scholarly journals Hunters in Europe: What does it mean "the hunters population" in Europe?

2020 ◽  
pp. 159-174
Author(s):  
Miroslav Benko ◽  
András Náhlik ◽  
Kristijan Tomljanović
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
European Federation ◽  
Health State ◽  
Natural Ecosystem ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Good Management ◽  
Animal Populations ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Game Animals

According to FACE (The European Federation of Associations for Hunting) approximately 7 million hunters are registered in Europe. Throughout the year they work in nature, in the hunting ground, or organize work of supporting teams and individuals on development of habitats with different kinds of animals, of which only some are hunted or listed as game. By using methods of positive selection and care in order to increase quality and quantity of the habitat itself, is maintained and permanently increased biological diversity of plant populations and whole ecosystem same as animal populations, including game. Disappearance of certain animal species in certain parts of Europe surely is not caused by game management, but is a result of rapid urbanization and development of urban and rural areas with all the supporting infrastructure. Human overpopulation parallel brought to reduction of habitat areas for numerous animal and game species. It's therefore required to establish balance between humans and other beings on a certain space, which therefore requires good management. The most competent members of human community which can manage wild animals and game in the most competent way are certainly hunters. In every community mutual understanding and cooperation of all other stakeholders and ecosystem beneficiaries is key. We should not forget that a human is part of natural ecosystem and a hunter is the most competent person who understands habits and life of game animals and therefore can manage it in the best way. Due to this reason game, hunter and hunters population take care of the game animals survival, their overall food chain their development and relative relationship in order to avoid deterioration and favoring of certain species over the other, increasing biological diversity of game animals and habitat which they inhabit; of overall and particular individual health state, of active and passive protection defining and implementing regulations important for behavior and management, on the basis of good management and good will in this way actively and significantly contributing to development of environmental protection.

scholarly journals Placemaking Interventions in Palestine as Demonstration Effects on the Ground

2020 ◽  
pp. 167-176
Author(s):  
Ahmad El-Atrash
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
West Bank ◽  
Gaza Strip ◽  
Building Design ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
The West ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Privately Owned

The urban development and rapid urbanization that the West Bank, including occupied East Jerusalem and Gaza Strip have recently encountered have adversely affected the quality and availability of open spaces inside the Palestinian urban and rural areas. Public spaces are fundamental in the lives of any community striving to achieve a sustainable and inclusive environment and improve the quality of life of its inhabitants. In that respect, the prevailing planning practices fall short in terms of adequately addressing the provision of public spaces. Laws and regulations are designed to focus on limited physical properties of buildings (e.g. building design, elevation, heights, setbacks, parking, etc.,) with little or no attention to the residual space, inevitably, created between those blocks. Lands are chiefly privately owned, and considered of a very high value due to the artificial land scarcity phenomenon resulted from the geo-political classification of the West Bank Existing public spaces are not welcoming to the general public. Spaces are misplaced and scattered, they offer pre-defined activities and an inflexible environment. Many parts of the society feel alienated to such public spaces, created by a top-down process with minimal integration of their needs and aspirations.

THE IMPACT OF URBANIZATION ON MURDER RATES AND ON THE GEOGRAPHY OF HOMICIDE IN ENGLAND AND WALES, 1780–1850

2010 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 671-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER KING
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Homicide Rates ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Methodological Problems ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Impact Of Urbanization ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTAlthough higher murder rates have traditionally been associated with large cities, this view has recently been challenged by several historians who have argued that ‘homicide rates were negatively correlated with urbanisation and industrialisation’, and this is rapidly becoming the new consensus. By exploring the geography of homicide rates for one area undergoing rapid urbanization and industrialization – England and Wales, 1780–1850 – this article challenges this new view and re-assesses the relationship between recorded homicide rates and both modernization and urbanization. After discussing the methodological problems involved in using homicide statistics, it focuses mainly on the first fifteen years for which detailed county-based data is available – 1834–48 – as well as looking at the more limited late eighteenth-century and early nineteenth-century evidence. This data raises fundamental questions about the links historians have recently made between urbanization and low homicide rates, since the remote rural parts of England and Wales generally had very low recorded murder rates while industrializing and rapidly urbanizing areas such as Lancashire had very high ones. Potential explanations for these systematic and large variations between urban and rural areas – including the impact of age structures and migration patterns – are then explored.

scholarly journals Resilience Thinking as a System Approach to Promote China’s Sustainability Transitions

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 5008
Author(s):  
Qirui Li
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Mobility Control ◽  
Sustainability Transitions ◽  
Population Mobility ◽  
Policy Reforms ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Resilience Thinking ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
History Of ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Urban regeneration and rural revitalization are becoming major policy initiatives in China, which requires new approaches for sustainability transitions. This paper reviewed the history of policy reforms and institutional changes and analysed the main challenges to sustainability transitions in China. The urban-rural systems were defined as a complex dynamic social-ecological system based on resilience thinking and transition theory. The notions of adaptation and transformation were applied to compose a framework to coordinate “resilience” with “sustainability”. The findings indicate that China’s urbanization has experienced the conservative development of restructuring socio-economic and political systems (before 1984), the fast industrialization and economic development leaned to cities (1984 to 2002), the rapid urbanization led by land expropriation and investment expansion (2002 to 2012), and the quality development transformation equally in urban and rural areas (since 2012). The sustainability transitions have been challenged by controversial institutional arrangements, concerning population mobility control, unequal social welfare, and incomplete property rights. A series of policy interventions should be designed and implemented accordingly with joint efforts of multiple stakeholders and based on the combined technocratic and bottom-up knowledge derived from proactive and conscious individuals and collectives through context-dependent social networks.

scholarly journals CONCEPTUAL STUDY OF DENGUE FEVER ON THE BASIS OF AYURVED

2021 ◽  
Vol p5 (03) ◽  
pp. 2858-2863
Author(s):  
Dattatray. L. Shinde ◽  
Yogita L. Mohite
Keyword(s):  
Dengue Fever ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Maculopapular Rash ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Serum Aminotransferase ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Dengue fever is one of arthropod born and epidemiological disease caused by Arbovirus carried by vector Aedes aegypti. Dengue is the most rapidly spreading mosquito borne viral disease in the world. The survey findings indicated that 49% of country's population had been previously infected with DENV. Due to rapid urbanization, lifestyle changes and deficient water management including improper water storage practices in urban, peri urban and rural areas, leading to proliferation of mosquito breeding sites. Dengue fever has a seasonal pattern, the cases peak after monsoon not uniformly distributed throughout the year. Incubation period of 2-7 days. Fever, malaise, retro-orbital pain, headache, arthralgia, petechiae, itching are common features. Thrombocytopenia is common. Macular rash may occur on first day. Illness may last a week with additional symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, anorexia, marked cutaneous hypersensitivity. Maculopapular rash begins on the trunk spreading to extremities and face. Leucocytes and platelets numbers decreases. Serum aminotransferase level may rise. IgM ELISA or paired serology test should be done at the phase of recovery. Antigen detection ELISA or RT-PCR during acute phase should be done. Due to Jwara Nidan, Pachakagni produces Doshakar Dravya which imbalances Tridosha. Ushma is necessary for Jwalan (burning) of this Doshkar Dravyas. Doshkar Dravya causes Kshobh to Vata Dosha and particularly Saman Vayu, causes more Agni Prajwalan and increases Ushma. Excessive increase in Ushma leads to Ojasthana Hriday Dushti, Tarpak Kapha in Shira Dushti, Shirashta Indriyadushti, Pranasthana Dushti. According to Samhita study, dengue fever can be correlated to Agantu Jwara, Sannipatik Jwara, Dandak Jwara and Vishamjwara. Keywords: Doshakar Dravya, Jwara Nidan, Pachakagni, Tridosha, Ushma

scholarly journals Identifying the Configuration Differences of Primary Schools with Different Administrative Affiliations in China

Buildings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Wenwen Sun ◽  
Xin Hu ◽  
Zhuoran Li ◽  
Chunlu Liu
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Limited Resource ◽  
Indicator System ◽  
Entropy Weight ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Urbanization In China ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Equalization of education facilities, which means the balanced distribution of human and material resources under limited resource conditions, is one of the goals of sustainable development. In the process of rapid urbanization in China, there are apparent discrepancies between urban and rural areas because of different land and household registration systems. Primary schools with three types of different administrative affiliations also have significant distinctions. This study is aimed at assessing and comparing the configuration of primary schools with three different administrative affiliations, including cities, towns, and villages. After building an indicator system, the entropy weight method is applied to calculate the overall and category configuration scores of each school. Based on a spatial database, the ArcGIS thematic maps display the geography characteristic of each school in different geolocations. Moreover, the Kruskal–Wallis test identifies if the configuration of primary schools with different administrative affiliations is equal. The results indicate that the allocation of primary schools with three different administrative affiliations showed a ternary development. Moreover, although primary schools with city affiliation had significant advantages in education quality and convenience, their supply–demand conditions were not optimistic. In addition, the quality of the primary schools subordinate to towns was better, but convenience was generally lower. Finally, the quality of primary schools subordinate to villages and some towns was still poor. The results provide facts and a basis for policymakers to achieve an equity configuration in the sustainable development context.

scholarly journals Effect of Children’s Support on Depression among Older Adults Living Alone or with a Spouse: A Comparative Analysis between Urban and Rural Areas of China

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 6315
Author(s):  
Xiaocui Ren ◽  
Chen Lv
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Psychological Health ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Financial Support ◽  
Living Alone ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Frequency Of Contact ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Against the backdrop of rapid urbanization and severe population aging, older adults living alone or with a spouse in China have become a special and vulnerable group that deserve more research attention. Based on a national sample of 3886 older adults (≥60 years old) living alone or with a spouse, we used multiple linear regression models to investigate the effect of children’s support on depression among older adults living alone or with a spouse in China. A comparative analysis was conducted to examine the differences between urban and rural areas. The results indicated that financial support from children was negatively correlated with depression among older adults living alone or with a spouse, especially in rural areas. Their children’s frequency of contact also significantly alleviated depression among non-cohabiting parents in rural areas, but not for the same types of parents living in urban areas. Compared with financial support, their children’s frequency of contact contributes more to decreasing depression among older adults living alone or with a spouse. The effect of their children’s support on depression is comparable to that of demographic characteristics, which are usually deemed as important factors in the psychological health of older adults. Moreover, we found that the marginal effects of self-rated health and pain were significant and much higher than other control variables, especially in the urban model.

scholarly journals Enhanced surface urban heat islands due to divergent urban-rural greening trends

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chi Chen ◽  
Dan Li ◽  
Trevor F. Keenan
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Heat Islands ◽  
Anthropogenic Heat ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Heat Islands ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Urban Heat ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Satellite observations show that the surface urban heat island intensity (SUHII) has been increasing over the last two decades. This is often accompanied by an increased urban-rural contrast of vegetation greenness. However, the contribution of uneven vegetation trends in urban and rural areas to the trend of SUHII is unclear, due to the confounding effects of climate change and changes in man-made amenities and anthropogenic heat sources. Here we use a data-model fusion approach to quantify such contributions during the peak growing season. We show that the LAIdif (the urban-rural difference of leaf area index) is increasing (P<0.05) in 189 of the selected 228 global megacities. The increasing trend of LAIdif from 2000 to 2019 accounts for about one quarter of the trend in satellite-derived SUHII, and the impact is particularly evident in places with rapid urbanization and rural cropland intensification. The marginal sensitivity of SUHII to LAIdif is the strongest in hot-humid megacities surrounded by croplands and in hot-dry megacities surrounded by mixed woody and herbaceous vegetation. Our study highlights the role of long-term vegetation trends in modulating the trends of urban-rural temperature differences.

scholarly journals Architectural Design based on Wang Shu’s Approach to Theory and Research

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lingke Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Architectural Design ◽  
Cultural Continuity ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Urbanization In China ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Theory Research

Under the process of rapid urbanization, the problem of cultural continuity began to appear in Chinese urban and rural areas. After studying architecture in China and researching Western philosophy, Chinese architect Wang Shu developed a unique theory based on the reality of urbanization in China. In order to realistically act upon this context, he began developing a methodology for his based on conducting detailed research and performing experiments with small-scale projects as a precursor to begin design projects.As a result, his works shows great respect to the quality of local life and culture.His research and practice has allowed him to overcome the distinction between professional and amateur, city and countryside. This essay introduces Wang Shu’s research-based architectural design approach through three levels: theory, research, and practice.

Experiences and Challenges of the Chinese Rural Education Development in the Context of the Rapid Urbanization

2019 ◽  
pp. 271-295
Author(s):  
Chenbing Wu ◽  
Cong Lyu ◽  
Jiacheng Li
Keyword(s):  
Rural Education ◽  
Rural Schools ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Chinese Economy ◽  
Chinese Education ◽  
Education Development ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

With the speeding-up of the Chinese economy, China is experiencing the rapid urbanization. Meanwhile, the Chinese rural education is also developing, which has made great progress in recent years. However, inequity between urban and rural education prevalently exists in China, and the unbalanced development of urban and rural areas still influences the Chinese education. However, the Chinese have taken a lot of measures to enhance the quality of rural education, such as ad hoc post policy, the school meal program, and so on. In addition, the rural schools have also launched some activities to develop the students and to serve the society.

Cultural Representations of Nineteenth-Century Prostitution

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Per Jorgen Ystehede ◽  
May-Len Skilbrei
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Public Perception ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Cultural Representations ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
The Public ◽  
Western European ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Working And Living Conditions

Paradoxically, in the 19th century, an era very concerned with public virtue, prostitutes were increasing being represented in Western European cultural expressions. Prostitution was a prevalent social phenomenon due to the rapid urbanization of Western Europe. People were on the move as both urban and rural areas underwent considerable material and normative change; the majority of Western European cities grew rapidly and were marked by harsh working and living conditions, as well as unemployment and poverty. A seeming rise in prostitution was one of the results of these developments, but its centrality in culture cannot be explained by this fact alone. Prostitution also came to epitomize broader social ills associated with industrialization and urbanization: “the prostitute” became the discursive embodiment of the discontent of modernity. The surge in cultural representation of prostitutes may also be seen as an expression of changing norms and a driver for change in the public perception of prostitution. In particular, artists came to employ the prostitute as a motif, revealing contemporary hypocrisy about gender and class.

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