Gliosarcoma With Features of Osteoblastic Osteosarcoma: A Review

2006 ◽  
Vol 130 (8) ◽  
pp. 1208-1211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valeria Barresi ◽  
Serenella Cerasoli ◽  
Federico Morigi ◽  
Anna Maria Cremonini ◽  
Mirco Volpini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Clone ◽  
Precursor Cell ◽  
Tumor Evolution ◽  
Sarcomatous Component ◽  
Medical Texts ◽  
National Library ◽  
Original Clone ◽  
Histologic Pattern ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Single Precursor

Abstract Context.—Gliosarcoma is a rare tumor of the central nervous system characterized by a biphasic histologic pattern, consisting of a gliomatous and a sarcomatous component, respectively. In most instances the sarcomatous component is represented by a fibrosarcoma, but other stromal malignancies have also been described. Osteosarcomatous differentiation in gliosarcoma has been rarely reported. Objective.—To review characteristic radiologic and histopathologic features of this rare neoplasm, to debate about possible differential diagnoses that should be taken into consideration, and to provide an overview of the potential histopathogenesis of gliosarcomas. Data Sources.—Relevant articles indexed in PubMed (National Library of Medicine) and reference medical texts. Conclusions.—Recent molecular studies suggest that sarcomatous and gliomatous components of gliosarcoma might be derived from a single precursor cell clone, progressing in 2 subclones with distinct morphologic features during tumor evolution. Nonetheless, events determining splitting of the original clone into 2 histologic populations remain to be investigated.

Early phenotypic choices by neuronal precursors, revealed by clonal analysis of the chick embryo hindbrain

Development ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 120 (6) ◽  
pp. 1581-1589 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Lumsden ◽  
J.D. Clarke ◽  
R. Keynes ◽  
S. Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Neuronal Development ◽  
Clonal Analysis ◽  
Precursor Cell ◽  
Neuronal Phenotype ◽  
Neuronal Precursors ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Single Precursor ◽  
Single Phenotype ◽  
Made In

The mechanisms that generate diverse neuronal phenotypes within the central nervous system are thought to involve local cues or cell-cell interactions acting late in neurogenesis, perhaps as late as the last precursor cell division. We describe here a clonal analysis of neuronal development in the chick hindbrain, using an intracellular tracer to mark single precursor cells, that suggests the operation of an alternative strategy. The majority of clones, ranging from 1 to 46 cells, contained neurons of only one of several possible phenotypes. These single-phenotype clones were not positionally restricted within a rhombomere but were interspersed with other clones containing distinct phenotypes. The assignment of neuronal phenotype in this brain region may, therefore, be made in early precursors and remembered through several rounds of mitotic expansion and dispersal.

scholarly journals Oncogenes - the basics

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 35-37
Author(s):  
Arnab Ghosh ◽  
Diasma Ghartimagar ◽  
Sushma Thapa
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Dna Repair ◽  
Tumor Suppressor ◽  
Tumor Suppressor Genes ◽  
Normal Cell ◽  
Tumor Formation ◽  
Precursor Cell ◽  
Single Precursor ◽  
Normal Cell Cycle

Normal cell cycle and cell proliferation are regulated by several genes which can be broadly classified into 4 groups viz, proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, genes regulating apoptosis and genes involved in DNA repair. These genes may be defective due to different factors. The defective genes may lead to production of abnormal proteins which may lead to disruption of the normal cell cycle and proliferation. A single precursor cell with defective gene proliferates surpassing the normal physiologic regulatory process and leads to tumor formation, so, traditionally,it is said that “tumors are clonal”.

scholarly journals GDP-l-fucose synthase is a CD4+ T cell–specific autoantigen in DRB3*02:02 patients with multiple sclerosis

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (462) ◽  
pp. eaat4301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raquel Planas ◽  
Radleigh Santos ◽  
Paula Tomas-Ojer ◽  
Carolina Cruciani ◽  
Andreas Lutterotti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Cell Clone ◽  
Autoimmune Response ◽  
Guanosine Diphosphate ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
T Cell Clone ◽  
Positional Scanning ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Multiple sclerosis is an immune-mediated autoimmune disease of the central nervous system that develops in genetically susceptible individuals and likely requires environmental triggers. The autoantigens and molecular mimics triggering the autoimmune response in multiple sclerosis remain incompletely understood. By using a brain-infiltrating CD4+ T cell clone that is clonally expanded in multiple sclerosis brain lesions and a systematic approach for the identification of its target antigens, positional scanning peptide libraries in combination with biometrical analysis, we have identified guanosine diphosphate (GDP)–l-fucose synthase as an autoantigen that is recognized by cerebrospinal fluid–infiltrating CD4+ T cells from HLA-DRB3*–positive patients. Significant associations were found between reactivity to GDP-l-fucose synthase peptides and DRB3*02:02 expression, along with reactivity against an immunodominant myelin basic protein peptide. These results, coupled with the cross-recognition of homologous peptides from gut microbiota, suggest a possible role of this antigen as an inducer or driver of pathogenic autoimmune responses in multiple sclerosis.

scholarly journals MONOCLONAL PRODUCTION OF BOTH IgM AND IgG1 ANTIHAPTEN ANTIBODY

1973 ◽  
Vol 138 (1) ◽  
pp. 300-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan L. Press ◽  
Norman R. Klinman
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Chain ◽  
Random Distribution ◽  
Precursor Cell ◽  
Igg1 Antibody ◽  
Single Precursor

The anti-DNP antibodies produced by primary and secondary splenic foci were analyzed for heavy chain class by a radioimmunoassay, using iodinated, purified goat antimouse µ-chain antibody and goat antimouse γ1 chain antibody. The frequency of primary and secondary foci producing both IgM and IgG1 anti-DNP antibody (16% and 14%, respectively) was considerably higher than that which would be predicted by a random distribution. It would thus appear that IgM and IgG1 antibody can be made by the clonal progeny of a single precursor cell.

scholarly journals The progeny of a single progenitor cell can develop characteristics of either a tissue or an alveolar macrophage

Blood ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Bar-Eli ◽  
MC Territo ◽  
MJ Cline
Keyword(s):  
Progenitor Cell ◽  
Peritoneal Macrophages ◽  
Precursor Cell ◽  
Mouse Macrophage ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Proliferating Cells ◽  
High O2 ◽  
Single Precursor ◽  
Macrophage Precursors

Alveolar and peritoneal macrophages differ in their energy metabolism. Alveolar macrophages are mainly aerobic whereas peritoneal macrophages are mainly anaerobic in their energy generation. We investigated the question of whether these differences in metabolism are preprogrammed in subsets of macrophage precursors in the bone marrow, or develop in proliferating cells as a consequence of exposure to different tissue environments. The progeny of single mouse macrophage progenitor cells were grown in vitro for 4 days; the resultant colonies were divided into two roughly equal populations, which were cultured in either a high or low oxygen environment corresponding to that of the alveoli or tissues. Following 4 days incubation at 5% or 20% O2, the activities of the two glycolytic enzymes lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and pyruvate kinase (PK) were two- to threefold higher in the half of the colonies grown in the low O2 environment, whereas the activity of the oxidative phosphorylative enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) was two- to threefold higher in the half colony grown in the aerobic environment. Re-exposure of the cells from the low O2 environment to high O2 conditions for an additional 4 days caused a rise in the GDH activity and a decrease in the LDH and PK. The recovery of the GDH activity after the re-exposure was time dependent. Our results support the theory that macrophages arising from a single progenitor cell can develop different metabolic features depending on the O2 environment in which they mature. A single precursor cell can give rise to mature cells with metabolic characteristic of either alveolar or tissue macrophages.

Clonality of Combined Tumors

2002 ◽  
Vol 126 (4) ◽  
pp. 437-441
Author(s):  
Jiaoti Huang ◽  
Carmen Behrens ◽  
Ignacio I. Wistuba ◽  
Adi F. Gazdar ◽  
Jaishree Jagirdar
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Squamous Carcinoma ◽  
Genetic Alterations ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Precursor Cell ◽  
Tubulovillous Adenoma ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Single Precursor ◽  
Chromosome Regions ◽  
Combined Tumors

Abstract Context.—Tumors with mixed morphologic patterns (combined tumors) are sometimes encountered, and questions often arise regarding the mechanism of molecular pathogenesis of each component and their relationships. Objective.—To determine whether different components of combined tumors contain the same or different genetic alterations, thus providing evidence for their clonality. Materials and Methods.—Six combined tumors with 2 components (in each case, both components showed epithelial differentiation morphologically) were studied by microdissecting tumor cells from each morphologic area followed by loss of heterozygosity analysis. Results.—In 1 of the cases studied, the different morphologic areas contained different patterns of genetic alterations. In the remaining 5 cases, the different morphologic areas harbored identical genetic changes in the chromosome regions studied. The latter group, interestingly, included a colonic tumor with an area of tubulovillous adenoma and an area of neuroendocrine carcinoma, and 2 lung tumors with squamous carcinoma and small cell carcinoma components. Conclusions.—Our results suggest that in the majority of combined tumors, cells with different phenotypes share similar genotype and may arise from a single precursor cell. However, in a minority of these tumors, different areas may be derived from different precursor cells.

scholarly journals The Eastern heart and Galen's ventricle: a historical review of the purpose of the brain

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirza N. Baig ◽  
Faheem Chishty ◽  
Phillip Immesoete ◽  
Chris S. Karas
Keyword(s):  
Historical Review ◽  
Western Philosophy ◽  
Religious Literature ◽  
Medical Texts ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Legal Proceedings ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Brain

✓The seat of consciousness has not always been thought to reside in the brain. Its “source” is as varied as the cultures of those who have sought it. At present, although most may agree that the central nervous system is held to be the root of individualism in much of Western philosophy, this has not always been the case, and this viewpoint is certainly not unanimously accepted across all cultures today. In this paper the authors undertook a literary review of ancient texts of both Eastern and Western societies as well as modern writings on the organic counterpart to the soul. The authors have studied both ancient Greek and Roman material as well as Islamic and Eastern philosophy. Several specific aspects of the human body have often been proposed as the seat of consciousness, not only in medical texts, but also within historical documents, poetry, legal proceedings, and religious literature. Among the most prominently proposed have been the heart and breath, favoring a cardiopulmonary seat of individualism. This understanding was by no means stagnant, but evolved over time, as did the role of the brain in the definition of what it means to be human. Even in the 21st century, no clear consensus exists between or within communities, scientific or otherwise, on the brain's capacity for making us who we are. Perhaps, by its nature, our consciousness—and our awareness of our surroundings and ourselves—is a function of what surrounds us, and must therefore change as the world changes and as we change.

Gliosarcomas with the BRAF V600E mutation: a report of two cases and review of the literature

2017 ◽  
Vol 70 (12) ◽  
pp. 1079-1083 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leiming Wang ◽  
Jian Sun ◽  
Zhuo Li ◽  
Li Chen ◽  
Yongjuan Fu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
De Novo ◽  
Malignant Neoplasm ◽  
Genetic Alterations ◽  
Braf V600e Mutation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Braf V600e ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Sarcomatous Component ◽  
First Case ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Gliosarcoma, which is regarded as a variant of glioblastoma, is a rare malignant neoplasm of the central nervous system. Both its sarcomatous component and glial component are reported to share significant clinical and genetic similarities. However, gliosarcomas are considered to be characterised by a lack of the BRAF V600E mutation. Here, we report two cases of gliosarcoma harbouring the BRAF V600E mutation, of which one case appears to have arisen de novo, while the other likely arose from ganglioglioma. Interestingly, the BRAF V600E mutation was detected only in the glial component in the first case, but was present in both the glial and the sarcomatous components in the recurrent gliosarcoma. Furthermore, the different mutation state of BRAF V600E in our two cases suggests that the malignant transformation of gliosarcoma might have different underlying genetic alterations and mechanisms in de novo versus recurrent gliosarcoma.

scholarly journals Evaluating Cancer of the Central Nervous System Through Next-Generation Sequencing of Cerebrospinal Fluid

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (20) ◽  
pp. 2404-2415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena I. Pentsova ◽  
Ronak H. Shah ◽  
Jiabin Tang ◽  
Adrienne Boire ◽  
Daoqi You ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Tumor Evolution ◽  
Cns Involvement ◽  
Liquid Biopsies ◽  
Cell Free Dna ◽  
Free Dna ◽  
Tumor Dissemination ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Purpose Cancer spread to the central nervous system (CNS) often is diagnosed late and is unresponsive to therapy. Mechanisms of tumor dissemination and evolution within the CNS are largely unknown because of limited access to tumor tissue. Materials and Methods We sequenced 341 cancer-associated genes in cell-free DNA from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) obtained through routine lumbar puncture in 53 patients with suspected or known CNS involvement by cancer. Results We detected high-confidence somatic alterations in 63% (20 of 32) of patients with CNS metastases of solid tumors, 50% (six of 12) of patients with primary brain tumors, and 0% (zero of nine) of patients without CNS involvement by cancer. Several patients with tumor progression in the CNS during therapy with inhibitors of oncogenic kinases harbored mutations in the kinase target or kinase bypass pathways. In patients with glioma, the most common malignant primary brain tumor in adults, examination of cell-free DNA uncovered patterns of tumor evolution, including temozolomide-associated mutations. Conclusion The study shows that CSF harbors clinically relevant genomic alterations in patients with CNS cancers and should be considered for liquid biopsies to monitor tumor evolution in the CNS.

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