scholarly journals Performance Assessment of a Variable-Rate Fertilizer Applicator

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Ruixiu Sui
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Actual Application ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Lower Variation ◽  
Spray Control ◽  
Fertilizer Solution

The objective of this study was to test the performance of a Field-IQ sprayer control system which was interfaced with a John Deere liquid fertilizer applicator. The sprayer control system includes Case IH FM-1000 display integrated with DGPS, Field-IQ spray control with full harness, flowmeter and auto-range valve, and the pump. Tap water was used to simulate the UAN 32% nitrogen fertilizer solution in the test. A total of 120 samples from 8 rows of the applicator in 5 application rates (34, 67, 101, 135, and 168 kg/ha) were collected, and the data were analyzed for application uniformity and application rate accuracy of the system. Results showed the greatest variation from the application rate baseline among the rows was 10.1% and occurred at a swath-end row with the lowest application rate of 34 kg/ha. The rows in the middle section of the swath had the lower variation than the rows at the two swath-ends. The application uniformity increased as the application rate increased. The absolute error of application rate ranged from 1.3% to 6.5% with an average of 3.76%. There was no significant difference between the selected application rate and actual application rate (p > 0.8686).

scholarly journals Significance of Pyrolytic Temperature, Particle Size, and Application Rate of Biochar in Improving Hydro-Physical Properties of Calcareous Sandy Soil

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1293
Author(s):  
Abdulaziz G. Alghamdi ◽  
Abdulrasoul Al-Omran ◽  
Arafat Alkhasha ◽  
Zafer Alasmary ◽  
Anwar A. Aly
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Medium Temperature ◽  
Application Rates

Water management and irrigation conservation in calcareous sandy soil are of significant importance for sustaining agricultural production, especially in arid and semi-arid region that facing scarcity of water resources. The changes in hydro-physical characteristics of calcareous sand soil were investigated after date palm waste-derived biochar application in column trials. Significance of pyrolysis temperature (300 °C, 500 °C, and 700 °C), particle size [<0.5 mm (D0.5), 0.5–1 mm (D1), and 1–2 mm (D2)], and application rate (1%, 2.5%, and 5%) were studied. Variations in infiltration rate, intermittent evaporation, and saturated hydraulic conductivity as a function of aforementioned factors were investigated. After amending the top 10-cm soil layer with different biochar and application rates, the columns were subjected to six wetting and drying cycles by applying 25 cm3 tap water per week over a 6-week period. Overall, biochar application resulted in decreased saturated hydraulic conductivity, while improved cumulative evaporation. Specifically, biochar produced at 300 °C and 500 °C demonstrated 10.2% and 13.3% higher cumulative evaporation, respectively., whereas, biochar produced at 700 °C with 5% application rate resulted in decreased cumulative evaporation. Cumulative evaporation increased by 5.0%, 7.7% and, 7.8% for D0.5, D1 and D2 (mm) on average, respectively, as compared with the untreated soil. Thus, biochar with particle size 0.5–1 mm significantly improved hydro-physical properties when applied at 1%. Generally, using biochar produced at medium temperature and small particle size with appropriate application rates could improve the soil hydro-physical properties.

scholarly journals CORN GLUTEN MEAL: ALTERNATIVE WEED CONTROL FOR SQUASH

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 884e-884
Author(s):  
Charles L. Webber ◽  
James W. Shrefler
Keyword(s):  
Soil Surface ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Corn Gluten Meal ◽  
Plant Survival ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Corn Gluten ◽  
Direct Seeded ◽  
The Impact

Corn gluten meal (CGM) has been identified as a potential organic preemergence and preplant-incorporated herbicide. It is an environmentally friendly material that has demonstrated ability to decrease seedling development and plant survival by inhibiting root and shoot development. Unfortunately, CGM can also decrease the development and plant survival of direct-seeded vegetable crops. As a result, the use of CGM is not recommended in conjunction with direct-seeded vegetables. The development of equipment to apply CGM in banded configurations has created an opportunity to investigate whether banded CGM applications will provide significant crop safety for direct-seeded vegetables. The objective of this research was to determine the impact of banded CGM applications on squash plant survival and yields. A factorial field study was conducted during the summer of 2004 on 81-cm-wide raised beds at Lane, Okla., with two application configurations (banded and solid), two CGM formulations (powdered and granulated), two incorporation treatments (incorporated and non-incorporated), and three application rates (250, 500, and 750 g·m–2). The two CGM formulations at three application rates were uniformly applied in both banded and solid patterns on 18 Aug. The banded application created a 7.6-cm-wide CGM-free planting zone in the middle of the raised bed. The CGM applications were then either incorporated into the top 2.5 to 5.0 cm of the soil surface with a rolling cultivator or left undisturbed on the soil surface. `Lemondrop' summer squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) was then direct-seeded into the center of the raised beds. When averaged across the other factors, there was not a significant difference between powdered and granulated CGM formulations or incorporating and non-incorporating the CGM for either squash plant survival or yields. CGM application rates made a significant difference for both squash survival and yields, when averaged across all other factors. As the CGM application rate increased, the plant survival and yields decreased. When averaged across all other factors, the banded application resulted in significantly greater crop safety (59% plant survival) and yields (228 cartons/ha) than the solid applications (25% plant survival and 118 cartons/ha). The research demonstrated the potential usefulness of CGM in direct-seeded squash production, if used in a banded application configuration. Additional research should further investigate the interaction of CGM application rates and the width of the CGM-free zone on crop safety for various vegetables.

scholarly journals Study of Acceptance and Application of Calgary Cambridge Communication Guideline for Doctor-Patient Communication in Primary Health Care

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 123
Author(s):  
Widyastuti Widyastuti ◽  
Mora Claramita ◽  
Retna Siwi Padmawati
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Primary Health Care ◽  
Clinical Skills ◽  
Care Center ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Health Care Center ◽  
Primary Health ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Significant Difference

ABSTRACTBackground: Communication is a basic skill that must be acquired by every doctor just like all other clinical skills. One of communication guidelines for doctor-patient that is the most widely used in many countries is the Calgary-Cambridge Communication Guideline (CCCG). However, since CCCG is based on the Western style of communications, a further study is necessary to determine whether CCCG is acceptable and applicable in Indonesia.Methods:  This research was an analytic descriptive study with a cross-sectional design. The research was conducted from December 2016 until January 2017 in Yogyakarta with 58 primary care doctors. The data was collected using the CCCG-based questionnaire method with a cross-cultural adaptation.Results: The CCCG is well accepted although its application is not optimum. The acceptance rate was 4.03 (indicating highly acceptable), while the application rate was 3.74 (indicating occasionally implemented). There was a significant difference between the acceptance and application rates (p<0.01). There were no significant differences between the acceptance rates of Puskesmas (Community and Primary Health Care Center) and non-Puskesmas (p = 0.115) facilities while the application was significantly different (p = 0.001). The application levels of the Puskesmas were lower than those in non-Puskesmas. Additionally, there was no difference in the acceptance or application of CCCG for doctors who have and who have not attended communication training.Conclusion: There was no difference in the acceptance of CCCG, but there was a difference in its application. The application rate at Puskesmas was lower than non-Puskesmas facilities. The experience in communication training did not affect the acceptance and the application rates of CCCG.

scholarly journals Effect of different soil and weather conditions on efficacy, selectivity and dissipation of herbicides in sunflower

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 468-476
Author(s):  
Miroslav Jursík ◽  
Martin Kočárek ◽  
Michaela Kolářová ◽  
Lukáš Tichý
Keyword(s):  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Vertical Transport ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
High Precipitation

Six sunflower herbicides were tested at two application rates (1N and 2N) on three locations (with different soil types) within three years (2015–2017). Efficacy of the tested herbicides on Chenopodium album increased with an increasing cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the soil. Efficacy of pendimethalin was 95%, flurochloridone and aclonifen 94%, dimethenamid-P 72%, pethoxamid 49% and S-metolachlor 47%. All tested herbicides injured sunflower on sandy soil (Regosol) which had the lowest CEC, especially in wet conditions (phytotoxicity 27% after 1N application rate). The highest phytotoxicity was recorded after the application of dimethenamid-P (19% at 1N and 45% at 2N application rate). Main symptoms of phytotoxicity were leaf deformations and necroses and the damage of growing tips, which led to destruction of some plants. Aclonifen, pethoxamid and S-metolachlor at 1N did not injure sunflower on the soil with the highest CEC (Chernozem) in any of the experimental years. Persistence of tested herbicides was significantly longer in Fluvisol (medium CEC) compared to Regosol and Chernozem. Dimethenamid-P showed the shortest persistence in Regosol and Chernozem. The majority of herbicides was detected in the soil layer 0–5 cm in all tested soils. Vertical transport of herbicides in soil was affected by the herbicide used, soil type and weather conditions. The highest vertical transport was recorded for dimethenamid-P and pethoxamid (4, resp. 6% of applied rate) in Regosol in the growing season with high precipitation.  

scholarly journals Effects of two wood-based biochars on the fate of added fertilizer nitrogen—a 15N tracing study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subin Kalu ◽  
Gboyega Nathaniel Oyekoya ◽  
Per Ambus ◽  
Priit Tammeorg ◽  
Asko Simojoki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Uptake ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Organic N ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Total N ◽  
Application Rates

AbstractA 15N tracing pot experiment was conducted using two types of wood-based biochars: a regular biochar and a Kon-Tiki-produced nutrient-enriched biochar, at two application rates (1% and 5% (w/w)), in addition to a fertilizer only and a control treatment. Ryegrass was sown in pots, all of which except controls received 15N-labelled fertilizer as either 15NH4NO3 or NH415NO3. We quantified the effect of biochar application on soil N2O emissions, as well as the fate of fertilizer-derived ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3−) in terms of their leaching from the soil, uptake into plant biomass, and recovery in the soil. We found that application of biochars reduced soil mineral N leaching and N2O emissions. Similarly, the higher biochar application rate of 5% significantly increased aboveground ryegrass biomass yield. However, no differences in N2O emissions and ryegrass biomass yields were observed between regular and nutrient-enriched biochar treatments, although mineral N leaching tended to be lower in the nutrient-enriched biochar treatment than in the regular biochar treatment. The 15N analysis revealed that biochar application increased the plant uptake of added nitrate, but reduced the plant uptake of added ammonium compared to the fertilizer only treatment. Thus, the uptake of total N derived from added NH4NO3 fertilizer was not affected by the biochar addition, and cannot explain the increase in plant biomass in biochar treatments. Instead, the increased plant biomass at the higher biochar application rate was attributed to the enhanced uptake of N derived from soil. This suggests that the interactions between biochar and native soil organic N may be important determinants of the availability of soil N to plant growth.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Regional-Scale Optimal K Rate Based on Sustainable Apple Yield and High-Efficiency K Use in Loess Plateau and Bohai Bay of China: A Meta-Analysis

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1368
Author(s):  
Wenzheng Tang ◽  
Wene Wang ◽  
Dianyu Chen ◽  
Ningbo Cui ◽  
Haosheng Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Loess Plateau ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Bohai Bay ◽  
The Loess Plateau ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Relationship Model

In order to meet the growing food demand of the global population and maintain sustainable soil fertility, there is an urgent need to optimize fertilizer application amount in agricultural production practices. Most of the existing studies on the optimal K rates for apple orchards were based on case studies and lack information on optimizing K-fertilizer management on a regional scale. Here, we used the method of combining meta-analysis with the K application rate-yield relationship model to quantify and summarize the optimal K rates of the Loess Plateau and Bohai Bay regions in China. We built a dataset based on 159 observations obtained from 18 peer-reviewed literature studies distributed in 15 different research sites and evaluated the regional-scale optimal K rates for apple production. The results showed that the linear plus platform model was more suitable for estimating the regional-scale optimal K rates, which were 208.33 and 176.61 kg K ha−1 for the Loess Plateau and Bohai Bay regions of China, respectively. Compared with high K application rates, the optimal K rates increased K use efficiency by 45.88–68.57%, with almost no yield losses. The optimal K rates also enhanced the yield by 6.30% compared with the low K application rates.

scholarly journals Reducing Topdressing N Fertilization with Variable Rates Does Not Reduce Maize Yield

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 8059
Author(s):  
Calogero Schillaci ◽  
Tommaso Tadiello ◽  
Marco Acutis ◽  
Alessia Perego
Keyword(s):  
Precision Agriculture ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Growth Monitoring ◽  
Fixed Rate ◽  
Positioning Systems ◽  
Significant Difference

Proximal sensing represents a growing avenue for precision fertilization and crop growth monitoring. In the last decade, precision agriculture technology has become affordable in many countries; Global Positioning Systems for automatic guidance instruments and proximal sensors can be used to guide the distribution of nutrients such as nitrogen (N) fertilization using real-time applications. A two-year field experiment (2017–2018) was carried out to quantify maize yield in response to variable rate (VR) N distribution, which was determined with a proximal vigour sensor, as an alternative to a fixed rate (FR) in a cereal-livestock farm located in the Po valley (northern Italy). The amount of N distributed for the FR (140 kg N ha−1) was calculated according to the crop requirement and the regional regulation: ±30% of the FR rate was applied in the VR treatment according to the Vigour S-index calculated on-the-go from the CropSpec sensor. The two treatments of N fertilization did not result in a significant difference in yield in both years. The findings suggest that the application of VR is more economically profitable than the FR application rate, especially under the hypothesis of VR application at a farm scale. The outcome of the experiment suggests that VR is a viable and profitable technique that can be easily applied at the farm level by adopting proximal sensors to detect the actual crop N requirement prior to stem elongation. Besides the economic benefits, the VR approach can be regarded as a sustainable practice that meets the current European Common Agricultural Policy.

scholarly journals The Influence of Automated Machining Strategy on Geometric Deviations of Machined Surfaces

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 2353
Author(s):  
Ján Varga ◽  
Teodor Tóth ◽  
Peter Frankovský ◽  
Ľudmila Dulebová ◽  
Emil Spišák ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Surface Quality ◽  
Coordinate Measuring Machine ◽  
Geometric Tolerance ◽  
Geometric Tolerances ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Geometric Deviations ◽  
Measuring Machine ◽  
Overlap Parameter ◽  
Total Average

This paper deals with various automated milling strategies and their influence on the accuracy of produced parts. Among the most important factors for surface quality is the automated milling strategy. Milling strategies were generated from two different programs, CAM system SolidCAM, with the help of workshop programming in the control system Heidenhain TNC 426. In the first step, simulations of different toolpaths were conducted. Using geometric tolerance is becoming increasingly important in robotized production, but its proper application requires a deeper understanding. This article presents the measurement of selected planes of robotized production to evaluate their flatness, parallelism and perpendicularity deviations after milling on the coordinate measuring machine Carl Zeiss Contura G2. Total average deviations, including all geometric tolerances, were 0.020 mm for SolidCAM and 0.016 mm for Heidenhain TNC 426. The result is significantly affected by the flatness of measured planes, where the overlap parameter of the tools has a significant impact on the flatness of the surface. With interchangeable cutter plate tools, it is better to use higher overlap to achieve better flatness. There is a significant difference in production time, with SolidCAM 25 min and 30 s, and Heidenhain 48 min and 19 s. In accordance with these findings, the SolidCAM system is more suitable for production.

scholarly journals Yield, germination and herbicide residue in seeds of preharvest desiccated wheat

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 304-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lais Tessari Perboni ◽  
Dirceu Agostinetto ◽  
Leandro Vargas ◽  
Joanei Cechin ◽  
Renan Ricardo Zandoná ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Application Time ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Herbicide Residue ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Weight Yield ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Dough Stage ◽  
Wheat Seeds

Abstract: The goals of this study were to evaluate herbicide application rates at different timings for preharvest desiccation of wheat (Trial 1), as well as to evaluate the effect of the timing of herbicide desiccation at preharvest and harvest timing (Trial 2) on yield, germination, and herbicide residue in wheat seed. In Trial 1, treatments consisted of two application rates of glufosinate, glyphosate, paraquat, or paraquat+diuron and a control without application; application time periods were in the milk grain to early dough stage, soft dough to hard dough stage, and hard dough stage. In Trial 2, treatments consisted of different application time periods (milk grain to early dough stage, and soft dough to hard dough stage), different herbicides (glufosinate, 2,4-D+glyphosate, and untreated control), and different harvest times (5, 10 and 15 days after herbicide application). One thousand seeds weight, yield, first and final germination count, and herbicide residue on seeds were evaluated. Preharvest desiccation with paraquat, glufosinate, and 2,4-D+glyphosate at the milk grain to early dough stage reduces wheat yield. Regardless of the herbicide and application rate, application in the milk grain to early dough stage and soft dough to hard dough stage provides greater germination of wheat seeds, except at the lower dose of paraquat. Systemic herbicides accumulate more in wheat seeds.

scholarly journals Exploring Suitable Biochar Application Rates with Compost to Improve Upland Field Environment

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1136
Author(s):  
Se-Won Kang ◽  
Jin-Ju Yun ◽  
Jae-Hyuk Park ◽  
Ju-Sik Cho
Keyword(s):  
Soil Quality ◽  
Chinese Cabbage ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Treatment Area ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Upland Field

A field experiment was carried out to investigate crop productivity, emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O), and soil quality of an upland field treated with compost and varying rates of biochar (BC) derived from soybean stalks during crop growing periods in a corn and Chinese cabbage rotation system. Compost was supplemented with BC derived from soybean stalks at varying rates of 5, 10, 15, and 20 t ha−1 (BC5, BC10, BC15, and BC20, respectively); the control (BC0) area was untreated. Our results reveal that crop productivity and emissions of CO2 and N2O varied significantly with the biochar application rate. Moreover, irrespective of the biochar application rate, crop productivity was improved after BC application as compared to the control treatment area, by 11.2–29.3% (average 17.0 ± 8.3%) for corn cultivation and 10.3–39.7% (average 27.8 ± 12.7%) for Chinese cabbage cultivation. Peak emissions of CO2 and N2O were mainly observed in the early period of crop cultivation, whereas low CO2 and N2O emissions were determined during the fallow period. Compared to the control area, significant differences were obtained for CO2 emissions produced by the different biochar application rates for both crops. During the two cropping periods, the overall N2O emission was significantly decreased with BC5, BC10, BC15, and BC20 applications as compared to the control, ranging from 11.1 to 13.6%, 8.7 to 15.4%, 23.1 to 26.0%, and 15.0 to 19.6%, respectively (average 16.9% decrease in the corn crop period and 16.3% in the Chinese cabbage crop period). Soil quality results after the final crop harvest show that bulk density, soil organic carbon (SOC), pH, and cation exchange capacity (CEC) were significantly improved by biochar application, as compared to the control. Taken together, our results indicate that compost application supplemented with biochar is potentially an appropriate strategy for achieving high crop productivity and improving soil quality in upland field conditions. In conclusion, appropriate application of biochar with compost has the concomitant advantages of enriching soil quality for long-term sustainable agriculture and reducing the use of inorganic fertilizers.

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