The vocabulary of Buddhist Sanskrit: Problems and perspectives

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
O.Von Hinüber
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Linguistic Diversity ◽  
Obvious Reason ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Vast Area

This chapter analyses the problems associated with Buddhist Sanskrit vocabulary. The obvious reason for these problems is the well-known linguistic diversity that prevailed in the vast area of India in ancient times as it does today. The first to experience them were most likely the early Buddhist monks, when they propagated their faith and tried to make themselves understood beyond Magadha, the original home of Buddhism, and then in the course of time even beyond India. These problems were gradually exported from India, as Buddhists in Central Asia and finally in China started to struggle with strange Sanskrit — or even worse Gāndhārī — words in their attempt to translate new and alien concepts into Chinese and other languages.

scholarly journals Coals Mines, Repository of Linguistic Diversity

Al-Burz ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-18
Author(s):  
Muhammad Asif ◽  
Naima Saeed ◽  
Alam Tareen ◽  
Muhammad Ishaq ◽  
. Ameer Ali Abro
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Coal Mining ◽  
Linguistic Diversity ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Daily Routine ◽  
Language And Culture ◽  
Natural Minerals ◽  
Neighbor Country ◽  
Scattered Population ◽  
Vast Area

Balochistan is the largest province of Pakistan in terms of area , and it has long history behind it , the province is mostly mountainous the 70% of Baluchistan’s land is consist of mountains but the province is also rich in agriculture and livestock, the population is less as compare to its area or land and it has scattered population, it also has the world’s oldest civilization such as MHER Gard civilization historic and prehistoric evidences prove this statement, the land of Balochistan has seen several kind of invaders in the history, it is gate way to central Asia, the province is rich in archeological sites, the province is well famous regarding its fruits and natural minerals, 39 type of minerals has been exploited in province till 2008, this paper discuss the multiculturalism and bilingualism in especial context of Balochistan, as discussed Balochistan is bucket of several cultures and languages, it is very much rich in the context of culture, the vast area of Balochistan has huge and rich cultures inside it, the Pashtoon and Baloch are the two big nations who have been living on this land for centuries, and both nations have their rich culture in their daily life and both are very much cultural in their daily routine. The natural minerals have been mining before partition, the workers from all over the country are found on this land even large number of workers also come from the neighbor country Afghanistan, coal mining is carried out in six districts of Balochistan where workers have been mining , there major number of workers can be found from KPK province and also there is enough number of workers who belong to Hazara tribe who speak Hazargi language and they have their own language and culture, in Mach coal fields the several languages and cultures are found.

scholarly journals Genetic and linguistic histories in Central Asia inferred using approximate Bayesian computations

2017 ◽  
Vol 284 (1861) ◽  
pp. 20170706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentin Thouzeau ◽  
Philippe Mennecier ◽  
Paul Verdu ◽  
Frédéric Austerlitz
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Linguistic Diversity ◽  
Past History ◽  
Genetic Data ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Language Diversity ◽  
Methodological Framework ◽  
The Past ◽  
Approximate Bayesian ◽  
Future Work

Linguistic and genetic data have been widely compared, but the histories underlying these descriptions are rarely jointly inferred. We developed a unique methodological framework for analysing jointly language diversity and genetic polymorphism data, to infer the past history of separation, exchange and admixture events among human populations. This method relies on approximate Bayesian computations that enable the identification of the most probable historical scenario underlying each type of data, and to infer the parameters of these scenarios. For this purpose, we developed a new computer program PopLingSim that simulates the evolution of linguistic diversity, which we coupled with an existing coalescent-based genetic simulation program, to simulate both linguistic and genetic data within a set of populations. Applying this new program to a wide linguistic and genetic dataset of Central Asia, we found several differences between linguistic and genetic histories. In particular, we showed how genetic and linguistic exchanges differed in the past in this area: some cultural exchanges were maintained without genetic exchanges. The methodological framework and the linguistic simulation tool developed here can be used in future work for disentangling complex linguistic and genetic evolutions underlying human biological and cultural histories.

scholarly journals Some Information About The History Of The Formation Of Historical-Geographical Views About Central Asia In Europe

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (9) ◽  
pp. 250-253
Author(s):  
A.A.Erkuziev
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
The Political ◽  
Cultural Relations ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Political Economic

Central Asia has played an important role in the political, economic and cultural relations of different nations and countries since ancient times as one of the centers of the world civilization. The Great Silk Road, which passed through this region, brought together the countries on the trade routes, the peoples living in them, and served to spread information about their traditions, lifestyles, location, historical events. These data, in turn, brought different peoples closer and served as the basis for the establishment of mutual economic and cultural relationships between them. One of the important scientific issues here is the study of the spread of information about the Central Asian region, where most of the Great Silk Road passed, to Western Europe through other countries.

Genetic and linguistic diversity in Central Asia

2009 ◽  
pp. 163-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evelyne Heyer ◽  
Philippe Mennecier
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Linguistic Diversity

Recent Research in Central Asia

1985 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 789-795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip L. Kohl
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
Internal Drainage ◽  
Iranian Plateau ◽  
Unit Of Analysis ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
The North ◽  
Hindu Kush ◽  
Logical Unit ◽  
Vast Area

This article summarizes recent prehistoric research in western Central Asia (Western Turkestan) or the area of internal drainage towards the Caspian and Aral Seas, stretching from the Pamir massif and Fergana valley in the east to the Caspian in the west, and from the Aral in the north to the Hindu Kush watershed in Afghanistan and the eastern extension of the Alborz chain and the Iranian plateau in the south (Figure 1). This vast area contains distinct ecological zones ranging from high intermontane valleys to piedmont and alluvial plains, yet despite this diversity and its inevitable consequences for cultural development, certain shared features unite the area into a logical unit of analysis. Western Turkestan is a land of interior drainage with access to no seas other than the landlocked Caspian and Aral basins.

Processes of Ethnic Interaction and Integration in Ethiopian History: the Case of the Agaw

1988 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taddesse Tamrat
Keyword(s):  
Linguistic Diversity ◽  
Northern Ethiopia ◽  
General Picture ◽  
The People ◽  
State And Society ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Ethiopian Region ◽  
Written Materials ◽  
North Western

The earliest documents available on the Ethiopian region, in the form of Greek and Ge'ez inscriptions, give a general picture of considerable ethnic and linguistic diversity in a relatively small area of northern Ethiopia. One of the ethnic groups referred to then and subsequently, with remarkable continuity from pre-Aksumite times until the present day, is the Agaw. Different sections of the Agaw seem to have constituted an important part of the population occupying the highland interior of northern Ethiopia from ancient times. In the early days of the gradual formation and consolidation of the Aksumite state, they seem at first to have been peripheral to the process, which was clearly dominated by the Semitic-speaking inhabitants of the area. Later, however, they assumed an increasing importance, so much so that they eventually took over political leadership, establishing the great Zagwe dynasty. The dynasty lasted for about two hundred years, and transmitted the institutions as well as the cultural and historical traditions of Aksum, almost intact, to later generations.The exact processes of this development cannot be reconstructed for those early days. Instead, this article is a preliminary attempt to understand the integration of the Agaw into the state and society of the Ethiopian empire over hundreds, even thousands of years, by considering a relatively recent period in the history of the Agaw in the northern and north-western parts of Gojjam. The considerable sense of history which the people of this area possess, going back to the time of its conquest and conversion in the seventeenth century, together with the existence of written materials for the period, provide an opportunity to study a particular example of the entry of the Agaw into the civilization of Christian Ethiopia which may throw light upon the more distant past of their ancestors.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM IN CENTRAL ASIA (ON THE EXAMPLE OF UZBEKISTAN AND KAZAKHSTAN)

2020 ◽  
pp. 242-245
Author(s):  
Atadjanova Sayyora Melisovna
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
World Tourism Organization ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Asian People ◽  
Tourism Organization ◽  
New Industry

The article reveals the relevance of cooperation of Central Asia in the field of tourism during the years of independence, using the example of the Uzbek and Kazakh peoples. The rich historical, cultural and spiritual heritage of the Central Asian people, which has accumulated from ancient times to the present day. An interchange that can be traced back to the ancient Great Silk Road, which contributed to the enrichment of nationalities’ cultures, the establishment of diplomatic relations between states, the establishment and development of trade relations and the spiritual enrichment of peoples. And nowadays the invaluable heritage of the Central Asian peoples contributes to the establishment and development of a new industry - tourism in the period of independence, as historical, sanitary, sports, gastronomic as well. KEY WORDS: Tourism, culture, cooperation, World Tourism Organization, Tourism Fair Agreement.

scholarly journals IN THE WAKE OF PUGACHEV’S REBELLION: EXPERIENCE IN ORAL HISTORY

2016 ◽  
pp. 49-57
Author(s):  
N. V. Shevtsov
Keyword(s):  
Oral History ◽  
Russian Literature ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Historical Science ◽  
The Urals ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Vast Area

Grand uprising led by Pugachev seized a vast area from the middle reaches of the Volga, the Urals and the Kazakh steppes. Thousands of people from different classes and nationalities joined rebellious Ural Cossacks in 1773. From the beginning, the uprising was of antimonarchic, not noble character, although its leader, and posed as a resurrected Emperor Peter III. During two years since 1773 the rebels were holding at bay the entire Russian Empire, becoming a real threat to the power of Catherine II. Pugachev's Rebellion is a subject of numerous works of Russian historians, writers, articles, research journalists and ethnographers. But perhaps the most famous "History of Pugachev" is written by a classic of Russian literature Alexander Pushkin. His work became one of the first (if not the first) serious historical studies on Pugachev's Rebellion. The historical science of XIX century, especially its first half, doesn't know many writings on the uprising. The fact that historians did not dare to write about Pugachev and the events that took place in 1773-1775 years, as Catherine II prohibited even mention the uprising. The decree of the senate ordered even rename the place, where the described events took place, for example, the Yaik river and Yaitsk town in order "to bring all that has happened to eternal oblivion." The famous historian S.M. Solovyov did not have advance to write about Pugachev. Death interrupted his work when his 29 volume ws in process, which he planned to complete with the execution of the leader of the uprising. Russian historian V.O. Klyuchevskii did not write many pages devoted to Pugachev as well. The author of this article visited the places, where the events took place, and repeated the journey of A.S. Pushkin, who visited the region in 60years after Pugachev's Rebellion. By talking with the locals, visiting ancient towns and villages, I sought to find out what has now preserved since ancient times, whether it is possible today to see evidence of the uprising or the famous trip of A.S. Pushkin.

scholarly journals RUSSIAN CONQUEST OF CENTRAL ASIA: A CASE STUDY OF KHIVA

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 255-262
Author(s):  
Altaf Ullah ◽  
Akhtar Rasool Bodla
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Continuous Process ◽  
Economic Factor ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Imperial Power ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Vast Area

Mankind is witnessed to the fact that imperialism has been exhibiting in human history in many forms since long. Subjugation was the earliest form of it where in an empire overpowered an alien society, exploited its land, raw material and subjected it to the service of the superior authority. A similar formula of exploiting the land and people of Central Asia has been assumed by the Russian Imperial power during the nineteenth century. The imperial move of Russia towards this region was considered as the ultimate consequence of a continuous process of expansion of the Russian Empire. This expansionist drive of Russia into the region has been attributed to several factors such as political, military, strategic and above all the economic factor is believed to be the dominant one. The conquest provided the Russian Tsars a golden opportunity to hold their control over a vast area of striking geographic and human diversity. The motives behind this conquest were multidimensional, interrelated and complex. During this process of expansion, the state of Khiva was the first priority of the Russian Empire while materializing their future programme and policies. Though the Empire had already attempted to occupy the state, yet it could not get success prior to 1873. The importance of Khiva cannot be ignored while dealing with the question of Russian conquest of Central Asia in general and Khiva in particular.

scholarly journals FORMATION OF GEOGRAPHY AS A SCIENCE IN UZBEKISTAN IN THE XX CENTURY

2020 ◽  
pp. 202-203
Author(s):  
Tolibov Nurbek
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Important Research ◽  
Great Contribution ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The Creation

From ancient times the scientists of Central Asia have made a great contribution to the development of geography. In the twentieth century, Uzbekistan experienced its own stage of development. This article analyzes the most important research conducted in the twentieth century for the development of geography in Uzbekistan, the work on the creation of geographical atlases and maps, as well as geographical dictionaries in the country.

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