scholarly journals Ruminal Microbiome Manipulation to Improve Fermentation Efficiency in Ruminants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yosra Ahmed Soltan ◽  
Amlan Kumar Patra
Keyword(s):  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Rumen Microbiome

The rumen is an integrated dynamic microbial ecosystem composed of enormous populations of bacteria, protozoa, fungi, archaea, and bacteriophages. These microbes ferment feed organic matter consumed by ruminants to produce beneficial products such as microbial biomass and short-chain fatty acids, which form the major metabolic fuels for ruminants. The fermentation process also involves inefficient end product formation for both host animals and the environment, such as ammonia, methane, and carbon dioxide production. In typical conditions of ruminal fermentation, microbiota does not produce an optimal mixture of enzymes to maximize plant cell wall degradation or synthesize maximum microbial protein. Well-functioning rumen can be achieved through microbial manipulation by alteration of rumen microbiome composition to enhance specific beneficial fermentation pathways while minimizing or altering inefficient fermentation pathways. Therefore, manipulating ruminal fermentation is useful to improve feed conversion efficiency, animal productivity, and product quality. Understanding rumen microbial diversity and dynamics is crucial to maximize animal production efficiency and mitigate the emission of greenhouse gases from ruminants. This chapter discusses genetic and nongenetic rumen manipulation methods to achieve better rumen microbial fermentation including improvement of fibrolytic activity, inhibition of methanogenesis, prevention of acidosis, and balancing rumen ammonia concentration for optimal microbial protein synthesis.

Effect of Levels of Yucca Schidigera Extract on Ruminal Fermentation Parameters, Digestibility of Nutrients and Growth Performance in Sheep

2011 ◽  
Vol 343-344 ◽  
pp. 655-660
Author(s):  
Chun Long Liu ◽  
Zhong Qiu Li
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Yucca Schidigera ◽  
Fermentation Parameters ◽  
Growth Trial

An in vivo fermentation experiment (Expt.1) and a digestibility and growth trial(Expt.2) were conducted to determine the effect of levels of Yucca Schidigera Extract (YSE) on ruminal fermentation parameters ,digestibility of nutrients and growth performance in Sheep. Three same levels of YSE supplementation were studied in both experiments. In the Expt.1,four rumen fistulated male sheep with initial body weight of 33±1.8 ㎏were randomly assigned according to a 4×4 Latin square design. The dietary treatments were YSE based offering at 0,100, 200 and 300 mg/kg diet. It was found that ruminal pH was not significantly different among treatments. Relative to control, ruminal propionate concentration was increased by YSE addition in a dose-dependent manner by up to 29.79%（P<0.05）,the acetic concentration was decreased by up to2 1.23%（P<0.05）.Ruminal ammonia concentration was larger (P<0.05) in sheep receiving no YSE (increased by 18.86 mg/dl) than in those receiving 200mg/kg (2.85 mg/dl increase in NH3) or 300mg/kg (2.72 mg/dl increase). Protozoa populations in the rumen were lower (P<0.05) with YSE of 200-300 mg/kg than without. In the digestibility and growth trial(Expt.2),increasing levels of YSE resulted in liner increase in daily body weight gain rate (P<0.05) and feed conversion efficiency(P<0.05). Additionally ,apparent digestibilities(%) of DM,OM,CP,and NDF were significantly different in all treatment .In conclusion, the 200 and 300 mg/kg YSE groups have a particular suppressing effect on ruminal ammonia concentration, ammonia N concentrations and protozoa populations were decreased, The effects on ruminal propionate and acetic concentration were probably a result of a selective inhibitory effect of YSE on rumen microbial species. The effect of YSE on ruminal ammonia concentration likely resulted from a decreased population of protozoa, presumably, from ammonia binding by YSE. YSE can significantly improved the apparent digestibility of nutrient and sheep growth performance.

Associations between gut microbiome, short chain fatty acids and blood pressure across ethnic groups: the HELIUS study

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
B Verhaar ◽  
D Collard ◽  
A Prodan ◽  
J.H.M Levels ◽  
A.H Zwinderman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Funding Source ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Helius Study ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Abstract Background Gut microbiome composition is shaped by a combination of host genetic make-up and dietary habits. In addition, large ethnic differences exist in microbiome composition. Several studies in humans and animals have shown that differences in gut microbiota and its metabolites, including short chain fatty acids (SCFA), are associated with blood pressure (BP). We hypothesized that gut microbiome composition and its metabolites may be differently associated with BP across ethnic groups. Purpose To investigate associations of gut microbiome composition and fecal SCFA levels with BP across different ethnic groups. Methods We assessed the association between gut microbiome composition and office BP among 4672 subjects (mean age 49.8±11.7 years, 52%F) of 6 different ethnic groups participating in the HELIUS study. Gut microbiome composition was determined using 16S rRNA sequencing. Associations between microbiome composition and blood pressure were assessed using machine learning prediction models. The resulting best predictors were correlated with BP using Spearman's rank correlations. Fecal SCFA levels were measured with high-performance liquid chromatography in an age- and body mass index (BMI)-matched subgroup of 200 participants with either extreme low or high systolic BP. Differences in abundances of best predictors and fecal SCFA levels between high and low BP groups were assessed with Mann-Whitney U tests. Results Gut microbiome composition explained 4.4% of systolic BP variance. Best predictors for systolic BP included Roseburia spp. (ρ −0.15, p&lt;0.001), Clostridium spp. (ρ −0.14, p&lt;0.001), Romboutsia spp. (ρ −0.10, p&lt;0.001), and Ruminococceae spp. (ρ −0.15, p&lt;0.001) (Figure 1). Explained variance of the microbiome composition was highest in Dutch subjects (4.8%), but very low in African Surinamese, Ghanaian, and Turkish ethnic groups (ranging from 0–0.77%) Hence, we selected only participants with Dutch ethnicity for the matched subgroup. Participants with high BP had lower abundance of Roseburia hominis (p&lt;0.01) and Roseburia spp. (p&lt;0.05) compared to participants with low BP. However, fecal acetate (p&lt;0.05) and propionate (p&lt;0.01) levels were higher in participants with high BP. Conclusions In this cross-sectional study, gut microbiome composition was moderately associated with BP. Associations were strongly divergent between ethnic groups, with strongest associations in Dutch participants. Intriguingly, while Dutch participants with high BP had lower abundances of several SCFA-producing microbes, they had higher fecal SCFA levels. Intervention studies with SCFAs could provide more insight in the effects of these metabolites on BP. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: Public Institution(s). Main funding source(s): The Academic Medical Center (AMC) of Amsterdam and the Public Health Service of Amsterdam (GGD Amsterdam) provided core financial support for HELIUS. The HELIUS study is also funded by research grants of the Dutch Heart Foundation (Hartstichting; grant no. 2010T084), the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development (ZonMw; grant no. 200500003), the European Integration Fund (EIF; grant no. 2013EIF013) and the European Union (Seventh Framework Programme, FP-7; grant no. 278901).

scholarly journals Effects of brewers’ spent grain protein hydrolysates on gas production, ruminal fermentation characteristics, microbial protein synthesis and microbial community in an artificial rumen fed a high grain diet

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Ran ◽  
Long Jin ◽  
Ranithri Abeynayake ◽  
Atef Mohamed Saleem ◽  
Xiumin Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Microbial Community ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Protein Hydrolysates ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Spent Grain

Abstract Background Brewers’ spent grain (BSG) typically contains 20% – 29% crude protein (CP) with high concentrations of glutamine, proline and hydrophobic and non-polar amino acid, making it an ideal material for producing value-added products like bioactive peptides which have antioxidant properties. For this study, protein was extracted from BSG, hydrolyzed with 1% alcalase and flavourzyme, with the generated protein hydrolysates (AlcH and FlaH) showing antioxidant activities. This study evaluated the effects of AlcH and FlaH on gas production, ruminal fermentation characteristics, nutrient disappearance, microbial protein synthesis and microbial community using an artificial rumen system (RUSITEC) fed a high-grain diet. Results As compared to the control of grain only, supplementation of FlaH decreased (P < 0.01) disappearances of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), CP and starch, without affecting fibre disappearances; while AlcH had no effect on nutrient disappearance. Neither AlcH nor FlaH affected gas production or VFA profiles, however they increased (P < 0.01) NH3-N and decreased (P < 0.01) H2 production. Supplementation of FlaH decreased (P < 0.01) the percentage of CH4 in total gas and dissolved-CH4 (dCH4) in dissolved gas. Addition of monensin reduced (P < 0.01) disappearance of nutrients, improved fermentation efficiency and reduced CH4 and H2 emissions. Total microbial nitrogen production was decreased (P < 0.05) but the proportion of feed particle associated (FPA) bacteria was increased with FlaH and monensin supplementation. Numbers of OTUs and Shannon diversity indices of FPA microbial community were unaffected by AlcH and FlaH; whereas both indices were reduced (P < 0.05) by monensin. Taxonomic analysis revealed no effect of AlcH and FlaH on the relative abundance (RA) of bacteria at phylum level, whereas monensin reduced (P < 0.05) the RA of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes and enhanced Proteobacteria. Supplementation of FlaH enhanced (P < 0.05) the RA of genus Prevotella, reduced Selenomonas, Shuttleworthia, Bifidobacterium and Dialister as compared to control; monensin reduced (P < 0.05) RA of genus Prevotella but enhaced Succinivibrio. Conclusions The supplementation of FlaH in high-grain diets may potentially protect CP and starch from ruminal degradation, without adversely affecting fibre degradation and VFA profiles. It also showed promising effects on reducing CH4 production by suppressing H2 production. Protein enzymatic hydrolysates from BSG using flavourzyme showed potential application to high value-added bio-products.

PSIX-3 Comparison of 16S rRNA gene profiles of rumen microbiome from Raramuri Criollo, European and Criollo x European lineages

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 441-442
Author(s):  
Adrian Maynez-Perez ◽  
Francisco Jahuey-Martinez ◽  
Jose A Martinez-Quintana ◽  
Michael E Hume ◽  
Robin C Anderson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Beta Diversity ◽  
Chihuahuan Desert ◽  
Reference Database ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Linear Discriminant ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Northern Mexico ◽  
Rumen Microbiome

Abstract Raramuri Criollo cattle from the Chihuahuan desert in northern Mexico have been described as an ecological ecotype due to their enormous advantage in land grass utilization and their capacity to diversify their diet with cacti, forbs and woody plants. This diversification in diet utilization, could reflect upon their microbiome composition. The aim of this study was to characterize the rumen microbiome of Raramuri criollo cattle and to compare it to other lineages that graze in the same area. A total of 28 cows representing three linages [Criollo (n = 13), European (n = 9) and Criollo x European Crossbred (n = 6)] were grazed without supplementation for 45 days. DNA was extracted from ruminal samples and the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was sequenced on an Illumina platform. Data were analyzed with the QIIME2 software package and DADA2 plugin and the amplicon sequence variants were taxonomically classified with naïve Bayesian using the SILVA 16S rRNA gene reference database (version 132). Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA and PERMANOVA for alpha and beta diversity indexes, respectively, and the non-strict version of linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) was used to determine significantly different taxa among lineages. Differences in beta diversity indexes (P &lt; 0.05) were found in ruminal microbiome composition between Criollo and European groups, whereas the Crossbred showed intermediate values when compared to the pure breeds (Table 1). LEfSe analysis identified a total of 20 bacterial groups that explained differences between lineages, including one for Crossbreed, ten for European and nine for Criollo. These results show ruminal microbiome differences between Raramuri criollo cattle and the mainstream European breeds used in the northern Mexico Chihuahuan desert and reflect that those differences could be a consequence of dissimilar grazing behavior.

Effect of pine-based biochars with differing physiochemical properties on methane production, ruminal fermentation, and rumen microbiota in an artificial rumen (RUSITEC) fed barley silage

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Paul Tamayao ◽  
Gabriel O. Ribeiro ◽  
Tim A. McAllister ◽  
Kim H. Ominski ◽  
Atef M. Saleem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Rumen Microbiota ◽  
Alpha And Beta Diversity ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Barley Silage

This study investigated the effects of three pine-based biochar products on nutrient disappearance, total gas and methane (CH4) production, rumen fermentation, microbial protein synthesis, and rumen microbiota in a rumen simulation technique (RUSITEC) fed a barley-silage-based total mixed ration (TMR). Treatments consisted of 10 g TMR supplemented with no biochar (control) and three different biochars (CP016, CP024, and CP028) included at 20 g·kg−1 DM. Treatments were assigned to 16 fermenters (n = 4 per treatment) in two RUSITEC units in a randomized block design for a 17 d experimental period. Data were analyzed using MIXED procedure in SAS, with treatment and day of sampling as fixed effects and RUSITEC unit and fermenters as random effects. Biochar did not affect nutrient disappearance (P > 0.05), nor total gas or CH4, irrespective of unit of expression. The volatile fatty acid, NH3-N, total protozoa, and microbial protein synthesis were not affected by biochar inclusion (P > 0.05). Alpha and beta diversity and rumen microbiota families were not affected by biochar inclusion (P > 0.05). In conclusion, biochar did not reduce CH4 emissions nor affect nutrient disappearance, rumen fermentation, microbial protein synthesis, or rumen microbiota in the RUSITEC.

scholarly journals Neutral detergent fibre in piglet diets: performance and gastrointestinal implications

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Carlos Nepomuceno ◽  
Pedro Henrique Watanabe ◽  
Ednardo Rodrigues Freitas ◽  
Luiz Euquerio de Carvalho ◽  
Emanuela Lima de Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Transit Time ◽  
Gastrointestinal Transit ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Quadratic Effect ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

ABSTRACT The intestinal health of piglets depends on the balance between diet, microflora and mucosal integrity. Disruption of this balance can compromise the digestive functions, leading to diarrhoeal frame and decline in performance of piglets. However, the level and type of fibre can limit digestive disorders. Thirty newly weaned piglets were used to evaluate the levels of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) in diets regarding performance, pH, viscosity and concentration of short chain fatty acids of digestive contents, gastrointestinal transit time, morphology of the intestinal mucosa, weights of organs and occurrence of diarrhoea. NDF level had quadratic effect on weight gain and feed conversion ratio of piglets, estimating best results at the level of 10.4%. NDF level had no effect on the pH, viscosity and concentration of short chain fatty acids. NDF levels below 10.2% or above 13.5% reduced the transit time of digesta. There was quadratic effect on villus height in the duodenum and jejunum and in the crypt depth of jejunum. There was linear increase in stomach, caecum and colon weights and linear decrease in the occurrence of diarrhoea according to increasing NDF levels. It is concluded that levels below 10.2% and above 13.5% reduce the transit time of digesta, whereas 12.2% NDF level results in better mucosa structure of the small intestinal, with an increase in the weights of the stomach, caecum and colon and a reduction in the occurrence of diarrhoea with increasing NDF level in diets, resulting in better performance of weaned piglets with 10.4% of NDF.

scholarly journals Growth performance and metabolic response of Nile tilapia fed rations supplemented with autolized yeast and zinc

2010 ◽  
Vol 39 (12) ◽  
pp. 2560-2568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Altevir Signor ◽  
Luiz Edivaldo Pezzato ◽  
Pedro de Magalhães Padilha ◽  
Carlos Roberto Padovani ◽  
Margarida Maria Barros
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Nile Tilapia ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Mineral Metabolism ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Metabolic Responses ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Kinetic Activity

This research evaluated the influence of yeast and zinc on growth performance and metabolic responses of Nile tilapia. Diets were formulated to contain 32.0% digestible protein and 3,240 kcal DE/kg diet and the following autolized yeast (%):zinc (mg/kg)relationships: 0.0:0.0; 0.0:79.5; 2.0:0.0; 0.795:79.5; 2.0:200; 4.0:400; 6.0:600; 12.0:1,200 and 14.0:1,400. It was used 135 fingerlings (7.27 ± 0.19 g), distributed in a complete random design in 27 50-L aquaria and they were fed ad libitum four times a day for 128 days. It was evaluated growth performance and metabolic responses, weight gain, apparent feed conversion; protein efficiency and survival rate; percentage of protein, ether extract, dry weight and ashes in the muscle and in the bones; ammonia concentration and kinetic activity of alkaline phosphatase in the liver; ammonia, kinetic activity of alkaline phosphatase, urea and lipids in the plasma and; minerals in plasma, in the liver and in the bones of the fish. High levels of yeast and zinc in the diet impaired growth performance and metabolic responses of the fish. Autolized yeast at the level of 2.0% determines the best growth performance. Levels higher than 6.0% of autolized yeast and 600 mg zinc in the diets impair growth performance and lipid metabolism in fish and levels higher than 4.0% of autolized yeast and 400 mg zinc/kg in the diet impair mineral metabolism.

scholarly journals Importance of Intestinal Environment and Cellular Plasticity of Islets in the Development of Postpancreatectomy Diabetes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatsuya Fukuda ◽  
Ryotaro Bouchi ◽  
Takato Takeuchi ◽  
Kikuko Amo-Shiinoki ◽  
Atsushi Kudo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Cellular Plasticity ◽  
Β Cell ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Histological Characteristics ◽  
Design And Methods

<b>OBJECTIVE</b> <p>To elucidate the pathogenesis of post-pancreatectomy diabetes (PPDM).</p> <p><b>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS</b></p> <p>Forty-eight patients without diabetes undergoing either pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) (n = 20) or distal pancreatectomy (DP) (n = 28) were included. 75-g oral glucose tolerance test was performed every 6 months. Microbiome composition and short-chain fatty acids in feces were examined before and 6 months after surgery. The association of histological characteristics of the resected pancreas with PPDM were examined.</p> <p><b>RESULTS</b></p> <p>During follow-up (median, 3.19 years), 2 out of 20 PD patients and 16 out of 28 DP patients developed PPDM. Proteobacteria relative abundance, plasma GLP-1, and fecal butyrate levels increased only after PD. Postsurgical butyrate levels were correlated with postsurgical GLP-1 levels. With no significant difference in the volume of the resected pancreas between the surgical procedures, both β-cell and α-cell areas in the resected pancreas were significantly higher in DP patients than in PD patients. In DP patients, the progressors to diabetes showed pre-existing insulin resistance compared with non-progressors, and both increased α- and β-cell areas were predictors of PPDM. Furthermore, in DP patients, α-cell and β-cell areas were associated with ALDH1A3 expression in islets.</p> <p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b></p> We postulate that a greater removal of β-cells contributes to the development of PPDM after DP. Islet expansion along with pre-existing insulin resistance is associated with high cellular-plasticity, which may predict the development of PPDM after DP. In contrast, PD is associated with alterations of gut microbiome and increases in SCFA production and GLP-1 secretion, possibly protecting against PPDM development.

scholarly journals Black Soldier Fly (Hermitia illucens) Larvae Meal as Alternative Protein in Broiler Production in Ghana

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
S. Affedzie-obresi ◽  
G. Adu-Aboagye ◽  
E.K. Nkegbe ◽  
N. Asuming-Bediako ◽  
K.O. Ansah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Feeding Strategy ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Insect Larvae ◽  
Broiler Production ◽  
Alternative Protein ◽  
Specific Organ ◽  
Isocaloric Diets

Feed cost has been a major challenge to the competitiveness of the poultry industry of Ghana due mainly to high cost of proteins. Insect larvae meals seem convenient alternatives however their use on commercial scale is unknown in Ghana. Three 8-week feeding trial using three isonitrogenous, isocaloric diets in a three-phase feeding strategy involving 1320 broiler DOCs was conducted. BSFLM was used as replacement for fishmeal and as partial replacement for soybean meal to determine its effect on broiler productivity, profitability and carcass measurements. The results indicated that replacing fishmeal with BSFLM significantly improved weight gain, feed conversion efficiency and production efficiency factor (PEF). No detrimental effect was observed on carcass and specific organ measurements. Using the partial budgeting approach on a 500-bird estimation an increase of one thousand, one hundred and eleven Ghana cedis (GH₵1,111.00) was obtained when the fishmeal was replaced with BSFLM. Also, an increase of four hundred and sixty-seven Ghana cedis (GH₵467.00) was estimated when soybean meal was partially replaced with BSFLM. It was concluded that BSFLM can be used to improve the productivity and profitability of broiler production.

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