scholarly journals Gravity as the Sole Fundamental Force

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Gregory L. Light
Keyword(s):  
Higgs Mechanism ◽  
Gravitational Acceleration ◽  
Electromagnetic Mass ◽  
Weak Force ◽  
Strong Force ◽  
Decay Products ◽  
Spacetime Manifold ◽  
Frequency Probability ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Probability Wave

We had explained electromagnetism by gravity before a recent publication in this Journal, in which we further incorporated the nuclear strong force in the framework of gravity. This paper, summarizing our cumulative results, continues to integrate the nuclear weak force with gravity, where we go by the following line of logic: Planck’s formula shows energy E = frequency = probability = wave; hence quantum waves have energies and the Universe is a diagonal spacetime manifold containing {(particle pi, electromagnetic wave λ (pi))}. By Feynman’s analysis on electromagnetic mass, we assume that the distribution of E over (p, λ (p)) is (3/4 , 1/4)E. Then Newton’s gravitational acceleration formula yields E = 1.6 × the observed energy o f p, so that p exists only for a duration of 5/8 λ/c over the cycle [0, λ/c], such as evidenced in quantum tunneling, opening the possibility for λ (p) to be combined with other waves forming new particle(s) for t > 58/ λ/c. By the time ratios of two frames in General Relativity we deduce neutron’s lifetime, and by the Higgs mechanism we show neutron’s decay products.

scholarly journals Several conjectures about the existence of the ether

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
jinjun Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Force ◽  
Good Reason ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Physical Significance ◽  
Stream Of Consciousness ◽  
Universal Gravitation ◽  
Weak Force ◽  
Strong Force ◽  
The Doppler Effect ◽  
The Universe

The "zero result" of Michelson Morley's experiment was not enough to deny the existence of a fifth element---ether, as conceived by Aristotle. Hubble's explanation of the Doppler effect of the systematic cosmic the red shift was incomplete and needed to be introduced into the ether.The physical significance of universal gravitation constant reveals the possibility of the existence of ether. After much thought and logical reasoning, there is good reason to think that the ether is negative energy, stream of consciousness, and space itself, it combines with photons to build elementary particles, elementary elements, everything in the universe, including ourselves. In addition, it is feasible to explain the causes of gravitation, electromagnetic force, strong force and weak force from the perspective of the ether, which seems to be easier for us to understand. The most tragic conclusion is that the universe was created out of nothing and will eventually return to nothing.

scholarly journals General Relativity Is the Wrong Theory

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Chun-Xuan Jiang ◽  
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
Equivalence Principle ◽  
Mathematical Theory ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Universe Model ◽  
Weak Force ◽  
Strong Force ◽  
Theory Of Everything ◽  
Expansion Theory ◽  
The Universe

Using space-time ring we establish the mathematical theory of space-time with subluminal and superluminal coexistence(SASC) and ILS [1]. Using two methods we deduce the new gravitational formula. Tardyonic rotating motion produces the centrifugal force ,but tachyonic rotating motion produces the centripetal force, that is gravity. Using it we establish the expansion theory of the universe and suggest the new universe model. We prove that in the universe there are no dark matter and no dark energy. New gravitational formula changes all that. Multiverse and gravitational waves do not exist. Theory of everything has the two forces: (1) the subluminal force (electromagnetism and weak force) and (2) superluminal force(gravity and strong force).We prove that equivalence principle does not exist.Therefore we prove that general relativity is the biggest wrong theory [2]

scholarly journals Fundamental physics and the fine-structure constant

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Sherbon
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Structure Constant ◽  
Fine Structure Constant ◽  
Electron Mass ◽  
Fundamental Constants ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Fundamental Physics ◽  
Weak Force ◽  
Strong Force ◽  
Symmetry Principles

From the exponential function of Euler’s equation to the geometry of a fundamental form, a calculation of the fine-structure constant and its relationship to the proton-electron mass ratio is given. Equations are found for the fundamental constants of the four forces of nature: electromagnetism, the weak force, the strong force and the force of gravitation. Symmetry principles are then associated with traditional physical measures.

scholarly journals Is the expansion of universe accelerating or the Photons decelerating?

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 40
Author(s):  
Hasmukh Tank
Keyword(s):  
Big Bang ◽  
Time Dilation ◽  
Red Shift ◽  
Light Curves ◽  
Accelerated Expansion ◽  
Gravitational Acceleration ◽  
Expansion Of The Universe ◽  
Pi Mesons ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
The Universe

<p>Astronomical observations of the cosmological red-shift are currently interpreted in terms of ‘expansion of universe’ and ‘accelerated-expansion of the universe’, at the rate of <em>H<sub>0</sub> c</em>; here <em>H<sub>0</sub></em> is Hubble’s constant, and c is the speed of light. Whereas a straight-forward derivation presented here suggests that: rather it is the photon which is decelerating, at the rate of <em>H<sub>0</sub> c</em>. Such a deceleration of photons can be caused by virtual electrons, positrons and pi-mesons, contained in the extra galactic quantum vacuum, because: they do have gravitational-acceleration of the same order as <em>H<sub>0</sub> c</em> at their “surfaces”; or by decay of a photon into a lighter photon and a particle of mass <em>h H<sub>0</sub> / c<sup>2</sup></em>. Tired-light interpretations of the cosmological red-shift’ were so far considered as not compatible with the observations of ‘time-dilation of super-novae light-curves’; so in a paper titled: “Wave-theoretical insight into the relativistic ‘length-contraction’ and ‘time-dilation of super-novae light-curves’” (Tank, Hasmukh K. 2013), it has been already shown that any mechanism which can cause ‘cosmological red-shift’ will also cause ‘time-dilation of super-novae light-curves’.  Therefore, we now need not to remain confined to the Big-Bang model of cosmology.</p>

scholarly journals Antimatter gravity and the Universe

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (08) ◽  
pp. 2030001
Author(s):  
Dragan Slavkov Hajdukovic
Keyword(s):  
Gravitational Acceleration ◽  
Quantum Vacuum ◽  
Cpt Symmetry ◽  
Cyclic Universe ◽  
Gravitational Repulsion ◽  
Antimatter Gravity ◽  
Gravitational Dipoles ◽  
First Time ◽  
Theoretical Paradigms ◽  
The Universe

The aim of this brief review is twofold. First, we give an overview of the unprecedented experimental efforts to measure the gravitational acceleration of antimatter; with antihydrogen, in three competing experiments at CERN (AEGIS, ALPHA and GBAR), and with muonium and positronium in other laboratories in the world. Second, we present the 21st Century’s attempts to develop a new model of the Universe with the assumed gravitational repulsion between matter and antimatter; so far, three radically different and incompatible theoretical paradigms have been proposed. Two of these three models, Dirac–Milne Cosmology (that incorporates CPT violation) and the Lattice Universe (based on CPT symmetry), assume a symmetric Universe composed of equal amounts of matter and antimatter, with antimatter somehow “hidden” in cosmic voids; this hypothesis produced encouraging preliminary results. The heart of the third model is the hypothesis that quantum vacuum fluctuations are virtual gravitational dipoles; for the first time, this hypothesis makes possible and inevitable to include the quantum vacuum as a source of gravity. Standard Model matter is considered as the only content of the Universe, while phenomena usually attributed to dark matter and dark energy are explained as the local and global effects of the gravitational polarization of the quantum vacuum by the immersed baryonic matter. An additional feature is that we might live in a cyclic Universe alternatively dominated by matter and antimatter. In about three years, we will know if there is gravitational repulsion between matter and antimatter; a discovery that can forever change our understanding of the Universe.

scholarly journals Cosmology from multimeasure multifield model

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (19) ◽  
pp. 1950099 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denitsa Staicova ◽  
Michail Stoilov
Keyword(s):  
Dark Matter ◽  
Dark Energy ◽  
Model Potential ◽  
Higgs Mechanism ◽  
Evolution Of The Universe ◽  
Slow Roll ◽  
Cosmological Application ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Model Setup ◽  
The Universe

We consider the cosmological application of a (variant of) relatively newly proposed model1 unifying inflation, dark energy, dark matter, and the Higgs mechanism. The model was originally defined using additional non-Riemannian measures, but it can be reformulated into effective quintessential model unifying inflation, dark energy and dark matter. Here, we demonstrate numerically that it is capable of describing the entire evolution of the Universe in a seamless way, but this requires some revision of the model setup. The main reason is that there is a strong effective friction in the model, a feature which has been neglected in the pioneer work. This improves the model potential for proper description of the evolution of the Universe, because the friction ensures a finite time inflation with dynamically maintained low-value slow-roll parameters in the realistic scenarios. In addition, the model predicts the existence of a constant scalar field in late Universe.

scholarly journals On the geometry of the space-time and motion of the spinning bodies

Open Physics ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kostadin Trenčevski
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Alternative Theory ◽  
Gravitational Acceleration ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Classical Formulation ◽  
Time And Motion ◽  
Spinning Bodies ◽  
Spatial Rotations ◽  
The Universe

AbstractIn this paper an alternative theory about space-time is given. First some preliminaries about 3-dimensional time and the reasons for its introduction are presented. Alongside the 3-dimensional space (S) the 3-dimensional space of spatial rotations (SR) is considered independently from the 3-dimensional space. Then it is given a model of the universe, based on the Lie groups of real and complex orthogonal 3 × 3 matrices in this 3+3+3-dimensional space. Special attention is dedicated for introduction and study of the space S × SR, which appears to be isomorphic to SO(3,ℝ) × SO(3,ℝ) or S 3 × S 3. The influence of the gravitational acceleration to the spinning bodies is considered. Some important applications of these results about spinning bodies are given, which naturally lead to violation of Newton’s third law in its classical formulation. The precession of the spinning axis is also considered.

scholarly journals Early Universe Plasma Separation and the Creation of a Dual Universe

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed B. Al-Fadhli
Keyword(s):  
Early Universe ◽  
Power Spectra ◽  
Free Fall ◽  
Radius Of Curvature ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Gravitational Acceleration ◽  
Field Equations ◽  
Conformal Curvature ◽  
Cyclic Universe ◽  
The Universe

The recent Planck Legacy release confirmed the presence of an enhanced lensing amplitude in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) power spectra, which prefers a positively curved early Universe with a confidence level exceeding 99%. In this study, the pre-existing curvature is incorporated to extend the field equations where the derived wavefunction of the Universe is utilised to model Universe evolution with reference to the scale factor of the early Universe and its radius of curvature upon the emission of the CMB. The wavefunction reveals both positive and negative solutions, implying that matter and antimatter of early Universe plasma evolved in opposite directions as distinct Universe sides, corroborating the axis of CMB. The wavefunction indicates that a nascent hyperbolic expansion away from early plasma is followed by a first phase of decelerating expansion during the first 10 Gyr, and then, a second phase of accelerating expansion in reverse directions, whereby both sides free-fall towards each other under gravitational acceleration. The predicted conformal curvature evolution demonstrates the fast orbital speed of outer stars owing to external fields exerted on galaxies as they travel through conformally curved space-time. Finally, the wavefunction predicts an eventual time-reversal phase comprising rapid spatial contraction that culminates in a Big Crunch, signalling a cyclic Universe. These findings show that early plasma could be separated and evolved into distinct sides of the Universe that collectively inducing its evolution, physically explaining the effects attributed to dark energy and dark matter.

scholarly journals Strong/nuclear force in the dynamic medium of reference (DMR) theory. Nuclear deflection of light, nuclear time delay of light, and proposed experiment

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 517-528
Author(s):  
Olivier Pignard
Keyword(s):  
Time Delay ◽  
Nuclear Force ◽  
Gravitational Constant ◽  
Gravitational Acceleration ◽  
Strong Force ◽  
Deflection Of Light ◽  
Atomic Nuclei ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Nuclear Domain ◽  
Atom Nucleus

The theory of the dynamic medium of reference has already been presented in several articles [Pignard, Phys. Essays 32, 422 (2019); 33, 395 (2020); 34, 61 (2021); 34, 279 (2021)], and in particular in Pignard, Phys. Essays 32, 422 (2019). The article [Pignard, Phys. Essays 34, 279 (2021)] gives an explanation and mathematical developments of the gravitational acceleration from atomic nuclei of a massive body. General relativity considers a massive body, like the Earth or the Sun, globally, macroscopically, simply as an object of mass M (which curves space‐time). However, when one goes into details, this mass M is made up of atoms which are themselves mainly made up of nuclei of nucleons (if we neglect the mass of electrons in comparison of that of the nucleus). Thus, it is mainly the nuclei of a massive body that create the force of gravity! The dynamic medium of reference theory determines the gravitational acceleration microscopically by taking into account all the atomic nuclei that make up a massive body [Pignard, Phys. Essays 32, 422 (2019)]. This creates a strong link between gravity and the nuclear domain. This article goes further with the description of a model of the atomic nucleus. This makes it possible to establish that the strong force or nuclear force, which ensures the cohesion of the nucleus, is due to the strong acceleration of the flux of the medium which is a vector average of the flux of gravitons. This gives an expression of the nuclear force similar to the force of gravity but with a constant K ≈ 1031 m s−2, much higher than the gravitational constant G. This article shows that the functioning, the mechanism of the nucleus, makes it possible to explain the nuclear force and also to find the gravitational acceleration. From there, it is deduced that the photons are deflected by the strong acceleration due to an atom nucleus. They are also slowed down by an atom nucleus which creates a delay in their travel time which we call the nuclear time delay of light. Finally, an experiment is proposed to verify the phenomenon of nuclear deflection of light and the nuclear time delay of light.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document