scholarly journals Floral phenology and pollen production in the five nocturnal Oenothera species (Onagraceae)

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Antoń ◽  
Bożena Denisow
Keyword(s):  
Unit Area ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Pollen Production ◽  
Invasive Potential ◽  
Se Poland ◽  
Floral Phenology ◽  
Late Evening ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Blooming Phenology

Blooming phenology and pollen production in the five <em>Oenothera</em> species were investigated during the period of 2013–2015 in the Lublin area, SE Poland. The blooming period was relatively long, and flowering usually started in the middle or late June and lasted until late July or the middle of August. The <em>Oenothera</em> species studied exhibited nocturnal anthesis, i.e., the flowers opened in the late evening and lasted overnight until the early morning hours. Plants developed a great number of flowers per individual and per unit area (on average, 158 and 4,136, respectively), and this feature appeared to be species-specific. It was demonstrated that the blooming phase had an impact on the mass of anthers and pollen produced per flower in all <em>Oenothera</em> species. In general, the greatest mass of anthers and pollen was observed at the beginning of blooming, and with the progress of flowering, the values decreased. However, statistical differences were found for <em>O. flaemingina</em>, <em>O. paradoxa</em>, and <em>O. rubricaulis</em>. The mass of pollen produced per unit area was also a species-specific characteristic and was related to the abundance of flowering. The greatest amount of pollen was produced by <em>O. flaemingina</em> (30.6 g m<sup>−2</sup>), which was almost three times more than that produced by <em>O. rubricaulis</em> (10.9 g m<sup>−2</sup>). The protein content of pollen grains was relatively low and on average amounted to 15.4%. The <em>Oenothera</em> species examined in this work may be considered valuable pollen yielding plants. Nevertheless, given the invasive potential of species from subsect. <em>Oenothera</em>, precautions are suggested during cultivation and/or planting these taxa in bee pastures, in order to prevent uncontrolled spread into new areas.

scholarly journals Ornamental Representatives of the Genus Centaurea L. as a Pollen Source for Bee Friendly Gardens

2014 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bożena Denisow ◽  
Monika Strzałkowska-Abramek ◽  
Małgorzata Bożek ◽  
Anna Jeżak
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Flowering Phenology ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Pollen Production ◽  
Bumblebee Species ◽  
Se Poland ◽  
High Viability ◽  
Total Pollen ◽  
Frequent Visitor

Abstract The flowering phenology and pollen production of three ornamental Centaurea species were investigated in the years 2009 and 2012-2013. The study objects, Centaurea montana L. = Cyanus montanus (L.) Hill, Centaurea mollis Waldst & Kit, and Centaurea dealbata Willd. were cultivated within an area of the UMCS Botanical Garden in Lublin, Poland (51° 14’ N, 22° 34’ E). Under the environmental conditions of SE Poland, the Centaurea species flowered continuously from mid-May to the first week of June. The mass of pollen in anthers was found to be species-related: 3.70 mg (C. montana), 4.02 mg (C. mollis), and 6.01 mg (C. dealbata) per 100 anthers. The total pollen yield was related to the mass of pollen produced in flowers and the abundance of blooming. Pollen grains were medium-sized, spheroid (C. dealbata) or prolato-spheroid (C. mollis and C. montana) in shape, and characterized by high viability (over 80% on average). The pollen provided by the plants of ornamental Centaurea species amounted to 6.0 - 7.9 g per m2 on average. The honeybee was the most frequent visitor of C. dealbata, accounting for 55.2% of the total pollinators, and bumblebee species predominated on the flowers of both C. montana (77.7%) and C. mollis (85.6%). Solitary bees and dipterans were also observed on the flowers of all species studied, but C. mollis was avoided by lepidopterans. Ornamental Centaurea species provide pollen reserves that could support communities of invertebrate pollinators, although the period of effective supply fluctuates annually due to changeable periods of blooming.

POLLEN PRODUCTION AND DISSEMINATING PROPERTIES OF TRITICALE RELATIVE TO WHEAT

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 569-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. C. YEUNG ◽  
E. N. LARTER
Keyword(s):  
Seed Set ◽  
Marker Gene ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Hybrid Seed Production ◽  
Pollen Production ◽  
Hexaploid Triticale ◽  
Anther Length ◽  
Anther Extrusion ◽  
Wide Range

A study of the pollen production properties of three hexaploid triticale strains (Triticale hexaploide Lart.) showed that their anther length was significantly greater than that of wheat anthers (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell.) and the estimated number of pollen grains per anther ranged from 15,000 to 21,000. In comparison, a total of 8000 grains per anther was estimated for wheat, cult Manitou. Eighty-nine percent anther extrusion occurred in triticale cult Rosner, while Manitou averaged 70% anther extrusion. The period of anthesis of triticale varied according to strain but generally was of longer duration than in Manitou and thereby promoted outcrossing. Using a triticale strain carrying a dominant marker gene, 50% seed-set was obtained at a distance of 12 m leeward of the pollen source; however, a small percentage was still obtained at a distance of 30 m. It would appear from the limited number of triticales used in this study that a wide range of variability exists within this species in its pollen production and disseminating properties. With appropriate selection pressures, strains with an outbreeding habit could be developed for the purpose of hybrid seed production.

Temporal patterning of blooming phenology in Pedicularis on Mount Rainier

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 786-791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia Dale Adams
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Temporal Patterning ◽  
Flowering Pattern ◽  
Subalpine Meadow ◽  
Evolutionary Force ◽  
Mount Rainier ◽  
Pollinator Sharing ◽  
Blooming Phenology

The temporal patterning of flowering of five sympatric species of Pedicularis in a subalpine meadow is documented. Two species bloom early in the growing season, one is intermediate, and two flower toward the later part of the season. The differences between species are related to the range of blooming periods (in days), the number of inflorescences at maximum bloom, and the time of peak bloom. No significant variation in flowering pattern occurred during the years of observation (1977, 1978, and 1979). More than 93% of the time individual bumblebees continued to forage on the same Pedicularis species as was previously visited; yet when switches in the diet of the bees occurred, they were more likely to be to another species of Pedicularis. Although individuals of other genera were in bloom, the bees switched to the Pedicularis species most synchronous in time and space to the previously preferred Pedicularis species. Counts were made of the number of pollen grains per flower, the reward for foraging bees. The last species to flower had the greatest reward but also had the largest ratio of the number of pollen grains to the number of ovules as compared with the previously flowering Pedicularis species. These results suggest that pollinator sharing is an important evolutionary force but that the quantity of the pollen reward may be more related to the number of ovules.

Religious and Mystical Experiences as Artifacts of Temporal Lobe Function: A General Hypothesis

1983 ◽  
Vol 57 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1255-1262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Persinger
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Lobe ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Religious Experiences ◽  
General Hypothesis ◽  
Intrinsic Reward ◽  
Reinforcement History ◽  
Body Experiences ◽  
Cultural Experiences ◽  
Specific Stimulation ◽  
Species Specific

Mystical and religious experiences are hypothesized to be evoked by transient, electrical microseizures within deep structures of the temporal lobe. Although experiential details are affected by context and reinforcement history, basic themes reflect the inclusion of different amygdaloid-hippocampal structures and adjacent cortices. Whereas the unusual electrical coherence allows access to infantile memories of parents, a source of god expectations, specific stimulation evokes out-of-body experiences, space-time distortions, intense meaningfulness, and dreamy scenes. The species-specific similarities in temporal lobe properties enhance the homogeneity of cross-cultural experiences. They exist along a continuum that ranges from “early morning highs” to recurrent bouts of conversion and dominating religiosity. Predisposing factors include any biochemical or genetic factors that produce temporal lobe lability. A variety of precipitating stimuli provoke these experiences, but personal (life) crises and death bed conditions are optimal. These temporal lobe microseizures can be learned as responses to existential trauma because stimulation is of powerful intrinsic reward regions and reduction of death anxiety occurs. The implications of these transients as potent modifiers of human behavior are considered.

scholarly journals Protein Supplementation and Grazing Behavior for Cows on Differing Late-Season Rangeland Grazing Systems

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 3219
Author(s):  
James E. Sprinkle ◽  
Joseph K. Sagers ◽  
John B. Hall ◽  
Melinda J. Ellison ◽  
Joel V. Yelich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Morning ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Grazing Behavior ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Bite Rate ◽  
Measured Time ◽  
Late Evening ◽  
Grazing Systems ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Walking Time

The objective was to determine if low- or high-residual feed intake (LRFI or HRFI, n = 24 for each) Hereford × Angus cows on continuously or rotationally grazed rangeland altered their grazing behavior when provided a protein supplement in late autumn. Treatments included continuously grazed, control (CCON, n = 12); continuously grazed, supplemented (CTRT, n = 12); rotationally grazed, control (RCON, n = 12); and rotationally grazed, supplemented pastures (RTRT, n = 12). Cows in each treatment had grazing time (GT), resting time (RT), and walking time (WLK) measured for 2 years with accelerometers. Bite rate (BR) was also measured. Time distributions of GT and RT differed by year (p < 0.05), being influenced by colder temperatures in 2016. Cattle in 2016 spent more time grazing during early morning and late evening (p < 0.05) and rested more during the day (p < 0.05). In 2017, cattle in the CCON treatment walked more (p < 0.05) during early morning time periods than did the CTRT cattle, indicative of search grazing. All supplemented cattle had greater BR (p < 0.05) than control cattle in 2017. Cattle with increased nutritional demands alter grazing behavior in a compensatory fashion when grazing late-season rangelands.

scholarly journals Life near a city: activity pattern of Golden Jackal Canis aureus Linnaeus, 1758 (Mammalia: Carnivora: Canidae) in a habitat adjoining Bhubaneswar, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 19363-19366
Author(s):  
Subrat Debata
Keyword(s):  
Activity Pattern ◽  
Prey Species ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Golden Jackal ◽  
Eastern India ◽  
Present Study Area ◽  
Late Evening ◽  
Reduced Activity ◽  
Second Peak ◽  
Intense Heat

Activity pattern of the Golden Jackal was studied by camera trapping survey in an urban influenced protected habitat in Odisha, eastern India from January to April 2019. A total of 552 independent photos of Golden Jackals were obtained from 771 trap nights. Although Golden Jackals were active throughout the day, they showed two major peaks in activity; the first peak during late evening after sunset, and the second peak during early morning until sunrise. The reduced activity of Golden Jackal during day time in the present study area might be due to less movement of prey species, intense heat, and heavy human traffic.

scholarly journals ATBS1-INTERACTING FACTOR 2 Negatively Modulates Pollen Production and Seed Formation in Arabidopsis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoon Kim ◽  
Sun-Ho Kim ◽  
Dong-Min Shin ◽  
Soo-Hwan Kim
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Starch Accumulation ◽  
Bhlh Transcription Factor ◽  
Pollen Production ◽  
Sucrose Transport ◽  
Seed Formation ◽  
Helix Loop Helix ◽  
Knockout Mutants ◽  
Auxin Signalling ◽  
Genes Encoding

ATBS1-INTERACTING FACTOR 2 (AIF2) is a non-DNA-binding basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor. Here, we demonstrate that AIF2 negatively modulates brassinosteroid (BR)-induced, BRASSINAZOLE RESISTANT 1 (BZR1)-mediated pollen and seed formation. AIF2-overexpressing Arabidopsis plants (AIF2ox) showed defective pollen grains and seed production while two AIF2 knockout mutants, aif2-1 and aif2-1/aif4-1, displayed opposite phenotypes. Genes encoding BZR1-regulated positive factors of seed size determination (SHB1, IKU1, MINI3) were suppressed in AIF2ox and genes for negative factors (AP2 and ARF2) were enhanced. Surprisingly, BZR1-regulated pollen genes such as SPL, MS1, and TDF1 were aberrantly up-regulated in AIF2ox plants. This stage-independent abnormal expression may lead to a retarded and defective progression of microsporogenesis, producing abnormal tetrad microspores and pollen grains with less-effective pollen tube germination. Auxin plays important roles in proper development of flower and seeds: genes for auxin biosynthesis such as TCPs and YUCCAs as well as for positive auxin signalling such as ARFs were suppressed in AIF2ox flowers. Moreover, lipid biosynthesis- and sucrose transport-related genes were repressed, resulting in impaired starch accumulation. Contrarily, sucrose and BR repressed ectopic accumulation of AIF2, thereby increasing silique length and the number of seeds. Taken together, we propose that AIF2 is negatively involved in pollen development and seed formation, and that sucrose- and BR-induced repression of AIF2 positively promotes pollen production and seed formation in Arabidopsis.

Leaf Movements in Sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia) in Relation to Herbicide Response

Weed Science ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 551-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary W. Kraatz ◽  
Robert N. Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Cloud Cover ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Rhythmic Movements ◽  
Cassia Obtusifolia ◽  
Leaf Movements ◽  
Late Evening ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Over The Top

Sicklepod (Cassia obtusifoliaL.) leaves and leaflets changed their orientation throughout 24-h periods. These endogenously controlled rhythmic movements resulted in dramatic changes in the percent projected leaf area (PPLA), the leaf area observed from directly above and expressed as a percentage of the total actual leaf area. The PPLA of sicklepod varied more than seven-fold throughout a 24-h period, being greatest during the day and least at night. Control of sicklepod with linuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea] applied postemergence at intervals throughout 24-h periods was greater from daytime applications than from late evening, night, and early morning applications. Percent control was highly correlated with PPLA, suggesting that rhythmic leaf movements and the resulting change in PPLA could be an important factor in determining the efficacy of postemergence herbicide applications on sicklepod by altering the area of the leaf surface most likely to intercept and retain herbicide spray from an over-the-top application. In addition to endogenously controlled leaf movements, we observed leaf movements caused by simulated cloud cover (80% shading). Shading increased the PPLA of sicklepod, suggesting that more leaf surface might be exposed to an over-the-top spray during cloudy periods than during sunny periods.

Diurnal gross photosynthetic patterns and potential seasonal CO2 assimilation in Cladonia stellaris and Cladonia rangiferina

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 642-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Moser ◽  
Thomas H. Nash III ◽  
Steven O. Link
Keyword(s):  
Photosynthetic Activity ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Co2 Assimilation ◽  
Atmospheric Moisture ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Late Evening ◽  
Summer Rain ◽  
Cladonia Rangiferina

The daily, in situ gross photosynthetic patterns of Cladonia stellaris (Opiz.) Pouz. & Vězda. and Cladonia rangiferina (L.) Wigg. were monitored during portions of the 1977, 1978, and 1979 growing seasons at Anaktuvuk Pass, Alaska. Photosynthetic activity in both species closely paralleled atmospheric moisture status, where peak photosynthetic rates were attained during or following sporadic summer rain. In addition, thallus absorption of moisture during extended periods of high atmospheric water vapor content gave rise to short periods of minimal photosynthetic activity. During late evening and early morning hours moistened thalli exhibited minimal or no photosynthetic activity, coinciding with consistent attenuation in solar radiation during these periods. Photosynthetic activity was not homogeneous throughout the thallus. The greatest activity occurred in the apical regions and decreased progressively into the basal regions. The apical 10-mm regions of C. stellaris and C. rangiferina thalli accounted for approximately 50% of their photosynthetic capabilities. The potential gross CO2 assimilation of the apical 10-mm regions over 72 days of the 1978 growing season was estimated at approximately 35 g CO2∙m−2 and 16 g CO2∙m−2 for C. stellaris and C. rangiferina, respectively.

scholarly journals Flowering dynamics and pollen production of Laburnum anagyroides Med. under the conditions of south-eastern Poland

2013 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernest Stawiarz ◽  
Anna Wróblewska
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Pollen Production ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Flowering Duration ◽  
The Third ◽  
Laburnum Anagyroides ◽  
Golden Yellow ◽  
Single Flower ◽  
The Common

Abstract A study on the flowering biology and pollen production of the common laburnum (Laburnum anagyroides Med.) was conducted under the conditions of Lublin during the period 2004 - 2006. The flowering of this species began in the second 10-day period of May and lasted for 2.5 - 4 weeks. The flowers of common laburnum are borne in showy golden-yellow pendulous racemes. They develop successively, starting from the base and moving to the tip of an inflorescence. During the growing season, one shrub produces 800 to 3200 racemes, with 14 to 35 flowers in a single raceme. On average, the flowering duration for a raceme was 12.8 days and 8.7 days for a single flower. Throughout the study years, the shrubs proved to be most attractive in the third 10-day period of May when they reached full bloom. The average weight of pollen produced was 6.08 mg per 10 flowers of Laburnum anagyroides, 14.02 mg per raceme, and 26.0 g per shrub. Pollen grains reached average dimensions of 24.01 μm × 24.26 μm.

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