Main components of life expectancy increase during the cardiovascular revolution in spain

The circulatory system diseases have contributed decisively to an increase in life expectancy (LE) in Spain. The contribution to LE is calculated through a decomposition analysis by sex and five-year age groups. We divide the years studied into two periods, 1980–1996 and 1996–2012. Using the Human Cause-of-Death Database (HCD), we examine specific subcauses at a 4-digit ICD-10 level and how they contribute to the change in LE among men and among women. The analysis shows that cerebrovascular diseases (CBVDs) contribute most to years gained until 1996, while ischemic heart diseases (IHDs) contribute most thereafter. Among women, the largest increase is due to specific CBVDs subcauses; among men IHD subcauses also have an important role. Regarding contribution by age, gains by CVDs are particularly significant at older ages, while contributions by IHDs are more relevant from the age of 50 onwards, especially among men. Furthermore, the gender gap in LE is influenced by the different evolution of various circulatory diseases during the period of study, but the evolution of these diseases is not always reflected equally in both sexes. The study evidences the need for greater precision in the registers in order to take advantage of the potentialities of the 4-digit classification of the ICD, thus leading to a better in depth knowledge in health trends. Finally, it shows the mortality due to modifiable factors mainly classified in IHDs, and the consequent need for the Spanish health system to act on them.Las enfermedades del sistema circulatorio, han contribuido de manera decisiva al aumento de la esperanza de vida (LE) en España. Las contribuciones a la LE se calculan a través de un análisis de descomposición por sexo y grupos de edad quinquenales. Dividimos los años estudiados en dos períodos, 1980–1996 y 1996–2012. Utilizando la Human Cause-of-Death Database (HCD), examinamos subcausas específicas a un nivel de 4 dígitos de ICD-10 y cómo contribuyen al aumento o disminución de LE tanto en hombres como en mujeres. El análisis muestra que las enfermedades cerebrovasculares (CBVD) son las que más contribuyen a los años ganados hasta 1996, mientras que las enfermedades isquémicas (IHD) son las que más contribuyen posteriormente. Entre las mujeres, el mayor aumento se debe a subcausas específicas de las CBVD; en los hombres, las subcausas de IHD también tienen un papel importante. En lo que respecta a la contribución por edad, las ganancias por CBVDs son particularmente significativas en las edades mayores, mientras que las contribuciones por las IHD son más relevantes a partir de los 50 años, especialmente entre los hombres. La brecha entre hombres y mujeres en la LE está influenciada por la evolución diferente de varias enfermedades circulatorias durante el período de estudio, pero la evolución de estas enfermedades no siempre se refleja por igual en ambos sexos. Además, se pone en evidencia la necesidad de una mayor precisión en los registros para aprovechar las potencialidades de la clasificación a 4 dígitos de la CIE, alcanzando de este modo un conocimiento más profundo de las tendencias de salud. Finalmente, el estudio muestra la mortalidad debida a factores modificables que se clasifican principalmente en las IHD, y la consiguiente necesidad de que el sistema de salud español actúe sobre ellas.

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How have changes in death by cause and age group contributed to the recent stalling of life expectancy gains in Scotland? Comparative decomposition analysis of mortality data, 2000–2002 to 2015–2017

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036529 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. e036529

Author(s):

Julie Ramsay ◽

Jon Minton ◽

Colin Fischbacher ◽

Lynda Fenton ◽

Maria Kaye-Bardgett ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Life Expectancy ◽

Cause Of Death ◽

Age Groups ◽

Decomposition Analysis ◽

Future Research ◽

Mortality Data ◽

Age Group ◽

Mortality Trends ◽

Life Expectancy At Birth ◽

The Impact

ObjectiveAnnual gains in life expectancy in Scotland were slower in recent years than in the previous two decades. This analysis investigates how deaths in different age groups and from different causes have contributed to annual average change in life expectancy across two time periods: 2000–2002 to 2012–2014 and 2012–2014 to 2015–2017.SettingScotland.MethodsLife expectancy at birth was calculated from death and population counts, disaggregated by 5 year age group and by underlying cause of death. Arriaga’s method of life expectancy decomposition was applied to produce estimates of the contribution of different age groups and underlying causes to changes in life expectancy at birth for the two periods.ResultsAnnualised gains in life expectancy between 2012–2014 and 2015–2017 were markedly smaller than in the earlier period. Almost all age groups saw worsening mortality trends, which deteriorated for most cause of death groups between 2012–2014 and 2015–2017. In particular, the previously observed substantial life expectancy gains due to reductions in mortality from circulatory causes, which most benefited those aged 55–84 years, more than halved. Mortality rates for those aged 30–54 years and 90+ years worsened, due in large part to increases in drug-related deaths, and dementia and Alzheimer’s disease, respectively.ConclusionFuture research should seek to explain the changes in mortality trends for all age groups and causes. More investigation is required to establish to what extent shortcomings in the social security system and public services may be contributing to the adverse trends and preventing mitigation of the impact of other contributing factors, such as influenza outbreaks.

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How have changes in death by cause and age group contributed to the recent stalling of life expectancy gains in Scotland? Comparative decomposition analysis of mortality data, 2000-02 to 2015-17

10.31235/osf.io/q8rme ◽

2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Julie Ramsay ◽

Jonathan Minton ◽

Colin Fischbacher ◽

Lynda Fenton ◽

Maria Kaye-Bardgett ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Life Expectancy ◽

Cause Of Death ◽

Age Groups ◽

Decomposition Analysis ◽

Mortality Data ◽

Age Group ◽

Contributing Factors ◽

Mortality Trends ◽

Life Expectancy At Birth ◽

The Impact

BackgroundAnnual gains in life expectancy in Scotland were slower in recent years than in the previous two decades. This analysis investigates how deaths in different age groups and from different causes have contributed to annual average change in life expectancy across two time periods: 2000-02 to 2012-14 and 2012-14 to 2015-17. MethodsLife expectancy at birth was calculated from death and population counts, disaggregated by five-year age-group and by underlying cause of death. Arriaga’s method of life expectancy decomposition was applied to produce estimates of the contribution of different age-groups and underlying causes to changes in life expectancy at birth for the two periods.FindingsAverage annual life expectancy gains between 2012-14 to 2015-17 were markedly smaller than in the earlier period. Almost all age-groups saw worsening mortality trends, which deteriorated for most cause of death groups between 2012-14 and 2015-17. In particular, the previously observed substantial life expectancy gains due to reductions in mortality from circulatory causes, which most benefited those aged 55-84 years, more than halved. Mortality rates for those aged 30-54 years and 90+ years worsened, due in large part to increases in drug-related deaths, and dementia and Alzheimer’s disease respectively. InterpretationFuture research should seek to explain the changes in mortality trends for all age-groups and causes. More investigation is required to establish to what extent shortcomings in the social security system and public services may be contributing to the adverse trends and preventing mitigation of the impact of other contributing factors, such as influenza outbreaks.

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The decomposition of life expectancy for age and cause of death in Tuscany, Italy

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckz185.638 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽

Author(s):

N Nante ◽

L Kundisova ◽

F Gori ◽

A Martini ◽

F Battisti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Life Expectancy ◽

Causes Of Death ◽

National Level ◽

Age Groups ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Mortality Data ◽

Life Expectancy At Birth ◽

Icd 10 ◽

Reduction Of Mortality ◽

The Impact

Abstract Introduction Changing of life expectancy at birth (LE) over time reflects variations of mortality rates of a certain population. Italy is amongst the countries with the highest LE, Tuscany ranks fifth at the national level. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the impact of various causes of death in different age groups on the change in LE in the Tuscany region (Italy) during period 1987-2015. Material and methods Mortality data relative to residents that died during the period between 1987/1989 and 2013/2015 were provided by the Tuscan Regional Mortality Registry. The causes of death taken into consideration were cardiovascular (CVS), respiratory (RESP) and infective (INF) diseases and cancer (TUM). The decomposition of LE gain was realized with software Epidat, using the Pollard’s method. Results The overall LE gain during the period between two three-years periods was 6.7 years for males, with a major gain between 65-89, and 4.5 years for females, mainly improved between 75-89, <1 year for both sexes. The major gain (2.6 years) was attributable to the reduction of mortality for CVS, followed by TUM (1.76 in males and 0.83 in females) and RESP (0.4 in males; 0.1 in females). The major loss of years of LE was attributable to INF (-0.15 in females; -0.07 in males) and lung cancer in females (-0.13), for which the opposite result was observed for males (gain of 0.62 years of LE). Conclusions During the study period (1987-2015) the gain in LE was major for males. To the reduction of mortality for CVS have contributed to the tempestuous treatment of acute CVS events and secondary CVS prevention. For TUM the result is attributable to the adherence of population to oncologic screening programmes. The excess of mortality for INF that lead to the loss of LE can be attributed to the passage from ICD-9 to ICD-10 in 2003 (higher sensibility of ICD-10) and to the diffusion of multi-drug resistant bacteria, which lead to elevated mortality in these years. Key messages The gain in LE during the period the 1987-2015 was higher in males. The major contribution to gain in LE was due to a reduction of mortality for CVS diseases.

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Narrowing sex differences in life expectancy: regional variations, 1971-1991

Canadian Studies in Population ◽

10.25336/p6130b ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 28 (1) ◽

pp. 89 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Frank Trovato ◽

N. M. Lalu

Keyword(s):

Sex Differences ◽

Life Expectancy ◽

Gender Gap ◽

Prince Edward Island ◽

Causes Of Death ◽

Average Length ◽

Decomposition Analysis ◽

Relative Contribution ◽

Life Expectancy At Birth ◽

Length Of Life

A number of industrialized nations have recently experienced some degrees of constriction in their long-standing sex differentials in life expectancy at birth. In this study we examine this phenomenon in the context of Canada’s regions between 1971 and 1991: Atlantic (Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island); Quebec, Ontario, and the West (Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, British Columbia, Yukon and Northwest Territories). Decomposition analysis based on multiple decrement life tables is applied to address three questions: (1) Are there regional differentials in the degree of narrowing in the sex gap in life expectancy? (2) What is the relative contribution of major causes of death to observed sex differences in average length of life within and across regions? (3) How do the contributions of cause-of-death components vary across regions to either widen or narrow the sex gap in survival? It is shown that the magnitude of the sex gap is not uniform across the regions, though the differences are not large. The most important contributors to a narrowing of the sex gap in life expectancy are heart disease and external types of mortality (i.e., accidents, violence, and suicide), followed by lung cancer and other types of chronic conditions. In substantive terms these results indicate that over time men have been making sufficient gains in these causes of death as to narrow some of the gender gap in overall survival. Regions show similarity in these effects.

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Non-communicable diseases are key to further narrow gender gap in life expectancy in Shanghai, China

10.21203/rs.2.20284/v4 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Hanyi Chen ◽

Yi Zhou ◽

Lianghong Sun ◽

Yichen Chen ◽

Xiaobin Qu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cardiovascular Diseases ◽

Life Expectancy ◽

Gender Gap ◽

Causes Of Death ◽

Age Groups ◽

International Classification Of Diseases ◽

Communicable Diseases ◽

Plateau Phase ◽

Non Communicable Diseases ◽

Chronic Respiratory Diseases

Abstract Background To address change in gender gap of life expectancy (GGLE) in Shanghai from 1973 to 2018, and to identify the major causes of death and age groups associated with the change overtime.Methods Retrospective demographic analysis with application of Joinpoint regression to evaluate the temporal trend in GGLE. Causes of death were coded in accordance with International Classification of Diseases and mapped with the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) cause list. Life table technique and decomposition method was used to express changes in GGLE.Results Trend of GGLE in Shanghai experienced two phases ie., a decrease from 8.4 to 4.2 years in the descent phase (1973-1999) and a fluctuation between 4.0 and 4.9 years in the plateau phase (1999-2018). The reduced age-specific mortality rates tended to concentrate to a narrower age range, from age 0-9 and above 30 years in the descent phase to age above 55 years in the plateau phase. Gastroesophageal and liver cancer, communicable, chronic respiratory and digestive diseases were once the major contributors to narrow GGLE in the descent phase. While importance should be attached to a widening effect on GGLE by lung cancer, cardiovascular diseases, other neoplasms like colorectal and pancreatic cancer and diabetes in recent plateau phase.Conclusions Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) have made GGLE enter a plateau phase from a descent phase in Shanghai China. Public efforts to reduce excess mortalities for male NCDs, cancers, cardiovascular diseases, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes in particular and health policies focused on the middle-aged and elderly population might further narrow GGLE and ensure improvement in health and health equity in Shanghai China.

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LITERATE LIFE EXPECTANCY AND ITS GENDER DIFFERENTIALS IN OMAN

Journal of Reliability and Statistical Studies ◽

10.13052/jrss2229-5666.1223 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 21-31

Author(s):

M. Mazharul Islam ◽

Md. Hasinur Rahaman Khan

Keyword(s):

Life Expectancy ◽

Gender Gap ◽

Age Groups ◽

Composite Index ◽

Well Being ◽

Alternative Measure ◽

Average Life Expectancy ◽

Male Population ◽

Female Population ◽

Gender Differentials

Measuring human quality and well-being by the human development index (HDI) is very challenging as it is a composite index of many socio-economic variables. However, a simple index called literate life expectancy (LLE) by combining life expectancy and literacy only can be used as an alternative measure, which is less data intensive than HDI. LLE is the average life expectancy that a person lives under literate state. Length of life in literate state has many positive implications on social, economic and political aspects of life. In this paper an attempt has been made to construct LLE for Omani population with its gender differentials. The data for the study were extracted from the 2015 Statistical Year Book and the 2010 Population and Census report of Oman published by the National Centre for Statistics & Information. Despite socioeconomic progress, levels of education among women in Oman are not the same as men. The analysis shows the remarkable differences in the LLE between men and women for almost all age groups. The Omani female population is much lag behind in literate life expectancy than the Omani male population. The results underscore the need to take necessary steps for reducing gender gap in LLE in Oman.

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Death of adults by stroke in Santa Catarina

10.5327/1516-3180.737 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Maria Eduarda Coelho da Maia

Keyword(s):

Cause Of Death ◽

Ecological Study ◽

Age Groups ◽

Male Gender ◽

The State ◽

Mountainous Region ◽

Santa Catarina ◽

White Race ◽

Icd 10 ◽

White Adults

Background: Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide, including 10% of deaths. In addition to death, stroke can cause irreversible paralysis, permanently disabling the patient. Objectives: The present study proposes an analysis of the epidemiological variants that interfere with the number of adult deaths from stroke in the state of Santa Catarina (SC). Design and setting: This is an ecological study, whose area of analysis was the state of Santa Catarina, located in Brazil. The population studied was the group of individuals aged 20 to 59 years old living in the area studied and who died of a stroke (ICD-10 I64) in the period from January 2005 to December 2019. Methods: The data used were obtained from DATASUS. The variables analyzed were: sex, color/race, and region. Results: The present study found a greater predominance of the white race in both sexes in the state of SC with 86% of total deaths. The male gender was higher in all age groups and years analyzed presenting a percentage of 56%, and the female with 44%. The Mountainous and the South regions of Santa Catarina, two less industrialized regions and with the two lowest GDP’s in the state, had the first and third highest prevalence of deaths, respectively 20% and 16%. Conclusions: The state of Santa Catarina showed a higher prevalence of deaths from stroke in the analyzed period in white adults, males, and residents of the Mountainous region and South of the state.

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Mortality Cause in Goldsmith Workers of Bangladesh: Findings From Verbal Autopsy

10.21203/rs.3.rs-508983/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Fahmida Afroz Khan ◽

Md. Khalequzzaman ◽

Mohammad Tanvir Islam ◽

Ataur Rahman ◽

Shahrin Emdad Rayna ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Life Expectancy ◽

Cause Of Death ◽

Verbal Autopsy ◽

Causes Of Death ◽

Heart Diseases ◽

Control Program ◽

Ischemic Heart ◽

World Health ◽

Average Life Expectancy ◽

Health Organization

Abstract Background: Information on the mortality causes of goldsmith workers in Bangladesh is very limited. This study was conducted to find out the causes of death in this group of population.Methods: The study subject was deceased goldsmith workers where face-to-face interviews were conducted with the family members who were present during the deceased's illness preceding death. A World Health Organization recommended questionnaire was adapted to conduct 20 deceased goldsmith workers' verbal autopsy. Causes of death were determined by reviewing the outcomes of the interviews by the expert physicians.Results: The mean age of the goldsmith workers at death was 59.2 ± 9.3 years. Among the deceased goldsmith workers, 70.0% were smokers, and 50.0% of them were alcohol consumers. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) were the most common immediate and underlying cause of death (55.0% and 45.0%, respectively). Acute ischemic heart disease was the single most common (30.0%) immediate cause of death among the deceased goldsmith workers, whereas, for underlying causes of death, it was both acute and chronic ischemic heart diseases (35.0%).Conclusions: The life expectancy of goldsmith workers was much lower than the average life expectancy of Bangladesh, where CVD was the common cause of death. Smoking and alcohol consumption were prevalent among the majority of the deceased goldsmith workers. Awareness of healthy lifestyles should be prioritized for a successful CVD control program for this population. Trial registration: Not applicable.

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Gender Differences in Children’s Non-Leisure Activities: A Decomposition Analysis

Economics and Finance in Indonesia ◽

10.47291/efi.v66i1.630 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 66 (1) ◽

pp. 64

Author(s):

Dayang Haszelinna Abang Ali ◽

Rosita Hamdan ◽

Audrey Liwan ◽

Josephine Yau Tan Hwang

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

Gender Gap ◽

Time Allocation ◽

Leisure Activities ◽

Age Groups ◽

Decomposition Analysis ◽

Son Preference ◽

Older Children ◽

Indonesia Family Life Survey ◽

Fourth Wave

The prevalence of son preference indicates that girls will have less leisure time compared to boys. This study aims to examine gender differences in weekly hours in schooling, housework, and working among children in Indonesia using Tobit Model and decomposition model of Bauer & Sinning (2005), to test whether son preference explains the differences. The dataset was drawn from the fourth wave of Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) in 2007. The results show significant gender differences in housework and working for children aged 5–14 years and insignificant gender gap in schooling for both age groups. These results confirm the existence of gender differences among younger children compared to older children in their time allocation.

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Estimating transition coefficients for reconstructing coherent series of mortality by cause of Death

Statistical Modelling ◽

10.1177/1471082x19832398 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

pp. 299-322

Author(s):

Carlo G Camarda

Keyword(s):

Cause Of Death ◽

Causes Of Death ◽

Heart Diseases ◽

Age Groups ◽

Medical Knowledge ◽

Malignant Neoplasms ◽

Classification Of Diseases ◽

German Data

Regular revisions of the classification of diseases and the consequent disruptions of mortality series are well-known issues in long-term cause-of-death analysis. Given basic assumptions and medical knowledge about possible exchanges across causes of death in the revision years, redistribution of counts of causes of death into a new classification can be viewed as a constrained optimization problem. Penalized likelihood within a quadratic programming framework allows estimation of exchanges that vary smoothly over age groups. The approach is illustrated using both German data on malignant neoplasms and French data on heart diseases.

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