scholarly journals The Origin of the Article in Indo-European Languages of Western Europe

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Andreevna Makarova ◽  
Vladimir Nikolaevich Polyakov
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
European Languages

scholarly journals BABA, ŻABA I KROWA, CZYLI ROZWAŻANIA O TYM, JAK DAWNE SĄ LUDOWE WIERZENIA O ŻABIE WYSYSAJĄCEJ MLEKO KROWIE

2020 ◽  
pp. 135-153
Author(s):  
KRZYSZTOF TOMASZ WITCZAK
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Clear Indication ◽  
Common Toad ◽  
Venomous Snake ◽  
Folk Tales ◽  
Folk Beliefs ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Milk Cows ◽  
Grass Snake

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the archaic status of the Polish folk beliefs about certain amphibians (frogs, toads) and reptiles (snakes, lizards, salamanders) believed to have sucked milk from cows. Some Polish peasants were even convinced that milk cows loved suckers (esp. snakes, frogs) more than their calves. There are many folk tales where a witch or a mythical creature assumes the form of a armful animal to suck cow’s milk. The author demonstrates that the oldest part of these beliefs can be traced to the Proto-Indo-European cultural heritage. In fact, some Indo-European languages have preserved a clear indication of animal cow-suckers in their vocabulary, e.g. Ukr. молокосúс m. ‘lizard, salamander’ (literally ‘milk-sucker’); Lith. žaltỹs, žalktỹs m. ‘a not-venomous snake, esp. the grass snake, the slow worm’, Latv. zalktis, zaltis m. ‘snake’, Latg. zalkts m. ‘the grass snake’ (< PIE. *ĝolh2ktii̯os adj. ‘delighting in milk’ < PIE. *ĝl̥h2kt- n. ‘milk’); OInd. gōdhā́- f. ‘a big lizard’ (< PIE. *gu̯h3eu̯-dheh1- f. ‘a cow-sucker’, cf. PIE. *gu̯h3eu̯s f. ‘cow’ and *dheh1- ‘to suck’); Lat. būfō m. ‘a toad’ (< PIE. *gu̯h3eu̯-dhh1-ōn- m. ‘a cowsucker’); Alb. thithëlopë, also blloçkëlopë f. ‘common toad’ (literally ‘sucking/ chewing cows’); Hitt. akuu̯akuu̯aš c. ‘a toad’ (literally ‘sucking cows’, cf. Hitt. aku- ‘to drink’). It is assumed that the Indo-European beliefs were associated with breeding of cattle and were an attempt at a rational (or not) explanation of the alleged cause of poor lactation or cows’ milk loss. It is likely that the ailing animal was perceived as possessed by a demonic character, although the association of an animal with a witch or a devil was made relatively late and probably under the influence of beliefs from Western Europe.

scholarly journals The framing of the Jewish pogroms upon the Ukrainian terrains via a prism of the Ukrainian foreign-language press in Europe (1919―1920s)

2019 ◽  
pp. 87-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serhiy Blavatskyy
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Jewish Question ◽  
Attribution Of Responsibility ◽  
The West ◽  
European Languages ◽  
The Usa ◽  
First Time ◽  
West European

It has been attempted to make an empirical study of the framing of the Jewish pogroms upon the Ukrainian terrains in 1919 in the Ukrainian press in the West European languages in Europe (1919―1920s). For the first time, in the communication and media studies discourses, there have been elicited new, previously unknown, findings of specificity of the framing of the Jewish pogroms in the Ukrainian foreignlanguage periodicals. Those were: «Bulletiner fra det Ukrainske Pressburo» (Copenhagen, 1919—1920s), «La Voce dell “Ucraina”» (Roma, 1919—1920s), «The Ukraine» (London, 1919—1920s), «Bureau Ukrai nien de Presse: Bulletin d’Informations» (Paris, 1919—1920s), «France et Ukraine» (Paris, 1920), «L’Europe Orientale» (Paris, 1919—1920s), «Die Ukraine» (Berlin, 1918—1926s). First, it has been elucidated that the «attribution of responsibility» frame was dominant in the content of the Ukrainian foreign-language press in Western Europe. Second, the conclusion about dialectic of the frames of «attribution of responsibility» and «morality» in the coverage of the Jewish pogroms upon the Ukrainian terrains has been made. In this regard, we conclude that the «morality» frame was connected with the internationalization of this problematic in the geopolitical discourse of international relations of the postwar period. On the contrary, the frame of «attribution of responsibility» was linked to localization of the Jewish question in the multilateral conflict on the Ukrainian territories in 1919. The main conclusion of this paper is that the coverage of the Jewish pogroms in the Ukrainian foreign-language press in Europe was made primarily in counterpropaganda purposes. The follow-up studies are to make a comparative study of the stereotypes about Jews’ perception in the Ukrainian-language press both in Ukraine and abroad (in Europe or the USA), as well as in the West European and American press of the Ukrainian Revolution period (1917―1921s). Thus, these future studies will either refute or confirm the validity of the findings and conclusions of this research. Keywords: framing, the Jewish pogroms, the Ukrainian terrains, the foreign-language press, Europe.

Peace and palaver: international relations in pre-colonial West Africa

1973 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 599-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Smith
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
International Relations ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
West African ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
Facilitated Communication ◽  
European Languages ◽  
European Diplomacy

International relations in pre-colonial West Africa were conducted in accordance with customary law, which exhibited broadly similar characteristics over a wide area. Trade and politics, linking the coast, the forest and the savannah, led to the development of diplomacy in the more centrally-organized states. Inter-African embassies enjoyed a degree of prestige and immunity comparable to that which protected European diplomacy, and a widely accepted protocol regulated negotiations. Treaties were concluded solemnly and sanctions were provided for their observance. Embassies were also sent to Europe and adjacent European possessions and settlements, North Africa and the Near East, and were generally received on a proper footing.The indigenous system of international relations was affected by two major external influences. The first, that of Islam, notably contributed literacy, and led in the Islamized states and in Ashanti to the evolution of chanceries. It also introduced the distinction in international law and practice between Muslims and non-Muslims. The Muslim states exchanged embassies, Bornu, for example, maintaining intermittent relations with North Africa and Istanbul for three centuries. The second influence, that of Western Europe, spread the knowledge of European languages which, like Arabic, facilitated communication between West Africans themselves as well as with outsiders. The development of the resident embassy in sixteenth-century Europe was apparently not reflected in West Africa until the nineteenth century, but approximations to the system of continuous diplomacy did arise, probably independently. Diplomatic relations with both Muslims and Europeans tended to increase the influence in West African politics and society of the literate élite.The indigenous system of international relations in West Africa was flexible and effective, and it seems that it was not so much diplomatic as military incapacity which allowed the Muslims to overthrow governments there and the Europeans to partition the region.

scholarly journals KONZEPT „EUROPA“ AN DER SCHWELLE ZWEIER JAHRTAUSENDE

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (9(77)) ◽  
pp. 51-55
Author(s):  
Nataliia Lysetska
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
High Standard ◽  
Semantic Content ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Temporal Space

The article deals with the analysis of the concept „Europa“ and its interpretation by the speakers of German linguistic culture at the turn of the two millennia. The semantic content of the concept „Europa“ was explored on the basis of Internet sources for identifying dominant and systemic relationships within this concept; the evolutionary process of forming the concept „Europa“ is shown as a fragment of the conceptual picture of the world; the concept „Europa“ of the XX century is discussed on the basis of the book by the ex-Chancellor of Germany G.Schmidt „Die Deutschen und ihre Nachbarn. Menschen und Mächte II“; the functioning of the concept „Europa“ in the modern German-language mass media is analyzed. The analysis of the factual material has revealed that the concept „Europa“ in German-speaking linguistic culture has multiple meanings. The three-dimensional structure of the concept – notional, figurative and evaluative – changes and acquires new meaningful shades over different historical intervals. The evolutionary dynamics of the chosen concept within the defined temporal space are as follows: EUROPA – a spiritual and multinational unity (where Christianity and European languages ​​are decisive), united Europe, common Europe / ein einheitliches Europa, Gesamteuropa, new united Europe / das vereinte neue Europa, split Europe / gespaltetes Europa (notional component); Europe is a kaleidoscope / Europa ist ein Kaleidoskop, Europe is a fortress / Festung Europa, Europe in danger / Europa in Gefahr (figurative component); unity with a democratic state form and a high standard of living with the rule of law (Western Europe) / ein Ganzes mit demokratischer Staatsform und hohem Lebensstandard, in dem Menschenrechte verwirklicht warden (Westeuropa), multinational Europe / multikulturelles Europa, disoriented Europe / desorientiertes Europa (evaluative component). It is proved that the meaning of the concept „Europa“ can be fully revealed only by taking into account and combining a number of factors (historical, geographical, economic, cultural, religious, political, social, etc)., taking into account their evolutionary dynamics in the past and at the present stage of development.

scholarly journals Syntactic change in an immigrant language: from non-finite to finite subordinate clauses in Turkish

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pelin Onar Valk ◽  
Ad Backus
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Reported Speech ◽  
Turkish Immigrants ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
European Languages ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
Speech Structures ◽  
Immigrant Language

While Turkish immigrants in Western Europe orient themselves to the norms of Standard Turkish, their Turkish is constantly being influenced by the European language they also speak. As a result of language contact, slowly but surely, new varieties of Turkish seem to be evolving, exhibiting loss of certain features and/or borrowing of words and structures taken from European languages. In this article, the focus is on Immigrant Turkish in the Netherlands, particularly on how it forms subordinate clauses. We compare data from the Netherlands and Turkey, with the data coming from two sources: spontaneous conversation and a sentence recall task. The main finding that both data sources converge on is that Dutch Turkish speakers clearly prefer to use finite subordinate clauses, especially in reported speech structures, and that this is a clear influence from Dutch. In Turkey, subordination is predominantly non-finite. The findings are interpreted in a usage-based perspective on contact-induced change.

scholarly journals Iceland in the Eighteenth Century: An Island Outpost of Europe?

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Agnarsdóttir
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
European Continent ◽  
European Languages ◽  
The Enlightenment

The aim is to define Iceland&rsquo;s relationship with Europe during the eighteenth century. Though Iceland, an island in the mid-Atlantic, was geographically isolated from the European continent, it was in most respects an integral part of Europe. Iceland was not much different from western Europe except for the notable lack of towns and a European-style nobility. However, there was a clearly &ndash; defined elite and by the end of the eighteenth century urbanisation had become government policy. Iceland was also remote in the sense that the state of knowledge among the Europeans was slight and unreliable. However, in the spirit of the Enlightenment, Danish and French expeditions were sent to Iceland while British scientists began exploring the island with the result that by the early nineteenth century an excellent choice of books was available in the major European languages giving up-to-date accounts of Iceland. On the other hand the Icelanders were growing ever closer to Europe, by the end of the century for instance adopting fashionable European dress. Iceland&rsquo;s history always followed western trends, its history more or less mirroring that of western Europe.

Logic and time

1979 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 566-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P. Burgess
Keyword(s):  
Free Will ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Ordinary Language ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
The Past ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Divine Knowledge ◽  
Excluded Middle ◽  
The Church ◽  
Over Time

‘In Time rigorous abstraction, in Time the highest, in Time divine knowledge, is comprehended’Atharva VedaFollowing McTaggart [17], we may distinguish two aspects of time: The A-series, running through the past to the present and on into the future, and the B-series, running from earlier to later. In Indo-European languages at least, verbs are tensed, so we cannot help but place whatever we speak of in one of the three divisions of the A-series. But these divisions are not permanent: what is present was future and will be past. Hence a typical statement, e.g. ‘Socrates is sitting’, may well be true at one time and false at another. The instability of truth-value over time was a commonplace among pre-Renaissance logicians, but most modern writers have ‘abstracted from’, i.e. ignored, this feature of ordinary language.Early logicians were quite interested in time: Aristotle questioned the applicability of the excluded middle to predictions of future contingencies in the famous ‘sea-fight’ passage of On interpretation. Later Greek logicians debated whether that which neither is nor will be can legitimately be called possible, and whether, in order for the conditional ‘if p, then q’ to be true, it is required that ‘not both p and not ∼q’ be true (not just now but) always. Mediaeval logicians in Western Europe struggled with logical difficulties created by the Dogmas of the Church, Omniscience and Free Will. Their counterparts in the Islamic world puzzled over the semantics of the temporal adverbs, ‘always’, ‘usually’, ‘often’, ‘sometimes’, ‘seldom’, ‘never’.

The role of roofing

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 125-149
Author(s):  
Bridget Drinka
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Elizabeth I ◽  
Bible Translation ◽  
European Languages ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Motivations ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Scribal Tradition

Abstract This paper presents evidence in support of the claim that Latin played a significant role as a ‘roof language’ in the languages of western Europe. It focuses on the role that Latin played at three stages of the development of the perfects in western Europe: first, as a conduit of the ‘sacral stamp of Greek’ in bible translation and as influential in other ecclesiastical contexts; secondly, through the influence of scribal tradition and the establishment of the ‘Charlemagne Sprachbund’; and, finally, as a model for classicized syntactic style of the Late Middle and Early Modern period, as exemplified by the patterns of perfect use by the translators of Boethius, especially Chaucer and Elizabeth I. Several larger generalizations also emerge from this investigation: evidence is provided for the stratified nature of Latin syntactic influence across time and space, and the effect of this recurrent replication on the temporal-aspectual systems of the western European languages. Above all, this analysis underlines the essential role of calquing in superstrate-induced change, the structural patterns that are most frequently affected, and the social motivations that foster this type of innovation.

Slave Resistance in the Atlantic World

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Marie Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
Atlantic World ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Geographic Region ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Skill Sets ◽  
Slave Resistance ◽  
Western Africa ◽  
European Languages ◽  
15Th Century

Enslaved peoples have employed a variety of techniques to negotiate and overthrow their enslavement in the Atlantic world. The concept of “slave resistance” is quite vast and intricately intertwined with analysis of “slavery,” “freedom,” and, more recently, the scholarship of “unfreedom.” The forms of resistance enslaved people employed varied widely from collective insurrections and running away to individual acts of murder, flight, and negotiation. The range from violence to acceptance has made it challenging to pinpoint “resistance.” Moreover, the method or methods slaves used often overlapped and their choices reflected the age, gender, skill sets, and skin color of the enslaved person as well as the geographical region and time period in which they were enslaved. Since the late 20th century, scholars of slave resistance have explicitly rejected the notion that enslaved peoples were faced with dichotomous choices: resist or submit; act individually or collectively; use violence or avoidance. Consequently, we have a greater understanding of slave resistance and the contradictory qualities of enslaved peoples. The Atlantic world is also expansive—geographically, temporally, and conceptually. It encompasses the eastern regions of North America and South America, the Caribbean, western Africa, and western Europe. These regions can first be thought of as the “Atlantic world” beginning with their sustained contact in the 15th century and it continues to form a conceptual framework in scholarly studies today. In recent years, more scholarly attention has been paid to Dutch-, Portuguese-, and Spanish-speaking regions, providing a more complete picture of the Atlantic world and bringing new scholars into discussions as well as stimulating new conversations. Though much of the current scholarship is still written in European languages—English, French, Spanish, Dutch, and Portuguese—researchers are increasingly analyzing non-European source material in their studies. The result has been a notable increase in quantity and quality of Atlantic world studies. In light of the scope of the topics “slave resistance” and “Atlantic world,” this article is based on two guiding decisions. First, the article is organized based on categories of slave resistance, paying special attention to the type of resistance and geographic region. Second, the article includes only scholarship that has been written in English.

scholarly journals Einflüsse der Linguistik auf den Fremdsprachenunterricht an polnischen Mittelschulen in den 60er und 70er jahren

2010 ◽  
pp. 103-119
Author(s):  
Anna Maria Harbig ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Language Teaching ◽  
Foreign Language Teaching ◽  
System Reform ◽  
European Languages ◽  
The Usa ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Impact

The article presents linguistic theories of the 1960s and 1970s in the USA and Western Europe in the context of foreign language teaching and investigates their reception in Polish glottodidactics. The selected research subject are secondary school curricula for teaching English, French and German. A conclusion drawn on the basis of the analysis of the 1964 and 1966 curricula is that teaching West European languages was influenced by structuralism, British contextualism in particular. The curricula were characterized by a structural-situational approach expressed by the predominance of a spoken language, linguistic models’ situationalism and authenticity (dialogues in everyday life situations), a privileged position of syntax and the use of pattern drill. The analysis of the 1977 curriculum reveals a continuation of previous theoretical assumptions to a great extent. On the other hand, the impact of pragmalinguistics helped to include such issues as learner’s needs, focusing linguistic material on expressing intentions, or paying attention to language register and utterance adequacy, particularly in the context of linguistic errors’ evaluation. Even though the curriculum itself was not implemented into practice due to abandonment of the educational system reform, it formed the basis for works on curriculum in the 1980s. To sum up, it may be claimed that in spite of mostly unfavourable political conditions of the 1960s and 1970s, Polish glottodidactics aimed to maintain a contact with Western linguistics and attempted to transfer linguistic theories formed on its basis into foreign language teaching in Polish schools.

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