scholarly journals Moral Obligation to Worship God Alone

2022 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 103-120
Author(s):  
Hannah C. Erlwein
Keyword(s):  
Moral Obligation ◽  
Moral Values ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Secondary Literature ◽  
Legal Implications

This article examines how, in his al-Tafsīr al-kabīr, Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī (d. 606/1210) addresses the problem of the obligation to thank the benefactor (wujūb shukr al-munʿim) within the context of the Quranic command to worship God alone. The obligation to thank one’s benefactor was a contentious problem among classical Islamic thinkers before Rāzī, and it was frequently discussed in fiqh and kalām works in the context of the ontology and epistemology of moral values and legal norms. Rāzī’s analysis in the Tafsīr, however, sheds light on another way in which the “thanking one’s benefactor”-problem was of relevance for classical Islamic thinkers: it is used to frame the rationale for monotheism in terms of the gratitude God deserves for being humans’ provider. This aspect of the “thanking one’s benefactor”-problem has not been highlighted in the secondary literature. This article discusses how Rāzī’s analysis of God’s sole deservedness of worship has theological, legal, and ethical/moral implications. The theological implications are found in the questions it raises about the notorious problem of causality. The legal implications become apparent in Rāzī’s interest in the ratio legis of the Quranic command and in establishing that the obligation arises with God’s sovereign decree. The ethical or moral implications, finally, are seen in his concern with how humans come to know of the goodness of monotheism and the repugnancy of polytheism. The article contextualises Rāzī’s position in the Tafsīr against the background of the fiqh and kalām debates about the “thanking one’s benefactor”-problem.

God and Objective Moral Values

1985 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 531-549
Author(s):  
Robert Gascoigne
Keyword(s):  
Moral Obligation ◽  
Moral Values ◽  
Human Condition ◽  
Moral Sense ◽  
General Context ◽  
Moral Action ◽  
Moral Reasons ◽  
General Description ◽  
Human Response ◽  
Individual Action

For some moral philosophers the question ‘Why be moral?’ is fundamentally inappropriate, since it seems to ask for non–moral reasons or motivations for moral action and thus to threaten the integrity and autonomy of morality. Yet the question ‘Why be moral?’ need not be oriented towards discovering non–moral reasons for moral action, but rather towards elucidating what general description of the human condition is most compatible with the fundamental character of morality. Rather than leaving the moral sense as an isolated category of human response, it is relevant to ask what other features of reality it may be associated with and in what general context it can most coherently be situated. The purpose of this paper is to examine the sense of moral obligation as an objective or categorical claim on individual action and to present the thesis that this moral sense is most intelligible within a theological context.

Conflicting Norms, Values, and Interests: A Perspective from Legal Academia

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Oeter
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Moral Values ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Value Systems ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Competing Interests ◽  
Conflicting Interests ◽  
Specific Interests ◽  
Legal Normativity

AbstractThe analytical tension between legal norms, moral values, and national interests seems no uncharted territory in political science, but has found very little interest in legal academia. For lawyers, moral values and national interests are largely “unknowns,” dealt with by other disciplines. Looking a bit deeper, the picture becomes more nuanced, however. As part of a roundtable on “Balancing Legal Norms, Moral Values, and National Interests,” this essay argues that norms, values, and interests are not different universes of legal normativity, morality, and specific interests, but are interrelated concepts. Values clearly influence norms and often underpin them, while seemingly concrete norms (rules) are themselves often fragile constructs trying to balance competing interests. Value systems are quite diverse within societies, and this is even truer for interests; each society is a dynamic system of social interaction where conflicting interests are constantly playing out. In a way, underlying conflicts of values and interests are constantly being renegotiated in the legal system, with the norms enshrined in the text of statutes and treaties serving to constitute transitory reference points.

scholarly journals Unresolved and Unresolvable? Tensions in the Refugee Regime

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Moral Values ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Legal Principles ◽  
Critical Step ◽  
Moral Duties ◽  
Durable Solutions ◽  
Context Specific

AbstractWorldwide, growing numbers of refugees are pushed from their homes. At the same time, fewer and fewer are able to access so-called “durable solutions” to their displacement. This has prompted a flurry of efforts to repair the foundering refugee regime. Many such efforts attempt, implicitly or explicitly, to resolve tensions between legal principles, moral duties, and national interests surrounding refugees. As part of a roundtable on “Balancing Legal Norms, Moral Values, and National Interests,” this essay questions the drive toward oversimplification that has characterized these debates, recognizing that some such tensions are “baked into” the problem of refugeehood. While debates have typically focused on the obligation to admit refugees, and on “responsibility sharing,” I advance the conversation by exploring how law, morality, and national interests are entangled in efforts to support durable solutions for refugees, focusing on voluntary repatriation. What does recognition of the intrinsic and in some senses irreconcilable tensions in the refugee regime mean for efforts to support solutions? I argue that advancing durable solutions, however imperfect, for refugees does not mean definitively overcoming these tensions, but rather navigating them to identify context-specific opportunities to reposition refugees as full and equal citizens as a critical step toward reducing their precarity.

"Reclaiming the Internet" with distributed architectures: An introduction

First Monday ◽  
2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Musiani ◽  
Cécile Méadel
Keyword(s):  
The Internet ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Network Architectures ◽  
Distributed Network ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Distributed Architectures ◽  
Collective Behaviors ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Legal Implications ◽  
Engineering Sciences

The papers in this First Monday special issue were originally part of the final symposium of the research project ADAM (Architecture Distribuée & Applications Multimédias, French acronym of Distributed Architectures and Multimedia Applications). This introduction elaborates on the issues at stake in the study of distributed network architectures beyond engineering sciences; it explores their political, social and legal implications and shows, by introducing the papers, the important challenges distributed architectures pose to our societies, economic systems, legal norms and collective behaviors.

scholarly journals The Breivik case and the comparative issues of criminal (in)sanity

St open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 1-38
Author(s):  
Mislav Burazer
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Terrorist Attack ◽  
High Complexity ◽  
World War ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Legal Implications ◽  
Great Debate ◽  
The One ◽  
Universal Nature

In the summer of 2011, Anders Behring Breivik committed a terrorist attack in Norway in which 77 people were killed, and at least 319 more were injured. This paper analyses several aspects of the deadliest attack on European soil since World War II, primarily the psychological background of this crime and its legal implications. The paper consists of three sections. The first section presents the comparative and legal basics of criminal insanity that is necessary in order to understand the sections that follow. The second section deals with the perpetrator’s psychological profile and the great debate that had ensued due to the contradicting reports of the Norwegian experts. The last section of the paper summarises the essence of the previous two sections while presenting a comparative procedural analysis of hypothetical trials in select jurisdictions. This paper is based on a comparative analysis of legal norms that aims to highlight the high complexity of the issue. The Breivik case has been selected as an ideal example because, on the one hand, it has created a number of contradicting opinions within its domestic legal system while, on the other hand, its universal nature makes it suitable for a more complex comparative analysis.

scholarly journals Juridical Implications of Subject Limitation of Liability Rights in Electronic Services

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 425
Author(s):  
Deni Supriadi ◽  
Muhammad Sood ◽  
Eduardus Bayo Sili
Keyword(s):  
Service System ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Electronic Documents ◽  
Legal Subject ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Electronic Evidence ◽  
Legal Implications ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Mortgage Law

This study aims to identify the legal construction and legal implications of the limitations of the legal subject of the mortgage provider in the electronic mortgage service system, as well as the legal protection of the legal subject of the mortgage provider in the electronic mortgage service system. The theory used is the theory of legal certainty, the theory of legal norms hierarchy and the theory of legal protection. The limitation of the subject of the mortgage provider in electronic mortgage services results in a conflict of legal norms which in the Mortgage Law does not limit the subject of the mortgage provider, and results in no longer validity of third parties as providers of mortgage rights who are not debtors. Then the legal protection is not much different from the previous process of imposing mortgage rights, the difference is in technical matters regarding documents that are now being carried out using electronic documents which are also electronic evidence.

scholarly journals Prvenstvo prava pred idejama dobra

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 1011-1029
Author(s):  
Petar Popović
Keyword(s):  
Legal System ◽  
Natural Rights ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Secondary Literature ◽  
Political Conception ◽  
Adequate Understanding ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Concept Of Law ◽  
Philosophical Debates ◽  
Concept Of Law

In the paper, the author analyzes the concept of law in John Rawls’s political conception of justice. After analyzing Rawls’s relevant texts that contain certain elements of the argument for the concept of law as an institution, of the legal system, of legal norms and of the rights, as well as the secondary literature on these texts, the metajuridical foundation of the concept of law is researched. The author then claims that Rawls’s argument for the priority of right over ideas of good is the central thesis for an adequate understanding of his legal constructivism. It is then affirmed that we can legitimately refer to his thought on the subject under the rubric of the priority of the law over the ideas of the good. Rawls’s conception of the natural rights is researched next. The paper concludes with the evaluation of the results of the whole line of analysis, especially with regard to the place of Rawls’s concept of law within the contemporary juridical-philosophical debates.

scholarly journals KARAKTER DAN NILAI MORAL DALAM FILM THE PATRIOT KARYA ROLAND EMMERICH

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 305
Author(s):  
Okki Hafnan
Keyword(s):  
Public Education ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Moral Values ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Character Theory ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Secondary Literature ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Movie Content ◽  
Data Collection Technique

<p><strong>Abstract</strong>: The paper aims to analyze the problem as follows: 1) how the characters in the film and 2) how the moral values contained in Roland Emmerich’s film The Patriot. The research method used is qualitative, with primary data sources taken from the film and secondary literature outside of the film. The data collection technique used is the documentation of Creswell. Documentation is a method used in scientific research to collect data using documents or lists of evidence and data analysis techniques used based on the Moleong theory. The character theory used is Russell’s theory, while for moral values in the film, the writer uses Setyosih’s theory. The results showed that; as; 1) the characters are divided into three, namely dominating characters are the protagonist (48%), antagonist (28%), and foil (24%). 2) moral values are divided into 6, namely; tolerance (13%), fairness (9.09%), trust (18.18%), kindness (32.81%), honesty (4.54%), and responsibility (22.72%). This research is good for school and public education.<br /><strong>Keywords</strong>: characters, moral values, movie, content analysis</p>

Human Planetary Exploration

2019 ◽  
pp. 241-259
Author(s):  
Anja Nakarada Pecujlic
Keyword(s):  
Space Shuttle ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
Planetary Exploration ◽  
Human Presence ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Legal Implications ◽  
Legal Frameworks

This chapter examines the legal implications of the ambitious plans to send manned missions to Mars and establish permanent human presence in outer space announced. It addresses the concept of “colonizing planets” and its potential consequences. It offers an overview of the applicable existing legal norms and presents a number of potential legal scenarios concerning the governance of permanent human habitant in outer space. Even though technology is not completely there yet, we should not wait for the space shuttle to be ready to board in order in the nearest future to start discussing potential legal frameworks required to govern multi-planetary existence.

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