scholarly journals Zionist Organizations in Voronezh

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bakhtin Viktor Viktorovich ◽  
Ashmarov Igor’ Anatol’yevich
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Zionist Movement ◽  
Central Council ◽  
Separate Region ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Zionist Organization

The chapter is based on materials from the archives and investigations of the OGPU of the late 1920s and early 1930s. The last years of the XIX century and the first twentieth century became a time of rapid development and strengthening of the Zionist movement in Russia developed rapidly. In 1902, over a thousand disparate Zionist organizations merged into the Russian Zionist Organization (RNO). In this article, we will consider the processes taking place in a separate region of Russia - the Central Black Earth Region (CCO). Voronezh became the center of the Central Council in 1928.

Century of Ukraine's diplomatic service

2017 ◽  
pp. 77-94
Author(s):  
Yuriy Makar
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
State Committee ◽  
The West ◽  
Sovereign State ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
National University ◽  
Central Council ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Twentieth

On December 22, 2017 the Ukrainian Diplomatic Service marked the 100thanniversary of its establishment and development. In dedication to such a momentous event, the Department of International Relations of Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University has published a book of IR Dept’s ardent activity since its establishment. It includes information both in Ukrainian and English on the backbone of the collective and their versatile activities, achievements and prospects for the future. The author delves into retracing the course of the history of Ukrainian Diplomacy formation and development. The author highlights the roots of its formation, reconsidering a long way of its development that coincided with the formation of basic elements of Ukrainian statehood that came into existence as a result of the war of national liberation – the Ukrainian Central Rada (the Central Council of Ukraine). Later, the Ukrainian or so-called State the Hetmanate was under study. The Directorat (Directory) of Ukraine, being a provisional collegiate revolutionary state committee of the Ukrainian People’s Republic, was given a thorough study. Of particular interest for the research are diplomatic activities of the West Ukrainian People`s Republic. Noteworthy, the author emphasizes on the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic’s foreign policy, forced by the Bolshevist Russia. A further important implication is both the challenges of the Ukrainian statehood establishing and Ukraine’s functioning as a state, first and foremost, stemmed from the immaturity and conscience-unawareness of the Ukrainian society, that, ultimately, has led to the fact, that throughout the twentieth century Ukraine as a statehood, being incorporated into the Soviet Union, could hardly be recognized as a sovereign state. Our research suggests that since the beginning of the Ukrainian Diplomacy establishment and its further evolution, it used to be unprecedentedly fabricated and forged. On a wider level, the research is devoted to centennial fight of Ukraine against Russian violence and aggression since the WWI, when in 1917 the Russian Bolsheviks, headed by Lenin, started real Russian war against Ukraine. Apropos, in the about-a-year-negotiation run, Ukraine, eventually, failed to become sovereign. Remarkably, Ukraine finally gained its independence just in late twentieth century. Nowadays, Russia still regards Ukraine as a part of its own strategic orbit,waging out a carrot-and-stick battle. Keywords: The Ukrainian People’s Republic, the State of Ukraine, the Hetmanate, the Direcorat (Directory) of Ukraine, the West Ukrainian People`s Republic, the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic, Ukraine, the Bolshevist Russia, the Russian Federation, Ukrainian diplomacy

scholarly journals Activities of the underground Ukrainian Red Cross in the UIA ranks on the territory of Galicia in 1943-1944

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 139
Author(s):  
Oleh V. Oliynyk
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Medical Community ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
Management Structure ◽  
Regional Features ◽  
Nazi Occupation ◽  
Separate Region ◽  
Territorial Division

The purpose of the article is to study the process of creation and functioning of the underground Ukrainian Red Cross, its interaction with the local population during the period 1943-1944 in Galicia under the conditions of the Nazi occupation. The methodological basis of the research is the general scientific principles of objectivity, comprehensiveness and historicism. The work uses logical, problem-chronological and comparative methods. Scientific novelty. The article attempts to analyze the structure, territorial division and management structure, and the main directions of activity of this organization within the limits of Galicia, as one separate region. Practical meaning. The study of the activities of this organization is an important element for understanding the principles of the work of the underground Ukrainian Red Cross as a component of the red cross movement on the territory of Galicia in the first half of the twentieth century. Main results and conclusion. The article deals with the activities of the Ukrainian Red Cross in the ranks of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army on the territory of Galicia during the period of the Nazi occupation. The aggregate of factors that influenced the underground activity of the Ukrainian Red Cross was highlighted. In particular, the regional features that caused certain differences in the work of the Red Cross on this territory in comparison with other areas of UIA activity were investigated. The structure, territorial division and management structure of this organization are described within the limits of one separate region – Galicia. The main directions of the work of the Underground Red Cross are considered. The peculiarities of provision of medical care, the organization of hospitals and the problem of the training of medical personnel in the conditions of the underground are analyzed. The main ways of material and technical support of the Ukrainian Red Cross are highlighted. The role of the local population and the medical community of Galicia in providing the Red Cross with medications, medicinal plants and the necessary inventory is revealed. The author of the study concludes that for the activities of the Ukrainian Red Cross during the period 1943-1944 on the territory of Galicia were characterized by their regional features that facilitated or created more favorable conditions for the functioning of this organization. It should be noted separately that the role of the local population in supporting the work of this structure – the provision of medicines, food and money. In general, the author evaluates the activity of UHF in this period as an important stage of the red-circular movement in the territory of Galicia in the first half of the twentieth century. The Underground Red Cross is regarded as an organization that has become the successor of humanitarian communities of the same type that functioned in the specified territory in previous years, in particular the URC department in Lviv, established in June 1941. One of the important factors contributing to the work of this organization was the activity of the medical environment, which manifested itself in promoting the activities of this structure by well-known doctors and graduates of medical higher education institutions. Among them, in particular – Iryna Babonyak – "Nina", Ivan Shvak – Shul, Bogdan Yanogo – Kruk – "Meleodia". Type of article: empirical.

scholarly journals Russia and Russians: The Image in the Eyes of the West in History and Modern

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 200-207
Author(s):  
Larisa S. Ruban ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Great Power ◽  
Xviii Century ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
The Status ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Public Opinion Polls ◽  
Opinion Polls

From the XVIII to the XXI century, there was an evolution of the image of Russia in the perception of its Western states. These changes can be traced according to the methodology of system analysis. The data of the project “Russia in the Western European press of the XVIII century” of the Higher School of Economics University and international expert surveys of the project “Dialogue partnership as a factor of stability and integration” 2005–2019 are analyzed in 16 countries, empirical materials of public opinion polls conducted by the Gallop Institute (2007, 2010), INION (2008–2012) and the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (2002, 2007) on the study of socio-cultural aspects of the European identity of Russians. The content analysis of publications on this problem is carried out. Comparative analysis shows that the perception of our country by Western states has changed and its image has evolved: from a militarily strong power acting on an equal footing with Western countries in the XVIII century, to the image of the “gendarme of Europe” that developed in the XIX century, and to the personification of Russia as a “citadel of communist evil” in the twentieth century, starting from 1917, and then at the turn of the twentieth century and in the XXI century as a country that has lost the status of a “great power”. A number of experts assess Russia as a regional power trying to regain the status of a great power.

TRENDS IN THE DESIGN AND BUILDING OF LVIV IN THE XIX-EARLY XX CENTURY

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 84-93
Author(s):  
Silnyk O ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Qualitative State ◽  
Practical Factors ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Historical Past ◽  
The City

The central part of Lviv was formed over several centuries and in several stages. Favourable demographic, economic and political prerequisites in the XIX-XX centuries positively influenced the quantitative and qualitative state of urban homes. Demolition of defensive walls, the formation of a new citywide centre, measures to improve the central part of the city, regulate the street network, and increase the population are the main factors that underlie the planning and development of the city. The city was actively built up. Most of the houses were profitable. These are buildings that brought profit to their owners through rented premises and commercial parterre floors. The modern architecture of Lviv is developing under the influence of tourist infrastructure and the ordinary household needs of Lviv residents. The urban space of the central part of modern Lviv needs to be regularly updated to perform functions that are dictated by time. It is also important to preserve the existing historical centre that attracts tourists, represents the historical value and pride of the country. Professional implementation of projects requires a detailed study and analysis of the existing architecture. Since the second half of the XIX century, the development of houses parallel to the main roads of the city became popular. Dense buildings spread in concentric circles from the city centre and gradually replaced low-rise buildings in the peripheral part of the city. During this period, housing construction is carried out on a large scale. These are mostly two- or three-story houses, often with a courtyard. The size and configuration of the houses were dictated by technical capabilities, existing buildings and streets. The sites often had a complex shape, the development was carried out already in the conditions of reconstruction, which significantly complicated the solution of new projects. The houses had rectangular forms of plans, the dimensions of which averaged 400 m2 until the end of the XIX century. During the twentieth century, slightly larger plots – 570 m2 – were already allocated for construction. The built-up area on the plots ranged from 30 to 87 per cent. The density of buildings was dictated by both economic and practical factors that are relevant even today. The houses were distinguished by interesting planning solutions with a thorough set of architectural details both in the exterior and in the interior. The range of rooms includes dining rooms, offices, boudoirs, bathrooms, corridors and storerooms. During the nineteenth century, in the decisions of facades dominated Italian neo-Renaissance and neo-Baroque; in the twentieth century – secession. The style solution was based on the choice of details that were prototypes of classical architectural images. The architecture of Lviv of the XIX-XX centuries represents a wide range of artistic interpretations. The study of houses built during this period reveals both their development and the transformation of spatial planning, compositional and stylistic solutions. The necessary formative periods of historicism opened up new angles for the development of subsequent stylistic trends in the following years. The experience of architects, which is connected with the historical past of Lviv, testifies to the significant importance and place of the architecture of the XIX-XX centuries for the further development and development of the city.

Intra-Asian Competition and Collaboration against the West: The N.Y.K. Bombay Line, Tata & Sons, and Indian Cotton at the End of the Nineteenth Century

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-293
Author(s):  
Shigeru Akita
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
Chinese Market ◽  
The West ◽  
Cotton Industry ◽  
Export Industry ◽  
British Raj ◽  
Economic Exploitation

Abstract The traditional and orthodox interpretation of the British Raj (colonial rule in India) characterizes it in terms of the economic exploitation of India. However, recent historical studies have focused on the revival or development of the Indian cotton industry at the turn of the twentieth century. This article pays special attention to the rapid development of the Indian cotton-spinning industry as an export industry for the Chinese market and its implications for intra-Asian competition.

Germany, Turkey, and the Zionist Movement, 1914–1918

1961 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 246-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saadia E. Weltmann
Keyword(s):  
Zionist Movement ◽  
Zionist Organization

Any ultimate verdict on the relations between the Zionist Organization and Germany and Turkey must await the publication of the German and Turkish documents of this period. The available evidence prompts the conclusion that no negotiations on a German or Turkish declaration supporting Zionism were held prior to November 1917. Thus, the theory that the Balfour Declaration was issued in order to forestall a German or Turkish declaration is unfounded.

scholarly journals The influence of the Italian vocal school on the professional formation of Ukrainian singers (the end of the XVIII – the beginning of the XIX century)

2021 ◽  
pp. 219-225
Author(s):  
Maryna Rossikhina
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
New Era ◽  
Italian Opera ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Opera Singers ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
The 19Th Century

The purpose of the article is to study the influences of the Italian vocal school, the traditions of Italian opera performance on the professional development of Ukrainian singers in this period. Methodology. Analysis was carried out on the basis of such methods as historical and chronological to study trends and patterns of Ukrainian music at the end of the 17th – the beginning of the 19th century, analytical – for a comprehensive consideration of the influence of Italian culture on the emergence of opera in East Slavic areas, source – for elaboration and analysis of sources, bio-bibliographic – for studying creative biographies of artists, the method of systematization – for the reduction of all found facts to a logical unity. Scientific novelty. By studying the creative biographies of prominent Ukrainian musicians (M.Berezovsky, D.Bortnyansky, M.Ivanov, S.Gulak-Artemovsky) for the first time the Italian pages of their creative biography were systematized, new facts were introduced into scientific circulation, which allow to clarify the contribution of Italian vocal culture in the development of the Ukrainian opera school at the initial stage of its formation. Conclusions. The interest of the Russian Empire in Western European, especially Italian, opera led to the rapid development of a new era in the history of musical theater in the East Slavic territories. Internships of Ukrainian musicians in Italy, invitations of Italian artists, composers, vocal teachers to the Russian Empire, joint performances on stage with foreign singers give grounds to assert the influence of the Italian vocal school on the skills of Ukrainian opera singers of the end of the 18th – the beginning of the 19th century and laying of the fundamental foundations for the development of the Ukrainian vocal school.

scholarly journals Sufism of Archipelago: History, Thought, and Movement

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 123
Author(s):  
Syaifan Nur ◽  
Dudung Abdurahman
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Religious Life ◽  
Spiritual Needs ◽  
Education Economics ◽  
Religious Traditions ◽  
Social Communities ◽  
Religious Aspects ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Islamic Society ◽  
Economics And Politics

The development of Islam tend to shows the diversity according to the age and socio-cultural region of its adherents. This is the case with the development of Islam in the archipelago, which shows a diversity in the pattern of development of the teachings and religious aspects, along with the diversity of its society which includes various ethnicities and cultures. One such pattern of Islam is Sufism, the Islamic aspect which emphasizes the inner or esoteric aspects, based on the Sufi doctrine and comprehension. This paper focuses on the development of Sufism in the archipelago, viewed in terms of history, thought, and tarekat movements. The archipelago Sufism is studied in historical and socio-anthropological perspectives. Broadly speaking, it can be stated that Firstly, in the process of Islamization of the archipelago, Sufism acts as a media of Islamic society carried out by the Sufi in their preaching about the XIII century until the XVI century; Second, the development of Sufism in the archipelago in the XVII century until the XIX century experienced a shift in the pattern of development, role and movement. Their role is mainly to establish the spiritual aspect of religious life and development, but through the power and social communities of the tarekat they can also carry out social movements, especially in mobilizing the people’s struggles against Dutch colonialism in the nineteenth century. Finally, the Sufism of Nusantara (Archipelago) that is netted in tarekat movements continues to show its wider role in the twentieth century. Some tarekat communities not only maintain religious traditions that are spiritual, but also work in education, economics, and politics. Thus, the contribution of sufism is very beneficial to society in general, both in order to fulfill their spiritual needs and worldly life.[Perkembangan Islam selalu menunjukkan keragaman sesuai zaman dan wilayah sosial-budaya masyarakat pemeluknya. Sebagaimana Islam di Nusantara menunjukkan keragaman pola pengembangan ajaran dan aspek keagamaan itu adalah seiring masyarakatnya yang meliputi beragam etnis dan budaya. Salah satu pola keislaman tersebut adalah sufisme, yakni aspek keislaman yang lebih menekankan segi batiniah atau esoterik berdasarkan faham dan ajaran para Sufi. Tulisan ini memfokuskan pembahasannya tentang perkembangan sufisme di Nusantara, baik dilihat dari segi sejarah, pemikiran, maupun gerakan-gerakan tarekat. Sufisme Nusantara tersebut dipelajari dalam perspektif sejarah dan sosio-antropologis. Secara garis besar dapat dinyatakan, bahwa Pertama, dalam proses islamisasi Nusantara, sufisme berperan sebagai media pengislaman masyarakat yang dilakukan oleh para sufi dalam dakwahnya pada sekitar abad XIII hingga abad XVI; Kedua, Perkembangan sufisme di Nusantara pada abad XVII hingga abad XIX mengalami pergeseran pola pengembangan, peranan maupun gerakannya. Peranan mereka yang terutama memantapkan aspek spiritual bagi kehidupan dan perkembangan keagamaan, tetapi melalui kekutaan serta komunitas sosial tarekat juga mereka dapat melakukan gerakan sosial, khususnya gerakan-gerakan sosial yang dimobilisasi seiring perlawanan-perlawanan rakyat Nusantara terhadap kolonialisme Belanda pada abad XIX. Ketiga, Sufisme Nusantara yang terjaring dalam gerakan-gerakan tarekat terus menunjukkan peranannya yang lebih luas pada abad XX. Beberapa komunaitas tarekat bukan hanya mempertahankan tradisi keagamaan yang bersifat spiritual, melainkan juga bergerak di bidang pendidikan, ekonomi, dan politik. Dengan demikian, kontribusi sufisme akan sangat bermanfaat bagi masyarakat pada umumnya dalam rangka pemenuhan kebutuhan ruhaniah mereka.]

scholarly journals Prehistory and prerequisites of the creation of the Mari national theatre (1907–1919)

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 332-343
Author(s):  
Erik A. Yuzykayn
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Native People ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
National Theatre ◽  
The People ◽  
Research Problems ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Education And Development

Introduction. Alongside with other cultural initiatives, the development of the theatre movement as a forerunner of the creation of the Mari national theatre was the result of the development of Mari cultural nationalism in the early twentieth century. The purpose of this article is to consider the facts of the prehistory of the creation of the Mari national theatre, which was set up in November 1919, and the factors that influenced the development of the theatre movement among Mari people. Materials and Methods. To achieve the goals, the author reviewed the first Mari periodicals, research and publications on the history of the Mari theatre and the development of the national movement, and the protocols of the Mari congresses. The systematic analysis of sources for the reviewed period, an attempt to restore events in chronological order allows us to formulate the most objective answers to the research problems. Results and Discussions. One of the key factors that influenced the development of the Mari theatre movement and interest to the theatre was the movement for the national and cultural education and development of the Mari people, initiated by Mari cultural nationalists that gradually developed since the beginning of the twentieth century. Prehistory of the creation of the Mari national theatre in November 1919 goes back about ten years and it is linked with the publication of the first periodical in the Mari language “Marla calendar”, development of literary creativity in the Mari language, and the first amateur initiatives to stage performances. The climax of this prehistory was the decisions made by the first Mari forums on theatre issues, and the rapid development of interest to the theatre among the people in 1917–1919. Along with this factor, the cultural and social specific features of Mari played an important role: a theatrical tradition in the festive and ritual spheres and the low level of literacy of the people in this period. Conclusion. The processes of development of modern Mari national culture, began with the publication of “Marla calendars”, were crucial for the entire Mari people. The ideological contradictions that appeared with the development of Soviet power among the Mari intelligentsia did not immediately begin to influence the work of the first Mari playwrights. The supporters of different ideological movements were the colleagues for many years. Although they had disagreements, they acted in a single direction in the development of their native people, in particular in support of the theatre movement. Newspaper publications and increased dramatic creativity clearly indicate that the Mari activists intuitively, and sometimes purposefully, fuelled interest in theatrical creativity, promoted and, thus, preceded the appearance of their own national professional theatre.

scholarly journals The ideology of nationalism and sports

2021 ◽  
pp. 100-107
Author(s):  
D.A. Ogorodov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
National Identity ◽  
National Socialism ◽  
Social Practice ◽  
Political Identity ◽  
German Nation ◽  
Xix Century

Sport is considered as a collective practice, participation in which in any capacity (as an athlete, coach or fan) contributes to the formation and strengthening of socio-cultural and political identity. The period of unification of the German nation is analyzed: classical gymnastics in the XIX century was a response to the society’s request for national identity and gymnastics classes became a unifying nation-forming social practice. It is shown that in the 30—40s of the twentieth century, sports became one of the technologies for building, approving and spreading the ideology of German national socialism.

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