scholarly journals Structure of Lipoproteins and Their Capacity for Lipid Exchange: Relevance for Development of Atherosclerosis and Its Treatment by HDL Therapy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Waldie ◽  
Rita Del Giudice ◽  
Marité Cárdenas
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
High Density Lipoproteins ◽  
Western World ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Lipid Transfer ◽  
Artery Wall ◽  
Unsaturated Lipids ◽  
Clinical Observations ◽  
Lipid Exchange ◽  
The Difference

Atherosclerosis, the largest killer in the western world, arises from build-up of plaques at the artery walls and can result in cardiovascular disease. Low- and high-density lipoproteins are involved in the disease development by depositing and removing lipids to and from macrophages at the artery wall. These processes are complex and not fully understood. Thus, determining the specific roles of the different lipoprotein fractions involved is of fundamental importance for the treatment of the disease. In this chapter, we present the state of the art in lipoprotein structure with focus on the comparison between normolipidemic and hypertriglyceridemic individuals. Then we discuss lipid transfer between lipoproteins and receptor-free cellular membranes. Although these models lack any receptor, key clinical observations are mirrored by these, including increased ability of HDL to remove lipids, in contrast to the ability of LDL to deposit them. Also effects of saturated and unsaturated lipids in the presence and absence of cholesterol are revised. These models can then be used to understand the difference in functionality of lipoproteins from individuals showing different lipid profiles and have the potential to be used also for the development of new HDL therapies.

Psychology: Volume 5

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World View ◽  
Science Volume ◽  
Western World ◽  
Mental Life ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Difference ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Indian Setting ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Relationship

This survey of research on psychology in five volumes is a part of a series undertaken by the ICSSR since 1969, which covers various disciplines under social science. Volume Five of this survey, Explorations into Psyche and Psychology: Some Emerging Perspectives, examines the future of psychology in India. For a very long time, intellectual investments in understanding mental life have led to varied formulations about mind and its functions across the word. However, a critical reflection of the state of the disciplinary affairs indicates the dominance of Euro-American theories and methods, which offer an understanding coloured by a Western world view, which fails to do justice with many non-Western cultural settings. The chapters in this volume expand the scope of psychology to encompass indigenous knowledge available in the Indian tradition and invite engaging with emancipatory concerns as well as broadening the disciplinary base. The contributors situate the difference between the Eastern and Western conceptions of the mind in the practice of psychology. They look at this discipline as shaped by and shaping between systems like yoga. They also analyse animal behaviour through the lens of psychology and bring out insights about evolution of individual and social behaviour. This volume offers critique the contemporary psychological practices in India and offers a new perspective called ‘public psychology’ to construe and analyse the relationship between psychologists and their objects of study. Finally, some paradigmatic, pedagogical, and substantive issues are highlighted to restructure the practice of psychology in the Indian setting.

scholarly journals High-Density Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Disease: The Good, the Bad and the Future

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 857
Author(s):  
Josep Julve ◽  
Joan Carles Escolà-Gil
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
High Density Lipoprotein ◽  
High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
High Density ◽  
High Density Lipoproteins ◽  
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Plasma High Density ◽  
Low Levels

Epidemiological studies have shown that low levels of plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) are associated with increased atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) [...]

scholarly journals Plasma lipid transfer proteins and cardiovascular disease. The Framingham Heart Study

2013 ◽  
Vol 228 (1) ◽  
pp. 230-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sander J. Robins ◽  
Asya Lyass ◽  
Robert W. Brocia ◽  
Joseph M. Massaro ◽  
Ramachandran S. Vasan
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Framingham Heart Study ◽  
Plasma Lipid ◽  
Lipid Transfer ◽  
Lipid Transfer Proteins ◽  
Heart Study

scholarly journals Functional analyses of phosphatidylserine/PI(4)P exchangers with diverse lipid species and membrane contexts set unanticipated rules on lipid transfer

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Souade Ikhlef ◽  
Nicolas-Frédéric Lipp ◽  
Vanessa Delfosse ◽  
Nicolas Fuggetta ◽  
William Bourguet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Transfer ◽  
Oxysterol Binding Protein ◽  
Lipid Exchange ◽  
Exchange Processes ◽  
Lipid Species ◽  
Acyl Chains ◽  
Phosphatidylinositol 4 ◽  
Functional Analyses ◽  
Related Proteins

Several members of the oxysterol-binding protein-related proteins (ORPs)/oxysterol-binding homology (Osh) family exchange phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI(4)P) at the endoplasmic reticulum/plasma membrane (PM) interface. It is unclear whether they preferentially exchange PS and PI(4)P with specific acyl chains to tune the features of the PM, whether they use phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) instead of PI(4)P for exchange processes and whether their activity is influenced by the association of PS with sterol in the PM. Here, we measured in vitro how the yeast Osh6p and human ORP8 transported diverse PS and PI(4)P subspecies, including major cellular species, between membranes. We established how their activity is impacted by the length and unsaturation degree of these lipids. Surprisingly, the speed at which they individually transfer these ligands inversely depends on their affinity for them. To be fast, the transfer of high-affinity ligands requires an exchange with a counterligand of equivalent affinity. Besides, we determined that Osh6p and ORP8 cannot use PI(4,5)P2 for intracellular lipid exchange, as they have a low affinity for this lipid compared to PI(4)P, and do not transfer more PS into sterol-rich membranes. This study provides insights into PS/PI(4)P exchangers and sets unanticipated rules on how the activity of lipid transfer proteins relates to their affinity for ligands.

scholarly journals The endoplasmic reticulum-plasma membrane tethering protein TMEM24 is a regulator of cellular Ca2+ homeostasis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beichen Xie ◽  
Styliani Panagiotou ◽  
Jing Cen ◽  
Patrick Gilon ◽  
Peter Bergsten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Lipid Transfer Protein ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Lipid Transfer ◽  
Β Cells ◽  
Transfer Protein ◽  
Lipid Exchange ◽  
Membrane Tethering

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) - plasma membrane (PM) contacts are sites of lipid exchange and Ca2+ transport, and both lipid transport proteins and Ca2+ channels specifically accumulate at these locations. In pancreatic β-cells, both lipid- and Ca2+ signaling are essential for insulin secretion. The recently characterized lipid transfer protein TMEM24 dynamically localize to ER-PM contact sites and provide phosphatidylinositol, a precursor of PI(4)P and PI(4,5)P2, to the plasma membrane. β-cells lacking TMEM24 exhibit markedly suppressed glucose-induced Ca2+ oscillations and insulin secretion but the underlying mechanism is not known. We now show that TMEM24 only weakly interact with the PM, and dissociates in response to both diacylglycerol and nanomolar elevations of cytosolic Ca2+. Release of TMEM24 into the bulk ER membrane also enables direct interactions with mitochondria, and we report that loss of TMEM24 results in excessive accumulation of Ca2+ in both the ER and mitochondria and in impaired mitochondria function.

Selective arrangement of vesicles on artificial lipid membrane by biotin-avidin interaction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Hashino ◽  
Daiya Mombayashi ◽  
Yuto Nakatani ◽  
Azusa Oshima ◽  
Masumi Yamaguchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Bilayer ◽  
Lipid Bilayers ◽  
Liquid Crystalline ◽  
Lipid Membrane ◽  
Unsaturated Lipid ◽  
Si Substrates ◽  
Phase Domain ◽  
Unsaturated Lipids ◽  
Lipid Mixtures ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Lipid bilayers suspended over microwells on Si substrates are promising platforms for nanobiodevices that mimic cell membranes. Using the biotin-avidin interaction, we have succeeded in selectively arranging vesicles on the freestanding region of a lipid bilayer. When ternary lipid mixtures of saturated lipid, unsaturated lipid, and cholesterol are used, they separate into liquid-order (Lo) and liquid-crystalline (Lα) domains. A freestanding lipid bilayer prefers the Lα-phase over the Lo-phase because of the difference in their flexibility. In addition, the type of biotinylated lipid determines whether it is localized in the Lα-phase domain or the Lo-phase domain. As a result, the biotinylated unsaturated lipids localized in the Lα-phase domain aggregate in the freestanding lipid bilayer, and vesicles labeled with biotin selectively bind to the freestanding lipid bilayer by the biotin-avidin interaction. This technique helps to introduce biomolecules into the freestanding lipid bilayer of nanobiodevices via vesicles.

Homosexualität, Krankheit und Judentum

Aschkenas ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-145
Author(s):  
Florian G. Mildenberger
Keyword(s):  
Jewish Life ◽  
Reform Movement ◽  
Western World ◽  
Reform Movements ◽  
World Today ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Lgbt People ◽  
Hiv Aids

Abstract Twenty years ago, »homosexuality« was only disputed by Rabbis and their scholars, but today LGBT-people are part of daily Jewish life, even in some orthodox communities. Despite the fact that modern Zionism and the sexual reform movement were founded at almost the same time, the two parties were, for many decades, never in accordance. Apparently neither male nor female »sexual in-betweens« fitted into a modern Zionistic culture or orthodox communities. This changed in 1980s due to HIV/AIDS and the success of sexual reform movements in the Western world. Today, the difference between rich and poor seems to be much more important than the question of hetero- or homosexuality.

scholarly journals Causes and risk factors for acute dialysis initiation among patients with end-stage kidney disease—a large retrospective observational cohort study

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 550-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nish Arulkumaran ◽  
Arunraj Navaratnarajah ◽  
Camilla Pillay ◽  
Wendy Brown ◽  
Neill Duncan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Dialysis Initiation ◽  
End Stage Kidney Disease ◽  
Acute Dialysis ◽  
Independent Risk Factors ◽  
The Difference ◽  
End Stage

AbstractBackgroundPatients who require acute initiation of dialysis have higher mortality rates when compared with patients with planned starts. Our primary objective was to explore the reasons and risk factors for acute initiation of renal replacement therapy (RRT) among patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Our secondary objective was to determine the difference in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) change in the year preceding RRT between elective and acute dialysis starts.MethodsWe conducted a single-centre retrospective observational study. ESKD patients either started dialysis electively (planned starters) or acutely and were known to renal services for >90 (unplanned starters) or <90 days (urgent starters).ResultsIn all, 825 consecutive patients initiated dialysis between January 2013 and December 2015. Of these, 410 (49.7%) patients had a planned start. A total of 415 (50.3%) patients had an acute start on dialysis: 244 (58.8%) unplanned and 171 (41.2%) urgent. The reasons for acute dialysis initiation included acute illness (58%) and unexplained decline to ESKD (33%). Cardiovascular disease [n = 30 (22%)] and sepsis [n = 65 (48%)] accounted for the majority of acute systemic illness. Age and premorbid cardiovascular disease were independent risk factors for acute systemic illness among unplanned starts, whereas autoimmune disease accounted for the majority of urgent starts. The rate of decline in GFR was greater in the month preceding RRT among acute dialysis starters compared with planned starters (P < 0.001).ConclusionsCardiovascular disease and advancing age were independent risk factors for emergency dialysis initiation among patients known to renal services for >3 months. The rapid and often unpredictable loss of renal function in the context of acute systemic illness poses a challenge to averting emergency dialysis start.

scholarly journals Intravenous Administration of Allogenic Cell-Derived Microvesicles of Healthy Origins Defends Against Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Development by a Direct Action on Endothelial Progenitor Cells

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicoleta Alexandru ◽  
Eugen Andrei ◽  
Florentina Safciuc ◽  
Emanuel Dragan ◽  
Ana Maria Balahura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Vascular Disease ◽  
Progenitor Cells ◽  
Endothelial Progenitor Cells ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease ◽  
Endothelial Progenitor

Atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease development is the outcome of intermediate processes where endothelial dysfunction and vascular inflammation are main protagonists. Cell-derived microvesicles (MVs), endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), and circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) are known as biomarkers and potential regulators for atherosclerotic vascular disease, but their role in the complexity of the inflammatory process and in the mechanism of vascular restoration is far from clear. We aimed to evaluate the biological activity and functional role of MVs, in particular of the EPCs-derived MVs (MVEs), of healthy origins in reducing atherosclerotic vascular disease development. The experiments were performed on hamsters divided into the following groups: simultaneously hypertensive–hyperlipidemic (HH group) by combining two feeding conditions for 4 months; HH with retro-orbital sinus injection containing 1 × 105 MVs or MVEs from control hamsters, one dose per month for 4 months of HH diet, to prevent atherosclerosis (HH-MVs or HH-MVEs group); and controls (C group), age-matched normal healthy animals. We found that circulating MV and MVE transplantation of healthy origins significantly reduces atherosclerosis development via (1) the mitigation of dyslipidemia, hypertension, and circulating EPC/cytokine/chemokine levels and (2) the structural and functional remodeling of arterial and left ventricular walls. We also demonstrated that (1) circulating MVs contain miRNAs; this was demonstrated by validating MVs and MVEs as transporters of Ago2-miRNA, Stau1-miRNA, and Stau2-miRNA complexes and (2) MV and MVE administration significantly protect against atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease via transfer of miR-223, miR-21, miR-126, and miR-146a to circulating late EPCs. It should be mentioned that the favorable effects of MVEs were greater than those of MVs. Our findings suggest that allogenic MV and MVE administration of healthy origins could counteract HH diet-induced detrimental effects by biologically active miR-10a, miR-21, miR-126, and miR-146a transfer to circulating EPCs, mediating their vascular repair function in atherosclerosis processes.

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