time showed signs of secondary sexual until when it reaches sexual maturity. This study was descriptive survey with cross sectional approach where the independent variable (Knowledge on definitions, etiology, frequency, symptoms, risk factors, pathophysiology, treatment disminore) and the dependent variable was collected in the same time, Knowledgeable picture of the knowledge of young women about disminore in high school East OKU year 2016. the population in this study, that all high school female students of class XII East OKU samples taken in 2016 were all female students of class XII OKU East High School in 2016. Results of univariate analysis showed respondents know understanding disminore good category 104 people (64.60%), while the less category as many as 57 people (35.40%), respondents of the etiology disminore with less category as many as 126 people (78.26%), whereas in both categories as many as 35 people (21.74 %), respondents of both categories Classification disminore with as many as 82 people (50.94%), while the less category as many as 79 people (49.06%), respondents about disminore symptoms with both categories as many as 94 people (53.38%) , whereas with less category as many as 67 people (41.61%), respondents about the risk factors for both categories disminore with as many as 101 people (62.73%), while the category of less than 60 people (37.26%), respondents' knowledge about pathophysiology disminore with both categories as many as 81 people (50.31%), while the category of less than 80 people (49.69%), respondents of the Management disminore with less category as many as 100 people (62.11%), while the good category as many as 61 people (37.89%). From the research, the researchers suggest counseling efforts with the approach according to the students, so as to provide optimum service.     ABSTRAK   Disminore atau nyeri haid adalah keluhan yang sering dialami wanita pada bagian perut bawah.Beberapa perempuan remaja sering merasakannya pada punggung bagian bawah, pinggang, panggul, otot paha atas, hingga betis.Menurut World Health Organization (WHO), remaja adalah masa di mana individu berkembang dari saat pertama kali menunjukkan tanda-tanda seksual sekundernya sampai saat mencapai kematangan seksual. Desain penelitian ini adalah survey deskriptif dengan pendekatan cross sectional dimana variabel independen (pengertahuan tentang definisi, etiologi, frekuensi, gejala, factor resiko, patofisiologi, penatalaksanaan disminore) maupun variabel dependen dikumpulkan dalam waktu yang sama, Diketahuinya gambaran pengetahuan remaja putri tentang disminore di SMA OKU Timur Tahun 2016. Populasi dalam penelitian ini, yakni semua murid perempuan kelas XII SMA OKU Timur tahun 2016.sampel yang diambil adalah semua murid perempuan kelas XII SMA OKU Timur tahun 2016. Hasil analisis univariat menunjukkan responden mengetahui pengertian disminore dengan kategori baik sebanyak 104 orang (64,60%), sedangkan dengan kategori kurang sebanyak 57 orang (35,40%), responden tentang etiologi disminore dengan kategori kurang sebanyak 126 orang (78,26%), sedangkan dengan kategori baik sebanyak 35 orang (21,74%), responden tentang Klasifikasi disminore dengan kategori baik sebanyak 82 orang (50,94%), sedangkan dengan kategori kurang sebanyak 79 orang (49,06%), responden tentang Gejala disminore dengan kategori baik sebanyak 94 orang (53,38%), sedangkan dengan kategori kurang sebanyak 67 orang (41,61%), responden tentang Faktor resiko disminore dengan kategori baik sebanyak 101 orang (62,73%), sedangkan dengan kategori kurang sebanyak 60 orang (37,26%), responden pengetahuan tentang Patofisiologi disminore dengan kategori baik sebanyak 81 orang (50,31%), sedangkan dengan kategori kurang sebanyak 80 orang (49,69%), responden tentang Penatalaksanaan disminore dengan kategori kurang sebanyak 100 orang (62,11%), sedangkan dengan kategori baik sebanyak 61 orang (37,89%). Dari hasil penelitian, peneliti menyarankan upaya penyuluhan dengan pendekatan yang sesuai dengan siswa, sehingga dapat memberikan pelayanan yang optimal.    

Sometimes Falls Are Difficult to Prevent. What Comes Next?

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (7) ◽  
pp. 318-319
Author(s):  
Chris Alderman
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
World Health ◽  
Important Contributor ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Clinical Community ◽  
The World ◽  
Risk Of Falls ◽  
Serious Injury ◽  
Health Organization

The World Health Organization highlighted that older people have the highest risk of death or serious injury from falls, and the associated risks increase with age. The effects of medications are an important contributor in the overall equation for the risk of falls-related morbidity and mortality, and that is consistently demonstrated in research from around the world. In this edition of The Senior Care Pharmacist, there is further evidence presented, and the importance of this information cannot be challenged. However, the question remains: why has effective remediation of this risk consistently defeated the clinical community around the world?

Nutritional Deprivation in Urban Leipzig

2019 ◽  
pp. 85-134
Author(s):  
Mary Elisabeth Cox
Keyword(s):  
World Health ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Energy Deficiency ◽  
Nutritional Deprivation ◽  
Unique Data ◽  
Chronic Energy Deficiency ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Physical Activity Levels ◽  
Health Organization

This chapter describes how statisticians and nutritionists did their best to calculate the total number of raw calories available in Germany before, during, and immediately following the war. Given their estimates, if calories had been distributed equally among the population there should have been enough calories for everyone in Germany. Yet it was recognized that distribution was not equal, and that some groups of people probably suffered more than others. Because of the unique data that survives for urban Leipzig, it is now possible to examine more closely caloric distribution across Leipzig society (intrahousehold allocation) and inequalities within families (interhousehold allocation). Through a study of the amount of calories that were available to specific households in Leipzig, physical activity levels (PAL) are estimated, as well as individual measures of chronic energy deficiency (CED) as defined by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and World Health Organization (WHO). With these analyses it is now possible to see more specifically how different groups and households were impacted by reduced food supplies.

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