scholarly journals Diversity of Pepper (Capsicum spp.) Genotypes from Eritrea Assessed by Morphological Traits

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brhan Khiar Saleh ◽  
Remmy W. Kasili ◽  
Edward G. Mamati ◽  
Woldeamlak Araia ◽  
Aggrey B. Nyende
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Fruit Characteristics ◽  
Climatic Regions ◽  
Capsicum Spp ◽  
Improvement Programs ◽  
Combined Data ◽  
Three Components

<p>Diversity in plant genetic resources provides an opportunity for plant breeders to develop new and improved cultivars with desirable characteristics. The purpose of this study was to assess the diversity of Eritrean pepper germplasm in order to obtain information for improving it. A total of 60 pepper (<em>Capsicum</em> spp.) seed sample collections were obtained from farmers and institutions in Eritrea. The collections were evaluated at two sites located in two different agro-climatic regions of the country. The collections were assessed using 16 quantitative and 23 qualitative descriptors. A Randomized Complete Block Design was used for the evaluation. Quantitative and qualitative data of the two sites were subjected to Principal Component Analysis, Principal Coordinate Analysis, Hierarchal clustering, Analysis of variance and Correlation. The distribution of characters of the different quantitative and qualitative traits and the performance of the collections showed the existece of variable characters distributed among the collections indicating considerable diversity. For quantitative variables, the first three components were able to explain 61%, 58% and 67% of the total variation in Hamelmalo, Asmara and combined data of the two sites respectively. While for the qualitative variables the first three components were able to explain a variation of 58% in Hamelmalo, 49%, in Asmara and 55% combined data of the two sites. Phenological attributes and fruit characteristics were found to contribute more to the variation. The majority of the traits evaluated were significant and the highest Coefficient of Variation was related to fruit characteristics. The results of this study showed that there is sufficient variability within the Eritrean pepper genotypes that could be used in future breeding and crop improvement programs.</p>

Multivariate analyses of indigenous bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) landraces of Oman

2021 ◽  
pp. 483
Author(s):  
Ali Hussain Al Lawati ◽  
Saleem Kaseemsaheb Nadaf ◽  
Nadiya Abubakar Al Saady ◽  
Saleh Ali Al Hinai ◽  
Almandhar Almamari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Multivariate Analyses ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Improvement Programs ◽  
D Values

Oman is endowed with enormous diversity of important food crops that have global significance for food security and has ancient history of cultivation of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with its divergent landraces, which are useful in crop improvement. 55 indigenous Omani accessions conserved at the USDA were evaluated in the winter season (November to April) of the years 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 on loamy soil under sprinklers in augmented design with 5 check varieties in 5 replications following crop husbandry practices as per national recommendations using 9 quantitative (descriptors) and 6 qualitative traits (anthocyanin pigmentation on plant parts). The data on traits were subjected not only for PC values and D values after varimax rotation through Kaiser normalization in Principal Component Analysis (PCA) but also for Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC). The results indicated that indigenous bread wheat accessions were significantly different (p>0.05) for all the quantitative traits except number of tillers. The multivariate analyses led to formation of four diverse clusters from PCA analyses corresponding to four quadrants of bi-plot graphs and three clusters from AHC analysis corresponding to main clades of dendrogram. The parents were selected from common accessions of distinct clusters in all the multivariate analyses for hybridization for improving characters of growth for higher yield or productivity with pigmentation on one or two plant parts useful for DUS test of varieties. The indigenous bread wheat landraces / accessions were genetically diverse and have potential for use in national crop improvement programs for earliness and higher grain productivity with distinct identification markers.

scholarly journals Genetic Analysis and Selection Criteria in Bambara Groundnut Accessions Based Yield Performance

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1634
Author(s):  
Atiqullah Khaliqi ◽  
Mohd Y. Rafii ◽  
Norida Mazlan ◽  
Mashitah Jusoh ◽  
Yusuff Oladosu
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Yield Component ◽  
Bambara Groundnut ◽  
Breeding Systems ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Improvement Programs ◽  
The Relationship

The knowledge of genetic variability and breeding techniques is crucial in crop improvement programs. This information is especially important in underutilized crops such as Bambara groundnut, which have limited breeding systems and genetic diversity information. Hence, this study evaluated the genetic variability and established the relationship between the yield and its components in Bambara groundnut based on seed weight using multivariate analysis. A field trial was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications on 28 lines. Data were collected on 12 agro-morphological traits, and a statistical analysis was conducted using SAS version 9.4 software, while the variance component, genotypic and phenotypic coefficient variation, heritability, and genetic advance values were estimated. A cluster analysis was performed using NT-SYS software to estimate the genetic relations among the accessions. The results showed significant variability among the accessions based on the yield and yield component characteristics. The evaluated lines were grouped into seven primary clusters based on the assessed traits using the UPGMA dendrogram. Based on the overall results, G5LR1P3, G1LR1P3, G4LR1P1, G2SR1P1 and G3SR1P4 performed the best for the yield and yield components. These improved lines are recommended for large-scale evaluation and utilization in future breeding programs to develop high-yield Bambara groundnut varieties.

scholarly journals 654 The Role of Plant Genetic Resources in Safeguarding Global Carrying Capacity

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 511A-511
Author(s):  
Peter Bretting
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
Timber Species ◽  
Minor Crops ◽  
Minor Crop ◽  
Improvement Programs

Plants provide humans with food, fiber, feed, ornamentals, industrial products, medicine, shelter, and fuel. As vegetation, they maintain global environmental integrity and the carrying capacity for all life. From an anthropocentric perspective, plants serve as genetic resources (PGR) for sustaining the growing human population. Research on PGR can provide basic knowledge for crop improvement or environmental management that enables renewable, sustainable production of the preceding necessities. PGR also provide the raw material for increasing yield and end product's quality, while requiring fewer inputs (water, nutrients, agrichemicals, etc.). The staples of life—30 or so major grain, oilseed, fiber, and timber species—comprise the “thin green line” vital to human survival, either directly, or through trade and income generation. Many crop genebanks worldwide focus on conserving germplasm of these staples as a shield against genetic vulnerability that may endanger economies and humanity on an international scale. Fewer genebanks and crop improvement programs conserve and develop “minor crops,” so called because of their lesser economic value or restricted cultivation globally. Yet, these minor crops, many categorized as horticultural, may be key to human carrying capacity—especially in geographically or economically marginal zones. The USDA/ARS National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) contains a great number and diversity of minor crop germplasm. The NPGS, other genebanks, and minor crop breeding programs scattered throughout the world, help safeguard human global carrying capacity by providing the raw genetic material and genetic improvement infrastructure requisite for producing superior minor crops. The latter may represent the best hope for developing new varieties and crops, new crop rotations, and new renewable products that in the future may enhance producer profitability or even ensure producer and consumer survival.

GENETIC DIVERSITY OF EXTRA-EARLY YELLOW MAIZE HYBRIDS UNDER STRIGA ENVIRONMENTS

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 302-308
Author(s):  
Abdulwahab Saliu Shaibu
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Group I ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
And Cluster Analysis

The success of any breeding program depends on the ability to determine germplasm diversity and genetic relationships among breeding materials. Genetic diversity is an invaluable aid in crop improvement. This study was carried out to determine the genetic diversity among 70 extra-early yellow maize hybrids under Striga environments. Cluster and principal component (PC) analyses were used to determine the genetic diversity of the hybrids. Data on morphological and agronomical data were collected. The experiment was set up in two locations (Abuja and Mokwa) in a randomized incomplete block design experiment with two replications. A significant difference was observed among the hybrids in all the traits studied and a significant genotype × environment interaction was observed for all traits except for plant height, anthesis silking interval and Striga count at 8 and 10 WAP. The principal component reveals that the first three components account for 86% variability. PC1 gave maximum variability (43%) and was loaded with PC1 and the first four PCs can be utilized in hybridization programs. The principal component biplot reveals the relationship among traits and the distance of each variable in determining variability among hybrids. The cluster diagram reveals five distinct groups. Group IV consisted of Striga tolerant hybrids and group I consisted of susceptible hybrids. Both principal component and cluster analysis revealed the genetic diversity among the hybrids and identified genotypes that were Striga tolerant and could be selected as choice of parental materials to develop Striga resistant materials

scholarly journals Phenomic Characterization of Crotalaria Germplasm for Crop Improvement in Kenya

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Kiilu Muli ◽  
Johnstone Omukhulu Neondo ◽  
Eddy Odari ◽  
Peter Kuria ◽  
Nancy L.M. Budambula
Keyword(s):  
Food Systems ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Edible Plant ◽  
Morphological Evaluation ◽  
Edible Species ◽  
Cultivated Species

Abstract Background: Diversification of global food systems through exploration of traditional varieties and wild edible plant species is a focal mitigation strategy for food security worldwide. The present study determined the phenomic diversity of locally available, affordable and climate-resilient cultivated and wild Crotalaria species for breeding purposes. Seed samples were collected from different administrative counties in Kenya spanning different climatic zones. Other seeds were provided by the Genetic Resources Research Institute of Kenya. A randomized complete block design with three replications was used for agro-morphological evaluation of the 83 accessions used in this study. Data on quantitative and qualitative traits was collected. Cluster analysis on R and R-studio was used to generate a dendrogram by the Euclidian genetic distance and dissimilarity indices while the non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) method was used to determine the spatial interrelationship between the accessions. The Pearson’s correlation coefficients were used to determine the relationships between qualitative and quantitative traits while the principal component analysis was used to discriminate the accessions. Results: Three edible species (C. brevidens Benth., C. ochroleuca G.Don, C. trichotoma Bojer.) were found to be cultivated by Kenyan farmers and a significant variation (p<0.0001) for all parameters under study was recorded. Agglomerative hierarchical clustering grouped the accessions into 8 major clusters. The NMDS ordination formed 15 and 6 groups based on counties and regions respectively. Conclusions: This study forms the basis for exploring novel breeding among cultivated species, between wild and cultivated Crotalaria species as well as determining molecular markers linked to phenomic traits.

scholarly journals Short Communication: Agro-morphological diversity among four tomato cultivars in western Burundi

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 436-441
Author(s):  
FREDERIC NGEZAHAYO ◽  
JEAN CLAUDE NGENDAKURIYO ◽  
EMMANUEL BIZINDAVYI ◽  
CYRILLE MBONIHANKUYE
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Short Communication ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Flower Number ◽  
Fruit Number ◽  
Improvement Programs ◽  
Tomato Cultivars

Ngezahayo F, Ngendakuriyo Jc, Bizindavyi E, Mbonihankuye C. 2019. Short Communication: Agro-morphological diversity among four tomato cultivars in western Burundi. Biodiversitas 20: 436-441. Since crop cultivars represent a reservoir of genetic diversity; essential are the understanding and the utilization of genetic variation in tomato accessions for improving the crop. The objective of the present study was to characterize 4 tomato cultivars from the western Burundi by means of 8 agro-morphological traits that could be exploited for tomato crop improvement. Tanya and P20 cultivars showed the lowest plant height but the highest flower number, fruit number and yield per cultivar. This was corroborated by a significant negative correlation between plant height and flower number, fruit number and yield per cultivar in overall results. On the other hand, Floradel and Tengerou97 cultivars have the highest stem circumference and leaf number. Cluster analysis also showed almost four clusters corresponding to one cluster for each cultivar, though Tengerou97 and Floradel tend to be grouped together. Finally, principal component analysis showed that all the eight agro-morphological traits participated in grouping tomato cultivars; particularly flower number, fruit number, plant height, and yield per cultivar. The first three principal component axes accounted for 92.465% of total variation observed among tomato cultivars. Thus, the four cultivars should all be exploited in tomato breeding and improvement programs.

scholarly journals Plant genetic resources management and pre-breeding in genomics era

2019 ◽  
Vol 79 (01S) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuldeep Singh ◽  
Sandeep Kumar ◽  
S. Raj Kumar ◽  
Mohar Singh ◽  
Kavita Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Complex Traits ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Breeding Cycle ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Genetic Resources Management ◽  
Genomic Tools ◽  
Improvement Programs

Plant Genetic Resources (PGR) conserved in gene bank provides genetic variability for efficient utilization in breeding programmes. Pre-breeding is required for broadening the genetic base of the crop through identification of useful traits in un-adapted materials and transfer them into better adapted ones for further breeding. So, pre-breeding is a promising alternative (due to use of un-adapted materials) to link genetic resources and breeding programs. Utilization of PGR in crop improvement programmes including prebreeding have been very limited. Advances in genomics have provided us with high-quality reference genomes, sequencing and re-sequencing platforms with reduced cost, marker and QTL assisted selection, genomic selection and population level genotyping platforms. Further, genome editing tools like, CRISPR/Cas9 and its latest modification base editing technology can be used to generate target specific mutants and are important for establishing gene functions with respect to their phenotypes through developing knockout mutations. These new genomic tools can be used to generate, analyse and manipulate the genetic variability for designing cultivars with the desired traits. The genomic tools has not only accelerated the utilization of PGR but also assisted pre-breeding through rapid selection of trait-specific germplasm, reduced periods in breeding cycle for confirming gene of interest in intermediate material and validation of transfer of gene of interest in the cultivated gene pool. In crops, where limited genetic and genomic resources are available, pre-breeding becomes very challenging. We can say that genomics assisted utilization of PGR and prebreeding has accelerated the pace of introgression of complex traits in different crop cultivars.and yield plateau has already been achieved in these cultivars (Chen et al. 2014a). Under these circumstances, use of Plant Genetic Resources (PGR) in crop improvement programs provides an avenue to solve the problem.

scholarly journals Genetic diversity and GWAS of agronomic traits using an ICARDA lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) Reference Plus collection

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Karthika Rajendran ◽  
Clarice J. Coyne ◽  
Ping Zheng ◽  
Gopesh Saha ◽  
Dorrie Main ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Lens Culinaris ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Genotyping By Sequencing ◽  
Phenotypic Data ◽  
Reference Set ◽  
Genome Wide

Abstract Genotyping of lentil plant genetic resources holds the promise to increase the identification and utilization of useful genetic diversity for crop improvement. The International Center for Agriculture Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) lentil reference set plus collection of 176 accessions was genotyped using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) and 22,555 SNPs were identified. The population structure was investigated using Bayesian analysis (STRUCTURE, k = 3) and principal component analysis. The two methods are in concordance. Genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) using the filtered SNP set and ICARDA historical phenotypic data discovered putative markers for several agronomic traits including days to first flower, seeds per pod, seed weight and days to maturity. The genetic and genomic resources developed and utilized in this study are available to the research community interested in exploring the ICARDA reference set plus collection using GWAS.

scholarly journals Selection of Habanero Pepper F1 Hybrids (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) at the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico with a High Potential for Different Markets

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 478
Author(s):  
Liliana S. Muñoz-Ramírez ◽  
Laura P. Peña-Yam ◽  
Martha A. Álvarez-Gil ◽  
Lourdes G. Iglesias-Andreu ◽  
Susana A. Avilés-Viñas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Correspondence Analysis ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Habanero Pepper ◽  
Productive Potential ◽  
Total Variability ◽  
Fruit Pericarp ◽  
Pericarp Thickness

This study evaluated 29 F1 lines and the 11 genotypes of habanero peppers used in the crossbreeding program developed by the Scientific Research Center of Yucatan, México. A randomized complete block design with four repetitions was used. Eight plants of each of the genotypes were studied per block. A total of 22 qualitative and 18 quantitative descriptors established in the manuals of the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) and the National Service for Seed Inspection and Certification (SNICS) was used. The multiple correspondence analysis of the qualitative traits explained 38.2% of the total variability. The trait that contributed the most to the qualitative variability identified was the presence of anthocyanins in the node. Principal component analysis showed that the first two axes explained 85.1% of the total variability and that capsaicin content and fruit pericarp thickness were the major contributors to the variation recorded. Based on these results, four F1 hybrids of habanero pepper were selected because of their promising traits for the different markets, i.e., high productive potential and/or high pungency. These traits are described in the section on Results.

scholarly journals Overview of Biotic Stresses in Pepper (Capsicum spp.): Sources of Genetic Resistance, Molecular Breeding and Genomics

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 2587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Parisi ◽  
Daniela Alioto ◽  
Pasquale Tripodi
Keyword(s):  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Capsicum Spp ◽  
High Yielding Varieties

Pepper (Capsicum spp.) is one of the major vegetable crops grown worldwide largely appreciated for its economic importance and nutritional value. This crop belongs to the large Solanaceae family, which, among more than 90 genera and 2500 species of flowering plants, includes commercially important vegetables such as tomato and eggplant. The genus includes over 30 species, five of which (C. annuum, C. frutescens, C. chinense, C. baccatum, and C. pubescens) are domesticated and mainly grown for consumption as food and for non-food purposes (e.g., cosmetics). The main challenges for vegetable crop improvement are linked to the sustainable development of agriculture, food security, the growing consumers’ demand for food. Furthermore, demographic trends and changes to climate require more efficient use of plant genetic resources in breeding programs. Increases in pepper consumption have been observed in the past 20 years, and for maintaining this trend, the development of new resistant and high yielding varieties is demanded. The range of pathogens afflicting peppers is very broad and includes fungi, viruses, bacteria, and insects. In this context, the large number of accessions of domesticated and wild species stored in the world seed banks represents a valuable resource for breeding in order to transfer traits related to resistance mechanisms to various biotic stresses. In the present review, we report comprehensive information on sources of resistance to a broad range of pathogens in pepper, revisiting the classical genetic studies and showing the contribution of genomics for the understanding of the molecular basis of resistance.

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