Asthma: Pathology and Pathophysiology

2006 ◽  
Vol 130 (4) ◽  
pp. 447-451
Author(s):  
Roberto J. Barrios ◽  
Farrah Kheradmand ◽  
La Keisha Batts ◽  
David B. Corry
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
The United States ◽  
Emergency Department Visits ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Inflammatory Disorder ◽  
Shortness Of Breath ◽  
Chest Tightness ◽  
Major Public Health Issue ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Disorder ◽  
United States Population

Abstract Context.—Asthma has been defined as a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that is associated with recruitment of inflammatory cells and the clinical development of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and cough. Asthma is a major public health issue. It affects 5% of the United States population and accounts for 2 million emergency department visits, 470 000 hospitalizations, and 4500 deaths annually. Objective.—To review the pathophysiology and characteristic pathologic patterns of this disease and discuss the possible mechanisms of production of the lesions. Data Sources.—We searched the literature using MEDLINE and OVID. We also searched related conference abstracts and bibliographies of selected studies. Conclusions.—There has been a significant evolution in our understanding of asthma. Specific pathways and mechanisms in recent years have been studied; however, numerous mediators and cell receptors have raised new questions that remain to be answered.

scholarly journals E‐cigarette or Vaping Product Use–Associated Lung Injury Produced in an Animal Model From Electronic Cigarette Vapor Exposure Without Tetrahydrocannabinol or Vitamin E Oil

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael T. Kleinman ◽  
Rebecca Johnson Arechavala ◽  
David Herman ◽  
Jianru Shi ◽  
Irene Hasen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Lung Injury ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
The United States ◽  
Electronic Cigarette ◽  
Alveolar Wall ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Shortness Of Breath ◽  
Product Use ◽  
Vitamin E Acetate

Abstract E‐cigarette or vaping product use–associated lung injury was recognized in the United States in the summer of 2019 and is typified by acute respiratory distress, shortness of breath, chest pain, cough, and fever, associated with vaping. It can mimic many of the manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). Some investigators have suggested that E‐cigarette or vaping product use–associated lung injury was due to tetrahydrocannabinol or vitamin E acetate oil mixed with the electronic cigarette liquid. In experimental rodent studies initially designed to study the effect of electronic cigarette use on the cardiovascular system, we observed an E‐cigarette or vaping product use–associated lung injury‐like condition that occurred acutely after use of a nichrome heating element at high power, without the use of tetrahydrocannabinol, vitamin E, or nicotine. Lung lesions included thickening of the alveolar wall with foci of inflammation, red blood cell congestion, obliteration of alveolar spaces, and pneumonitis in some cases; bronchi showed accumulation of fibrin, inflammatory cells, and mucus plugs. Electronic cigarette users should be cautioned about the potential danger of operating electronic cigarette units at high settings; the possibility that certain heating elements may be deleterious; and that E‐cigarette or vaping product use–associated lung injury may not be dependent upon tetrahydrocannabinol, vitamin E, or nicotine.

scholarly journals GAMBARAN PERTUMBUHAN PADA ANAK DENGAN RIWAYAT ASMA DI RSUP PROF. DR. R. D. KANDOU

e-CliniC ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Prima Kinanti ◽  
Vivekenanda Pateda ◽  
Audrey M. I. Wahani
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Primary Diagnosis ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Inflammatory Disorder ◽  
Chest Tightness ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Disorder ◽  
History Of

Abstract: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that causes increased airway hyperresponsiveness which triggers symptoms such as wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and coughing, especially at night or early morning. Asthma as a chronic disease in general may affect a child's growth through several factors. The purpose of this study was to determine the growth in children with a history of asthma who were treated in the Division of Pediatric, Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Hospital Manado. Research conducted a retrospective descriptive univariate data analysis. Samples were pediatric patients aged 5-18 years with a primary diagnosis of asthma treated in the Division of Pediatric, Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Hospital Manado in January 2011 - September 2015. Research data analysis using CDC-2000 growth curve. From the research, based on W / A and H / A, obtained the majority of children with normal growth. Based on the weight / height and BMI, obtained the majority of children with good nutritional status.Keywords: asthma, growth, children.Abstrak: Asma adalah gangguan inflamasi kronik saluran napas yang menyebabkan peningkatan hiperesponsif jalan napas yang menimbulkan gejala berupa mengi, sesak napas, dada terasa berat dan batuk-batuk terutama malam atau dini hari.Asma sebagai penyakit kronik secara umum dapat mempengaruhi pertumbuhan anak melalui beberapa faktor. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pertumbuhan pada anak dengan riwayat asma yang dirawat di Bagian Ilmu Kesehatan Anak RSUP Prof. Dr.R.D. Kandou Manado.Penelitian yang dilaksanakan bersifat deskriptif retrospektif dengan analisis data univariat.Sampel penelitian ini adalah pasien anakusia 5 - 18 tahun dengan diagnosis utama asmayang dirawat di bagian Ilmu Kesehatan Anak Anak RSUP Prof.Dr.R.D. Kandou Manado pada bulan Januari 2011 – September 2015.Analisis data penelitian menggunakan kurva pertumbuhan CDC-2000. Dari hasil penelitian, berdasararkan BB/U dan TB/U, didapatkan mayoritas anak dengan pertumbuhan normal. Berdasarkan BB/TB dan IMT, didapatkan mayoritas anak dengan status gizi baik.Kata Kunci: asma, pertumbuhan, anak.

scholarly journals Neuro-Anatomical Changes of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning on Advanced Imaging: A Literature Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 5-12
Author(s):  
James McKivigan ◽  
Gregory Gilmour
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Issue ◽  
Medical Attention ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Co Poisoning ◽  
Major Public Health Issue ◽  
The Brain

Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is a major public health issue in the United States that accounts for approximately 50% of poisoning cases in the nation each year and around 50,000 emergency room visits. In most instances of CO poisoning, the culprit is a malfunctioning or poorly tended heating system within the home or, occasionally, commercial building, which causes the system to leak this hazardous gas. One of the more insidious aspects of CO poisoning is that the gas is odorless and colorless, and victims of CO poisoning often do not realize that there is a problem until they begin to experience the effects of poisoning and have no choice but to seek medical attention. Unfortunately, many victims of CO poisoning die before they are able to seek treatment. This paper makes use of a qualitative, systematic literature review to examine the four major parts of the brain that are most severely affected by CO poisoning. Overall, the literature review showed that the white matter, globus pallidus, basal ganglia, and cortex are the parts of the brain most severely impacted by CO poisoning. While many CO poisoning victims do make it to the hospital on time and are treated, they may nonetheless suffer long-term neurological consequences as a result of their exposure. As such, CO poisoning is a major public health issue.

scholarly journals Tildrakizumab in the treatment of psoriasis: latest evidence and place in therapy

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 204062231986565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deeti J. Pithadia ◽  
Kelly A. Reynolds ◽  
Erica B. Lee ◽  
Wilson Liao ◽  
Jashin J. Wu
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Effectiveness ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
European Medicines Agency ◽  
Inflammatory Disorder ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
T Helper 17 ◽  
Duration Of Action ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Disorder

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disorder that is clinically characterized by scaly cutaneous plaques. New evidence suggests that dysregulation of interleukin (IL)-23, a key cytokine in the T-helper-17 pathway, plays a vital role in the development of psoriatic systemic inflammation. The novel biologic medication tildrakizumab is among the first drugs with specific action against IL-23 that has recently been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency for moderate-to-severe psoriasis. Tildrakizumab has been shown in large randomized controlled trials to be effective in improving skin manifestations as well as enhancing quality of life outcomes in patients with psoriasis. Its simple dosing, prolonged duration of action, and mild adverse event profile make it a practical option for patients; however, only a small number of trials have investigated the clinical effectiveness of tildrakizumab, and long-term data regarding the drug’s efficacy and safety are currently limited. Hence, further research is needed to better understand the risks and benefits of tildrakizumab. This review summarizes and analyzes phase I, phase II, and phase III clinical trials that investigate the mechanism, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of tildrakizumab. It also identifies areas in which additional studies are warranted to further elucidate the advantages of tildrakizumab over other biologic therapies.

Understanding Suicide: A Generalist Course on Suicide for BSW Students

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-195
Author(s):  
Rebecca G. Mirick
Keyword(s):  
Lived Experiences ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Course Development ◽  
National Strategy ◽  
Welfare Programs ◽  
Major Public Health Issue ◽  
Direct Practice ◽  
At Risk Populations ◽  
Social Work Programs

Suicide is a major public health issue in the United States. The National Strategy for Suicide Prevention recommended increased education for individuals who work directly with at-risk populations, such as clients in child welfare programs, programs that serve older adults, and those working with adjudicated youths. Many BSW graduates enter direct practice positions in these agencies and would benefit from education on suicide during their BSW program. This teaching note describes a BSW course on understanding suicide. The course development, content, readings, assignments, and inclass exercises are described. The feedback of the students who enrolled in this course (N=17) is included. Implications for instructors, including considering students' own lived experiences with suicide, and for undergraduate social work programs are identified.

Interpersonal Gun Violence Research in the Social Work Literature

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 224-231
Author(s):  
Roberto R Aspholm ◽  
Christopher St Vil ◽  
Kimberly A E Carter
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Social Work ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gun Violence ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Major Public Health Issue ◽  
Analytic Treatment ◽  
The Social

Abstract Interpersonal gun violence remains a major public health issue in the United States and beyond. This article explores the research on interpersonal gun violence published in peer-reviewed social work journals since the mid-1990s. Findings from this review indicate that the existing scholarship offers some important insights into this topic, particularly related to risk factors for and the effects of exposure to gun violence. These findings, however, also point to some shortcomings in the literature, including problems with the measurement and analytic treatment of exposure to gun violence and a lack of research with direct victims and perpetrators of gun violence. Implications for future research are discussed.

scholarly journals The use of nebulized pharmacotherapies during the COVID-19 pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 175346662095436
Author(s):  
Sanjay Sethi ◽  
Igor Z. Barjaktarevic ◽  
Donald P. Tashkin
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
The United States ◽  
Chronic Respiratory Disease ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Metered Dose Inhalers ◽  
Major Public Health Issue ◽  
Chronic Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Metered Dose ◽  
Respiratory Droplets

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the highly contagious novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has resulted in a worldwide pandemic and currently represents a major public health issue. COVID-19 has highlighted the need for clear and accurate guidance on the use of aerosol-generating procedures, such as nebulization, for the treatment of patients with respiratory diseases with or without COVID-19. Despite the lack of evidence, there is heightened concern about the potential risk of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the form of aerosolized respiratory droplets during the nebulized treatment of patients with COVID-19. Consequently, the use of metered-dose inhalers (MDIs) has risen considerably as an alternative to nebulized therapy, which has led to inadequate supplies of MDIs in some parts of the United States. In this article, we review and discuss the role of nebulization in patients with SARS-CoV-2 and the treatment of noninfected patients with chronic respiratory diseases. The following two important questions are addressed: (1) should nebulized therapy be used in hospital or home settings by patients infected with SARS-CoV-2; and (2) should nebulized therapy be continued in patients already using it for chronic respiratory disease management in hospital or home settings? The reviews of this paper are available via the supplemental material section.

XI. Novel mouse models to study pathogenic mechanisms of Crohn's disease

2000 ◽  
Vol 278 (5) ◽  
pp. G665-G669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theresa T. Pizarro ◽  
Kristen O. Arseneau ◽  
Fabio Cominelli
Keyword(s):  
Crohn’S Disease ◽  
Crohn's Disease ◽  
Mouse Models ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Inflammatory Disorder ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Disorder ◽  
Therapeutic Modalities ◽  
Genetically Manipulated ◽  
Chronic Intestinal Inflammation

Crohn's Disease (CD) affects more than 500,000 individuals in the United States and represents the second most common chronic inflammatory disorder after rheumatoid arthritis. Although major advances have been made in defining the basic mechanisms underlying chronic intestinal inflammation, the precise etiopathogenesis of CD remains unknown. We have recently characterized two novel mouse models of enteritis that express a CD-like phenotype, namely the TNF ΔARE model of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) overexpression and the SAMP1/Yit model of spontaneous ileitis. The unique feature of these models is that they closely resemble CD for location and histopathology. These genetically manipulated new models of intestinal inflammation offer a powerful tool to investigate potential causes of human disease and may allow the development of novel disease-modifying therapeutic modalities for the treatment of CD.

Abstract 1031: First Human Experiments: Aggressive Statin Therapy Reduced Key Inflammatory Factors including c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and Dendritic Cell and Matrix Metalloproteinase Expression in Human Abdominal Aortic Aneurysmal Wall

Circulation ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 116 (suppl_16) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kan Kajimoto ◽  
Katsumi Miyauchi ◽  
Kazunori Shimada ◽  
Takatoshi Kasai ◽  
Yuko Kojima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Matrix Metalloproteinase ◽  
Vascular Inflammation ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Aortic Aneurysms ◽  
Inflammatory Factors ◽  
Inflammatory Disorder ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Disorder ◽  
Atorvastatin Group ◽  
Aneurysm Wall ◽  
Abdominal Aortic

Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) accumulate feature of a chronic inflammatory disorder and irreversible destruction connective tissue. Recent experimental study demonstrated that c-Jun N terminal kinase (JNK) was a proximal signaling molecule in the pathogenesis of AAA and vascular dendritic cells (DC) were the key molecular in inflammatory reaction and the degradation of the extracellular matrix. Statins can inhibit cell proliferation and vascular inflammation, which might contribute to prevent AAA progrssion. But supporting clinical data from human studies are lacking. We hypothesized that atorvastatin might inhibit JNK and DC, resulting in suppression of inflammatory cells and matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) in human tissue of AAA. Methods : Patients with AAA were randomized to the atorvastatin (20 mg/day, 10 patients) group or control (10 patients) group. After treatment of 4 weeks, patients underwent abdominal aorta replacement, tissue specimens were obtained, and the tissue composition was assessed with special stains and immunocytochemistry with quantitative image analysis. Results :Atorvastatin significantly reduced JNK and DC expression (46% and 72%) compared to control. T cells, macrophages (60%, 72%, P< 0.05), and MMP-2 and MMP-9 immunoreactivity (47%, 43%, P< 0.05) were also suppressed in atorvastatin group. However, tissue expression of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) immunoreactivity and a collagen content by sirius red staining were similar in both groups. In atorvastatin group, serum LDL-C level was significantly decreased by 40%. Conclusion: Atorvastatin treatment reduced the JNK expression and DE, resulting in inflammatory cells content and the expression of MMPs in human abdominal aortic aneurysm wall.

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