scholarly journals The formation of microorganism communities in the soil under the effect of chitosan and runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus L.) cultivation

2013 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danuta Pięta ◽  
Alina Pastucha ◽  
Henryk Struszczyk ◽  
Wiesław Wójcik
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Liquid Form ◽  
Runner Bean ◽  
Antagonistic Microorganisms ◽  
Number Of Microorganisms ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
The University

The subject of the studies was the soil with introduced solutions containing 0,1% chitosan. These materials were obtained from the Institute of Chemical Fibres in L6d2 (in the form of a microcrystalline gel) and also from the Department of Food Biochemistry and Chemistry of the University of Agriculture in Lublin (in a liquid form,i.e.dissolved in acetic acid). In order to set an experiment in a growth chamber, grey brown podzolic soil formed from loesses and taken from a mechanically treated belt of black fallow was used. The soil (1000 g) was watered every 8 days with 100 ml of examined chitosan solutions per pot. Control soil was watered with sterile distilled water. Seven days after each watering, soil samples were taken for microbiological analysis. Then 25 runner bean seeds were sown into each pot. After six weeks of plants' growth the experiment was finished and the number of plants was counted, their healthiness determined and soil microbiological analysis was performed. Regardless of chitosan form introduced to the soil it stimulated the growth of bacteria and fungi, since in these experimental combinations was found a significantly higher number of microorganisms as compared with the control. A particular high increase in the number of microorganism colonies was observed with simultaneous growth of plants and the application of chitosan. A considerable increase of fungi colonies from the <i>Trichoderma</i> genus was found in the soil treated with chitosan in the form ofboth a microcrystalline gel and a liquid. The species of this genus are considered to be antagonists; it affects pathogenic fungi through competition, antibiosis and over-parasitism. An increase in colonies of saprophytic microorganisms, including antagonistic ones of <i>Bacillus</i> spp. and Pseudomonas spp. was observed in the soil treated with chitosan . On the other hand, in the soil after the growth of bean and treated watered with chitosan only few colonies of <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> f.sp. <i>phaseoli</i>- bean pathogen were found. The healthiness of plants grown in soil treated with chitosan was significantly better as compared to the control. The populations of antagonistic microorganisms formed in the soil in these treatments probably limited the growth of pathogenic fungus.

scholarly journals Communities of bacteria and fungi occurring in the rhizosphere of winter wheat

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (SI 2 - 6th Conf EFPP 2002) ◽  
pp. 361-363
Author(s):  
E. Patkowska ◽  
D. Pięta ◽  
A. Pastucha
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Qualitative Composition ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Wheat Rhizosphere ◽  
Bacillus Spp ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Total Bacteria

The purpose of the present studies was to establish the species composition of fungi occurring on the underground parts of winter wheat, Kobra cv. and to determine the quantitative and qualitative composition of microorganisms developing in the rhizosphere of this plant. The mycological analysis of the infected roots and the stem base of winter wheat gave 320 fungi isolates. Fusarium spp. were most frequently isolated, and their proportion was 64.7% of all the fungi. This genus was represented by F. avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. equiseti, F. graminearum, F. oxysporum and F. solani. Among these species the dominating ones were F. avenaceum (19.4%) and F. culmorum (38.7%). The microbiological analysis of winter wheat rhizosphere gave the highest number of total bacteria (6.32 × 106 cfu/g of d.w. of soil). The number of Pseudomonas pp. was 3.56 × 106 cfu/g of d.w. of soil, and the number of Bacillus spp. was 2.42 × 106 cfu/g of d.w. of soil. Fusarium spp. and Rhizoctonia solani dominated within pathogenic fungi isolated from the rhizosphere of winter wheat.

scholarly journals Effect of root exudates of various plants on composition of bacteria and fungi communities with special regard to pathogenic soil-borne fungi

2013 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danuta Piętka ◽  
Elżbieta Patkowska
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Root Exudates ◽  
Rhizosphere Soil ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Soybean Roots ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Number Of Bacteria ◽  
Soil Borne Fungi

The purpose of the studies conducted in the years 1996 - 1998 was to determine the composition of bacteria and fungi populations in the rhizosphere of winter wheat, spring wheat, soybean and potato, and in non-rhizosphere soil. Besides, the effect of root exudates of these plants on the formation of pathogenic fungi communities was established. The microbiological analysis showed that the greatest tolal number of bacteria was found in the rhizospheres of potato and soybean, and the lowest number in non-rhizosphere soil. The smallest total number of fungi was found in the rhizosphere of winter wheat, and the largest in the rhizosphere of soybean. Pathogenic fungi dominated in the rhizospheres of soybean and potato, while non-rhizosphere soil was the poorest in these microorganisms. Among the pathogenic fungi, <i>Fusarium oxysporum, F.culmorum</i> and <i>F.solani</i> were most frequently isolated. Soybean roots exudated the greatest amount of aminoacids, and acidic aminoacids, which have a positive effect on the development of phytopathogens, dominated in their content. On the other hand, the best quantitative and qualitative composition of aminoacids was found out in the root exudates of winter wheat, since they conlained big amounts of alkaline and aromatic aminoacids.

scholarly journals Pathogenic fungi infecting of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) roots and stem base

2013 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-113
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Patkowska
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
The Other ◽  
Experimental Plot ◽  
Stem Base ◽  
Soybean Seedlings ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The University

The studies were conducted in the years 1996 - 1998 on an experimental plot of the University of Agriculture in Lublin localised in Czesławice near Nałęczów. The subject of the studies was soybean. Polan cultivar, and their purpose was to determine the species composition of fungi infecting the roots and stem base of this plant in different stages of its growth. The studies showed that on an area of 1 m<sup>2</sup>, 61-70 soybean seedlings and 60-69 plants at anthesis grew. The proporlion of infected seedlings ranged from 14,3% to 18%, while at anthesis only a small increase of the number of infected plants was observed. In the case of seedlings, the following fungi turned out to be most harmful: <i>P.irresulare, F.solani, R.solani</i> and <i>F.oxysporum</i> f. sp. <i>glycines</i>. On the other hand, F.oxysporum f. sp. <i>glycines</i> had the greatest effect in infecting the roots and stem base ofplants at anthesis.

MANAGEMENT OF THE SUCCESS OF STUDENT’S LEARNING BASED ON THE MARKOV MODEL

2018 ◽  
pp. 4-11
Author(s):  
M. V. Noskov ◽  
M. V. Somova ◽  
I. M. Fedotova
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Markov Process ◽  
Continuous Time ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Automated Information System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The University ◽  
Independent Work ◽  
Near Future

The article proposes a model for forecasting the success of student’s learning. The model is a Markov process with continuous time, such as the process of “death and reproduction”. As the parameters of the process, the intensities of the processes of obtaining and assimilating information are offered, and the intensity of the process of assimilating information takes into account the attitude of the student to the subject being studied. As a result of applying the model, it is possible for each student to determine the probability of a given formation of ownership of the material being studied in the near future. Thus, in the presence of an automated information system of the university, the implementation of the model is an element of the decision support system by all participants in the educational process. The examples given in the article are the results of an experiment conducted at the Institute of Space and Information Technologies of Siberian Federal University under conditions of blended learning, that is, under conditions when classroom work is accompanied by independent work with electronic resources.

A Quantitative Assessment of the Need for Offering Counselling Services to Medical Students attending University of Zambia, School of Medicine.

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-103
Author(s):  
Gretchen Slover
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Counseling Services ◽  
Student Responses ◽  
Counselling Services ◽  
School Of Medicine ◽  
Comprehensive Picture ◽  
Fourth Year Medical Students ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The University ◽  
Therapy Sessions

Background: This research was birthed in 2017 during a trip to Lusaka, Zambia, with the purpose of offering fourth-year, medical students attending the University of Zambia, School of Medicine, lectures on psychology topics as part of their clinical studies.  Students were also offered brief therapy sessions where they could process thoughts and feelings causing them internal struggles.  The subject of offering counseling on a regular basis was randomly discussed with the students.  From these discussions the need for this research became evident, with the intent of becoming the launching pad to brainstorm the most effective ways of developing a plan to offer counseling services for all medical students attending the University of Zambia School of Medicine. Methods: An-experimental research design, consisting of completion of a 12-item questionnaire administered by paper and pen. The inclusion criteria were the fourth year, medical students attending the University of Zambia, School of Medicine. Results:  The student responses revealed that most of them had little to no experience with counseling services, but a strong desire for them. Discussion: The goal of this study was to simply establish a need for an on-campus counseling service, the need of which has been established by the very students who would benefit.  With the acceptance of this need, the future plan is to explore the different ways in which this need can be fulfilled with minimal costs to the Medical School Program. Conclusion:  This study is the first step towards identifying the needs of the medical students and sets the ground-work for further research into the specific areas of need and mental health challenges.  More specificity in the area of demographics of students will produce a more comprehensive picture of the areas of concentration for the therapists offering services.

Hendrik Draye, tegenstander van de uitvoering van de doodstraf

2006 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-152
Author(s):  
Luc Vandeweyer
Keyword(s):  
Death Penalty ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Penal Policy ◽  
Catholic University ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The University ◽  
Second World ◽  
Young Professor

Hendrik Draye, opponent of the carrying out of the death penaltyIn this annotated and extensively contextualised source edition, Luc Vandeweyer deals with the period of repression after the Second World War. In June 1948, after the execution of two hundred collaboration-suspects in Belgium, the relatively young linguistics professor at the Catholic University of Leuven, Hendrik Draye, proposed, on humanitarian grounds, a Manifesto against the carrying out of the death penalty. Some colleagues, as well as some influential personalities outside the university, reacted positively; some colleagues were rather hesitant; most of them rejected the text. In the end, the initiative foundered because of the emphatic dissuasion by the head of university, who wanted to protect his university and, arguably, the young professor Draeye. The general public’s demand for revenge had not yet abated by then; moreover, the unstable government at that time planned a reorientation of the penal policy, which made a polarization undesirable. Nevertheless, Luc Vandeweyer concludes, "the opportunity for an important debate on the subject had been missed".

The Drama of the Holocaust: Issues of Choice and Survival

1987 ◽  
Vol 3 (12) ◽  
pp. 337-348
Author(s):  
Robert Skloot
Keyword(s):  
University Of Wisconsin ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Bruno Bettelheim ◽  
The University

One of the ways in which Jews and others have sought somehow to assimilate the knowledge of the Nazi Holocaust has been through the theatrical expression of the appalling dilemmas it posed. Implicitly or explicitly, however, the process of ‘shaping’ that this involves forces an attitude to be taken by the dramatist towards the meaning of ‘choice’ in such circumstances, and the ‘acceptable’ price of possible survival. In his anthology The Theatre of the Holocaust (1982), Robert Skloot assembled four plays which exemplified the possible ‘attitudes to survival’, and here he relates them to the ideas of Bruno Bettelheim, Terrence Des Pres, and other writers on the subject, in an attempt to assess how fully and honestly theatre is able to reflect the issues involved. Robert Skloot is Professor of Theatre and Drama at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, and was Fulbright Lecturer in Israel in 1980–81. He has also edited a collection of essays, ‘The Darkness We Carry’: the Drama of the Holocaust, due for publication in the spring of 1988.

scholarly journals Biocontrol potential of Streptomyces sp. CACIS-1.5CA against phytopathogenic fungi causing postharvest fruit diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahaed Evangelista-Martínez ◽  
Erika Anahí Contreras-Leal ◽  
Luis Fernando Corona-Pedraza ◽  
Élida Gastélum-Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Type I ◽  
Tropical Fruit ◽  
Habanero Pepper ◽  
Antagonistic Microorganisms

Abstract Background Fungi are one of the microorganisms that cause most damage to fruits worldwide, affecting their quality and consumption. Chemical controls with pesticides are used to diminish postharvest losses of fruits. However, biological control with microorganisms or natural compounds is an increasing alternative to protect fruits and vegetables. In this study, the antifungal effect of Streptomyces sp. CACIS-1.5CA on phytopathogenic fungi that cause postharvest tropical fruit rot was investigated. Main body Antagonistic activity was evaluated in vitro by the dual confrontation over fungal isolates obtained from grape, mango, tomato, habanero pepper, papaya, sweet orange, and banana. The results showed that antagonistic activity of the isolate CACIS-1.5CA was similar to the commercial strain Streptomyces lydicus WYEC 108 against the pathogenic fungi Colletotrichum sp., Alternaria sp., Aspergillus sp., Botrytis sp., Rhizoctonia sp., and Rhizopus sp. with percentages ranging from 30 to 63%. The bioactive extract obtained from CACIS-1.5 showed a strong inhibition of fungal spore germination, with percentages ranging from 92 to 100%. Morphological effects as irregular membrane border, deformation, shrinkage, and collapsed conidia were observed on the conidia. Molecularly, the biosynthetic clusters of genes for the polyketide synthase (PKS) type I, PKS type II, and NRPS were detected in the genome of Streptomyces sp. CACIS-1.5CA. Conclusions This study presented a novel Streptomyces strain as a natural alternative to the use of synthetic fungicides or other commercial products having antagonistic microorganisms that were used in the postharvest control of phytopathogenic fungi affecting fruits.

Glycoconjugates on the surface of spores of the pathogenic fungus Phytophthora cinnamomi studied using fluorescence and electron microscopy and flow cytometry

1990 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Hardham ◽  
E. Suzaki
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Phytophthora Cinnamomi ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Fluorescein Isothiocyanate ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Surface Flow ◽  
Soybean Agglutinin ◽  
Binding Material

Glycoconjugates on the surface of zoospores and cysts of the pathogenic fungus Phytophthora cinnamomi have been studied using fluorescein isothiocyanate labelled lectins for fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry, and ferritin- and gold-labelled lectins for ultrastructural analysis. Of the five lectins used, only concanavalin A (ConA) binds to the surface of the zoospores, including the flagella and water expulsion vacuole. This suggests that of accessible saccharides, glucosyl or mannosyl residues predominate on the outer surface of the zoospore plasma membrane. Early in encystment, a system of flat disc-like cisternae, which underlie the zoospore plasma membrane, vesiculate. These and other small peripheral vesicles quickly disappear. After the induction of encystment, ConA is no longer localised close to the plasma membrane but binds to material loosely associated with the cell surface. Quantitative measurements by flow cytometry indicate that the ConA-binding material is gradually lost from the cell surface. The cyst wall is weakly labelled, but the site of germ tube emergence stains intensely. During the first 2 min after the induction of encystment, material that binds soybean agglutinin, Helix pommatia agglutinin, and peanut agglutinin appears on the surface of the fungal cells. The distribution of this material, rich in galactosyl or N-acetyl-D-galactosaminosyl residues, is initially patchy, but by 5 min the material evenly coats most of the cell surface. Labelling of zoospores in which intracellular sites are accessible indicates that the soybean agglutinin binding material is stored in vesicles that lie beneath the plasma membrane. Quantitation of soybean agglutinin labelling shows that maximum binding occurs 2–3 min after the induction of encystment. Key words: cell surface, flow cytometry, lectins, pathogenic fungi, Phytophthora cinnamomi.

scholarly journals Size and Shape-Dependent Antimicrobial Activities of Silver and Gold Nanoparticles: A Model Study as Potential Fungicides

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (11) ◽  
pp. 2682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis J. Osonga ◽  
Ali Akgul ◽  
Idris Yazgan ◽  
Ayfer Akgul ◽  
Gaddi B. Eshun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gold Nanoparticles ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Production Plant ◽  
Silver And Gold Nanoparticles ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Model Study ◽  
Pathogenic Microbes ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

Plant-based pathogenic microbes hinder the yield and quality of food production. Plant diseases have caused an increase in food costs due to crop destruction. There is a need to develop novel methods that can target and mitigate pathogenic microbes. This study focuses on investigating the effects of luteolin tetraphosphate derived silver nanoparticles (LTP-AgNPs) and gold nanoparticles (LTP-AuNPs) as a therapeutic agent on the growth and expression of plant-based bacteria and fungi. In this study, the silver and gold nanoparticles were synthesized at room temperature using luteolin tetraphosphate (LTP) as the reducing and capping agents. The synthesis of LTP-AgNPs and LTP-AuNP was characterized by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and size distribution. The TEM images of both LTP-AgNPs and LTP-AuNPs showed different sizes and shapes (spherical, quasi-spherical, and cuboidal). The antimicrobial test was conducted using fungi: Aspergillus nidulans, Trichaptum biforme, Penicillium italicum, Fusarium oxysporum, and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, while the class of bacteria employed include Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aeromonas hydrophila, Escherichia coli, and Citrobacter freundii as Gram (−) bacteria, and Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus epidermidis as Gram (+) bacterium. The antifungal study demonstrated the selective size and shape-dependent capabilities in which smaller sized spherical (9 nm) and quasi-spherical (21 nm) AgNPs exhibited 100% inhibition of the tested fungi and bacteria. The LTP-AgNPs exhibited a higher antimicrobial activity than LTP-AuNPs. We have demonstrated that smaller sized AgNPs showed excellent inhibition of A. nidulans growth compared to the larger size nanoparticles. These results suggest that LTP-AuNP and LTP-AgNPs could be used to address the detection and remediation of pathogenic fungi, respectively.

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