Conclusion

Author(s):  
Katharine Hodgson

This chapter presents some concluding thoughts. Part of the purpose of this study has been to recover a sense of the range and scope of the work of just one of the writers generally thought to be part of the world of official Soviet literature. Berggol′ts is known first of all for her wartime poetry; that work deserves to be placed firmly in the context of her writing before and after the war. Its importance should not be denied, but it should not be seen as a sudden, unprecedented outburst of creativity. In its exploration of Berggol′ts's writing, this study has shown that life and art became tightly entangled in her poetry and prose; the poet's own conviction that the two should be intimately connected is demonstrated by her texts. Yet it would be wrong to lose sight of the fact that we have been dealing with literary texts which must be viewed in relation to other literary texts. While much of what Berggol′ts wrote displays its connection with events in her life and in the life of her society, her writing also reveals its awareness of how others wrote. Russian literary tradition and the poetry of her contemporaries helped to form Berggol′ts's work.

2021 ◽  
pp. 126-135
Author(s):  
А.А. ЗИМА

Рубеж XIX–XX вв. выявляет интереснейшие особенности культурных векторов, показывает пути синтеза и интеграции различных направлений и видов искусств, стилей, философских базисов мировоззренческих систем. Творчество одного из самых ярких осетинских писателей Батырбека Туганова развивалось в русле реалистической системы, заложенной русской литературной традицией XIX в. При этом его художественное мышление выстраивается под сильнейшим влиянием особенностей национальной осетинской культуры. В целом культура реализма XIX в. стремится к демифологизации. Но Туганов живет и творит на рубеже столетий, когда, наоборот, возрождается интерес к мифу, символу, древним шифрам искусства. В произведениях Батырбека Туганова можно выделить ряд мифопоэтических конструктов, рожденных в недрах архаической культуры осетин и обладающих сакральной образностью. Картина мира этого писателя сложна, многоуровнева, удивительно органична и емка в своей архитектонике реалистического сюжета и мифопоэтической вневременной сути образов и событий. Особенность почерка Туганова в том, что он всегда выписывает образы очень цельно, выпукло, фактурно. Автор доводит портреты персонажей и сюжетные линии до масштаба мифологической цельности восприятия. Такому принципу работы над литературным текстом могло способствовать дарование Б. Туганова-художника, навыки скульптора, живописца и рисовальщика, реализованный внутренний творческий механизм визуализации вербального образа. При чтении произведений Туганова психология человека, далекого от эпохи архаики, монтируется с синкретическим базисом нашего подсознания. Реализм Туганова становится генетическим продолжением глубокого и древнего мифологизма осетинской культуры, усиливает свои позиции и выходит на новый образно-семантический уровень. При том, что в произведениях Батырбека Туганова «Ханифа» и «Пастух Баде» анализируется целый ряд особенностей мифологического текста, Туганов остается реалистом. Его реализм в том, что писатель выявляет сбой в системе координат традиционного миропорядка, нарушение мифологической гармонии человека и мира. Неореалистический метод как будто «взламывает» древние коды установленного миропорядка, заставляя нас еще острее воспринимать мифологемы нашей культуры. The frontier of the XIX-XX centuries reveals the most interesting features of cultural vectors, shows the ways of synthesis and integration of various areas and types of arts, styles, philosophical bases of worldview systems. The work of one of the brightest Ossetian writers Batyrbek Tuganov developed in line with the realistic system laid down by the Russian literary tradition of the 19th century. At the same time, his artistic thinking is built under the strongest influence of the features of national Ossetian culture. The culture of realism of the XIX century strive for demythologization. But Tuganov lives and works at the turn of centuries, when, on the contrary, interest in myth, symbol, ancient ciphers of art is revived. In the works of Batyrbek Tuganov, a number of mythopoietic constructs born in the bowels of the archaic Ossetian culture and having sacred imagery can be distinguished. The picture of the world of this writer is complex, multilevel and surprisingly organic and capacious in its architectonics of a realistic plot and mythopoietic timeless essence of images and events. The peculiarity of Tuganov’s handwriting is that he always writes out images very whole, convex, factual. The author brings portraits of characters and storylines to the scale of mythological integrity of perception. This principle of work on a literary text could be facilitated by the talent of B. Tuganov-artist, the skills of the sculptor, painter and draftsman, and the implemented internal creative mechanism for visualizing the verbal image. When reading the works of Tuganov, the psychology of a person far from the period of archaic is mounted with the syncretic basis of our subconscious. Tuganov’s realism becomes a genetic continuation of the deep and ancient mythologism of Ossetian culture, strengthens its position and reaches a new figurative-semantic level. Despite the fact that the works of Batyrbek Tuganov “Hanifa” and “Shepherd Bade” analyze a number of features of the mythological text, Tuganov remains a realist. His realism is that the writer reveals a failure in the coordinate system of the traditional world order, a violation of the mythological harmony of man and the world. The neorealist method seems to “crack” the ancient codes of the established world order, forcing us to even sharper perceive the mythologies of our culture.


Neophilology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 51-61
Author(s):  
Marina M. Glazkova ◽  
Yana V. Ikonnikova

The review of literature on the problem of “Dialogue of cultures in A. Gide’s works” establish extensive contact and typological convergence, a rollcall of images and ideas, reveal new interpretation of the story. All this became the basis of intertextual analysis, which allows us to understand more deeply the intention of the artists of the word, especially F.M. Dostoevsky, with whom A. Gide enters into a virtual dialogue. The work purpose is to address the ethical and philo-sophical ideas of F. Nietzsche and F.M. Dostoevsky in the context of A. Gide’s works, which turns out to be the most important moment and the basis for understanding the essence of the work of prominent French writer. The system of analysis includes a peculiar dialogue between F. Nietzsche, A. Gide and F.M. Dostoevsky – artists belonging to different nationalities and cul-tures, who did not coincide in time, did not know each other personally, which turned out to be evidence of their inextricable cultural connection. We determine the study degree and A. Gide’s artistic world originality on the basis of the rich factual material contained in the studies of the creative heritage of the French writer, which allows us to trace the evolution of A. Gide’s work from the beginning of the 20th to the beginning of the 21st century, to determine the literary signi-ficance of the problems posed in his work. The methodology of the work includes an overview of what has already been done in French and Russian literary studies on this issue in the context of the embodiment of national ideas in their work, which is the novelty and relevance of this study. Conclusions: for A. Gide, an appeal to F.M. Dostoevsky was immersed in his literary texts in order to understand the Russian mentality in comparison with the Western European system of values. The French writer emphasized that in the Russian environment, depicted by F.M. Dostoevsky, love prevails, which is “inclusive”, so the writer called it “world responsiveness”. People go to such love through compassion, sacrifice, meekness and deep faith in the Savior and the Mother of God. Realizing their messianic role in the world, the Russian people, represented by F.M. Dostoevsky, according to A. Gide, in the future will renew the Catholic Church, which dis-torted Christianity and brought strife in the world community. The dialogical perspective requires a deeper study, because French, German and Russian writers-thinkers turn their gaze not only to the interpretative part, not only to the interpretation, interpretation of the works of F.M. Dos-toevsky, but also scattered in the works of A. Gide rolls with his thoughts, disputes with his heroes, allusions to his plots, to playing out individual episodes, which did not find a detailed study and justification in this interesting virtual dialogue.


2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Putri Megasari

Hepatitis has become a health problem in the world. The hepatitis virus infected many people. According to the teacher of MTsN 02 Bondowoso more than 20 students have hepatitis A viral infection. The purpose of this research was to know the differences of students' knowledge about hepatitis A before and after counseling in MTsN 02 Bondowoso 2015. This study used pre-experimental (pre-post test design). This study used stratified random sampling technique, 127 students from 270 sample involved this research,and 143 students was excluded. We used questionnaires to collect data. The results showed that the mean value of the students 'knowledge about hepatitis A before counseling in MTsN 02 Bondowoso 2015 was 83.96 with the lowest value of 37.5 and the highest value was 100. The mean value of the students' knowledge about hepatitis A after counseling in MTsN 02 Bondowoso 2015 was 93.21 with the lowest value waf 62.5 and the highest value was 100. Paired t test showed that t (-9.07) > t table (1.98), the null hypothesis (H0) was rejected. There was a difference between students' knowledge about hepatitis A before and after counseling in MTsN 02 Bondowoso 2015. This study showed that routine counseling by healthcare provider was important to prevent hepatitis A infection.; Keywords: counseling, knowledge of students, hepatitis


2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-245
Author(s):  
Cahit Kahraman ◽  
İlhan Güneş ◽  
Nanae Kahraman

1989 göçü öncesi, dünyada eşzamanlı olarak gittikçe gelişen ve zenginleşen mutfak kültürü, Bulgaristan Türklerini de etkilemiştir. Pazardaki çeşitlilik arttıkça, yemek alışkanlıkları da değişime uğramıştır. Büyük göçten sadece 30-40 sene evvel kısıtlı imkânlar ile sınırlı sayıda yemek çeşidi üretilirken, alım gücünün artmasıyla yemek kültüründe de hızlı gelişmeler olmuştur. Artan ürün çeşitliliği yemeklere de yansımış, farklı lezzetler mutfaklara girmiştir. Göçmen yemekleri denilince hamur işleri, börek ve pideler akla gelir. Ayrıca, göçmenlerin çok zengin turşu, komposto ve konserve kültürüne sahip oldukları da bilinir. Bu çalışma, 1989 öncesi Bulgaristan’ın farklı bölgelerinde yaşayan Türklerin yemek alışkanlıklarına ışık tutmakla birlikte, göç sonrasında göçmen mutfak kültüründe bir değişiklik oluşup oluşmadığını konu almaktadır. Bu amaçla, 1989 yılında Türkiye’ye göç etmiş 50 kişiye 8 sorudan oluşan anket düzenlenmiştir. Bu verilerden yola çıkarak oluşan bulgular derlenmiş ve yeni tespitler yapılmıştır. Ayrıca, Türkiye’nin farklı bölgelerine yerleşen göçmenler, kendi göçmen pazarlarını kurmuşlardır. Bulgaristan’dan getirilen ürünlerin bu pazarlarda satılması böyle bir arz talebin hala devam ettiğine işaret etmektedir.ABSTRACT IN ENGLISHThe Diversity in Cuisine Culture of the Immigrants from Bulgaria After 1989 MigrationThe Cuisine culture that has been developing and getting rich day by day contemporaneously in the world before 1989 migration has also had an impact on Bulgarian Turks. By the increase in diversity in the market, eating habits have changed. While producing a limited number of food types with limited opportunities just some 30 or 40 years before the ‘Big Migration’, there has been a rapid progress in food culture by the help of the increase in purchase power. Enhancing product range has been reflected in food, and different tastes have entered the cuisines. When we say immigrant, the first things that come to our mind are pastry, flan and pitta bread. Moreover, it is also known that immigrants have a very rich cuisine culture of pickle, stewed fruit, and canned food. This study aims both to disclose the eating habits of Turks living in different regions of Bulgaria before 1989 and to determine whether there has been a difference in immigrant cuisine culture before and after the migration. For this purpose, a questionnaire consisting of 8 questions has been administered to 50 people who migrated to Turkey in 1989. The results gathered from these data have been compiled and new determinations have been made. In addition, immigrants that settled in different regions of Turkey have set their own immigrant markets. The fact that the products brought from Bulgaria are being sold in these markets shows that this kind of supply and demand still continues.


2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-252
Author(s):  
Deborah Solomon

This essay draws attention to the surprising lack of scholarship on the staging of garden scenes in Shakespeare's oeuvre. In particular, it explores how garden scenes promote collaborative acts of audience agency and present new renditions of the familiar early modern contrast between the public and the private. Too often the mention of Shakespeare's gardens calls to mind literal rather than literary interpretations: the work of garden enthusiasts like Henry Ellacombe, Eleanour Sinclair Rohde, and Caroline Spurgeon, who present their copious gatherings of plant and flower references as proof that Shakespeare was a garden lover, or the many “Shakespeare Gardens” around the world, bringing to life such lists of plant references. This essay instead seeks to locate Shakespeare's garden imagery within a literary tradition more complex than these literalizations of Shakespeare's “flowers” would suggest. To stage a garden during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries signified much more than a personal affinity for the green world; it served as a way of engaging time-honored literary comparisons between poetic forms, methods of audience interaction, and types of media. Through its metaphoric evocation of the commonplace tradition, in which flowers double as textual cuttings to be picked, revised, judged, and displayed, the staged garden offered a way to dramatize the tensions produced by creative practices involving collaborative composition and audience agency.


CounterText ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-113
Author(s):  
Shaobo Xie

The paper celebrates the publication of Ranjan Ghosh and J. Hillis Miller's Thinking Literature across Continents as a significant event in the age of neoliberalism. It argues that, in spite of the different premises and the resulting interpretative procedures respectively championed by the two co-authors, both of them anchor their readings of literary texts in a concept of literature that is diametrically opposed to neoliberal rationality, and both impassionedly safeguard human values and experiences that resist the technologisation and marketisation of the humanities and aesthetic education. While Ghosh's readings of literature offer lightning flashes of thought from the outside of the Western tradition, signalling a new culture of reading as well as a new manner of appreciation of the other, Miller dedicatedly speaks and thinks against the hegemony of neoliberal reason, opening our eyes to the kind of change our teaching or reading of literature can trigger in the world, and the role aesthetic education should and can play at a time when the humanities are considered ‘a lost cause’.


CounterText ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simona Sawhney

Engaging some of the questions opened by Ranjan Ghosh's and J. Hillis Miller's book Thinking Literature Across Continents (2016), this essay begins by returning to Aijaz Ahmad's earlier invocation of World Literature as a project that, like the proletariat itself, must stand in an antithetical relation to the capitalism that produced it. It asks: is there an essential link between a certain idea of literature and a figure of the world? If we try to broach this link through Derrida's enigmatic and repeated reflections on the secret – a secret ‘shared’ by both literature and democracy – how would we grasp Derrida's insistence on the ‘Latinity’ of literature? The groundlessness of reading that we confront most vividly in our encounter with fictional texts is both intensified, and in a way, clarified, by new readings and questions posed by the emergence of new reading publics. The essay contends that rather than being taught as representatives of national literatures, literary texts in ‘World Literature’ courses should be read as sites where serious historical and political debates are staged – debates which, while being local, are the bearers of universal significance. Such readings can only take place if World Literature strengthens its connections with the disciplines Miller calls, in the book, Social Studies. Paying particular attention to the Hindi writer Premchand's last story ‘Kafan’, and a brief section from the Sanskrit text the Natyashastra, it argues that struggles over representation, over the staging of minoritised figures, are integral to fiction and precede the thinking of modern democracy.


2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 40
Author(s):  
Elvira Lumi ◽  
Lediona Lumi

"Utterance universalism" as a phrase is unclear, but it is enough to include the term "prophetism". As a metaphysical concept, it refers to a text written with inspiration which confirms visions of a "divine inspiration", "poetic" - "legal", that contains trace, revelation or interpretation of the origin of the creation of the world and life on earth but it warns and prospects their future in the form of a projection, literary paradigm, religious doctrine and law. Prophetic texts reformulate "toll-telling" with messages, ideas, which put forth (lat. "Utters Forth" gr. "Forthteller") hidden facts from fiction and imagination. Prometheus, gr. Prometheus (/ prəmiθprə-mee-mo means "forethought") is a Titan in Greek mythology, best known as the deity in Greek mythology who was the creator of humanity and charity of its largest, who stole fire from the mount Olympus and gave it to the mankind. Prophetic texts derive from a range of artifacts and prophetic elements, as the creative magic or the miracle of literary texts, symbolism, musicality, rhythm, images, poetic rhetoric, valence of meaning of the text, code of poetic diction that refers to either a singer in a trance or a person inspired in delirium, who believes he is sent by his God with a message to tell about events and figures that have existed, or the imaginary ancient and modern world. Text Prophetism is a combination of artifacts and platonic idealism. Key words: text Prophetism, holy text, poetic text, law text, vision, image, figure


2010 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben W. Dhooge

AbstractAnglo-American and Russian stylistics influenced each other substantially in the 1960s and 1970s. From the 1980s on, however, this fruitful mutual influence came to an end. The two schools started to grow apart, but despite that, they would develop almost parallel to each other, displaying many theoretical and methodological similarities. The present paper illustrates this by highlighting one such specificity – the idea of the possible reflection of one's conceptualization of the world in the use of literary language, and the possibility of reconstructing that conceptualization by means of a stylistic analysis (‘mind style’–‘kartina mira’). By comparing the Anglo-American and Russian theories on the topic, it is shown that the separately evolved conceptions are similar and even complement each other: the differences between them clarify and help solve possible theoretical and methodological gaps. Moreover, the juxtaposition of both conceptions allows us to perfect the notion of ‘mind style’ and its practical applications. A similar approach to other conceptions and tendencies in current seemingly mutually independent Anglo-American and Russian stylistics have the same potential, and may lead to a new convergence between the two schools.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-37
Author(s):  
Ali Altaf Mian

Abstract This article contributes to scholarship on Muslim humanities, Islam in modern South Asia, and the Urdu literary tradition in colonial India. It does so by contextualizing and closely reading Ashraf ʿAlī Thānavī’s (1863–1943) commentary on the Dīvān of the fourteenth-century Persian poet Ḥāfiz̤. Unlike his modernist contemporaries, Ashraf ʿAlī does not read Ḥāfiz̤ through the prisms of social reform or anti-colonial nationalist struggle. Rather, in his capacity as a Sufi master, he approaches Ḥāfiz̤’s Dīvān as a mystical text in order to generate insights through which he counsels his disciples. He uses the commentary genre to explore Sufi themes such as consolation, contraction, annihilation, subsistence, and the master-disciple relational dynamic. His engagement with Ḥāfiz̤’s ġhazals enables him to elaborate a practical mystical theology and to eroticize normative devotional rituals. Yet the affirmation of an analogical correspondence between sensual and divine love on the part of Ashraf ʿAlī also implies the survival of Ḥāfiz̤’s emphases on the disposability of the world and intoxicated longing for the beloved despite the demands of colonial modernity.


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