scholarly journals Estabilidade e mudança na estruturação de segmentos tópicos em cartas de leitor: contribuição à história do português brasileiro

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clemilton Lopes Pinheiro
Keyword(s):  
Rio Grande ◽  
Brazilian Portuguese ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Textual Construction ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Project History ◽  
Over Time

Neste trabalho, consideramos a concepção de Eugenio Coseriu sobre os níveis de linguagem e entendemos que um processo de construção textual como tal não pertence a nenhuma língua (nível histórico), mas ao nível individual dos textos. Nesses termos, um determinado processo pode ser repetido, ao longo do tempo, em um conjunto de textos relacionados a um gênero e ser configurado como uma tradição discursiva. Nesse sentido, nosso objetivo é analisar as permanências, modificações ou exclusões da estruturação interna de segmentos tópicos mínimos em um conjunto de cartas de leitores que constituem o corpus do Projeto História do Português Brasileiro no Rio Grande do Norte (PHPB-RN). Observamos padrões de repetição, exclusão e inserção que mobilizam subunidades de duas regras prototípicas de estruturação intratópica, ligadas ao propósito comunicativo do gênero, o que constitui uma tradição discursiva. No presente caso, uma tradição instável. In this work, we consider Eugenio Coseriu´s conception about language levels and understand that a process of textual construction as such does not belong to any language (historical level), but to the individual level of texts. In these terms, a given process can be repeated, over time, in a set of texts related to a genre and be configured as a discursive tradition. In this sense, our objective is to analyze the permanences, modifications or exclusions of the internal structuring of minimum thematic segments in a set of reader’s letters that constitute the corpus of the Project History of Brazilian Portuguese in Rio Grande do Norte (PHPB-RN). We have observed patterns of repetition, exclusion, and insertion which mobilize subunits of two prototypical rules of intra-topic structuring, connected to the genre’s communicative purpose, which constitutes a discursive tradition. In the present case, an unstable tradition.

Personality change and environmental concerns

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher James Hopwood ◽  
Ted Schwaba ◽  
Wiebke Bleidorn
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Personality Change ◽  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
German Population ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Sustainable Behavior ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Over Time

Personal concerns about climate change and the environment are a powerful motivator of sustainable behavior. People’s level of concern varies as a function of a variety of social and individual factors. Using data from 58,748 participants from a nationally representative German sample, we tested preregistered hypotheses about factors that impact concerns about the environment over time. We found that environmental concerns increased modestly from 2009-2017 in the German population. However, individuals in middle adulthood tended to be more concerned and showed more consistent increases in concern over time than younger or older people. Consistent with previous research, Big Five personality traits were correlated with environmental concerns. We present novel evidence that increases in concern were related to increases in the personality traits neuroticism and openness to experience. Indeed, changes in openness explained roughly 50% of the variance in changes in environmental concerns. These findings highlight the importance of understanding the individual level factors associated with changes in environmental concerns over time, towards the promotion of more sustainable behavior at the individual level.

scholarly journals Natural History of NAFLD

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1161
Author(s):  
Raluca Pais ◽  
Thomas Maurel
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

The epidemiology and the current burden of chronic liver disease are changing globally, with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) becoming the most frequent cause of liver disease in close relationship with the global epidemics of obesity, type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. The clinical phenotypes of NAFLD are very heterogeneous in relationship with multiple pathways involved in the disease progression. In the absence of a specific treatment for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), it is important to understand the natural history of the disease, to identify and to optimize the control of factors that are involved in disease progression. In this paper we propose a critical analysis of factors that are involved in the progression of the liver damage and the occurrence of extra-hepatic complications (cardiovascular diseases, extra hepatic cancer) in patients with NAFLD. We also briefly discuss the impact of the heterogeneity of the clinical phenotype of NAFLD on the clinical practice globally and at the individual level.

ExpanDrogram: Dynamic Visualization of Big Data Segmentation over Time

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
A. Khalemsky ◽  
R. Gelbard
Keyword(s):  
Big Data ◽  
Visual Presentation ◽  
Trend Detection ◽  
Dynamic Visualization ◽  
Segmentation Process ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Over Time

In dynamic and big data environments the visualization of a segmentation process over time often does not enable the user to simultaneously track entire pieces. The key points are sometimes incomparable, and the user is limited to a static visual presentation of a certain point. The proposed visualization concept, called ExpanDrogram, is designed to support dynamic classifiers that run in a big data environment subject to changes in data characteristics. It offers a wide range of features that seek to maximize the customization of a segmentation problem. The main goal of the ExpanDrogram visualization is to improve comprehensiveness by combining both the individual and segment levels, illustrating the dynamics of the segmentation process over time, providing “version control” that enables the user to observe the history of changes, and more. The method is illustrated using different datasets, with which we demonstrate multiple segmentation parameters, as well as multiple display layers, to highlight points such as new trend detection, outlier detection, tracking changes in original segments, and zoom in/out for more/less detail. The datasets vary in size from a small one to one of more than 12 million records.

Canada’s changing innovation landscape

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Razib Alam ◽  
Bonwoo Koo ◽  
Brian Paul Cozzarin
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Destination Country ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Patent Classification ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The University ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Our objective is to study Canada’s patenting activity over time in aggregate terms by destination country, by assignee and destination country, and by diversification by country of destination. We collect bibliographic patent data from the Canadian Intellectual Property Office and the United States Patent and Trademark Office. We identify 19,957 matched Canada–US patents, 34,032 Canada-only patents, and 43,656 US-only patents from 1980 to 2014. Telecommunications dominates in terms of International Patent Classification technologies for US-only and Canada–US patents. At the firm level, the greatest number of matched Canada–US patents were granted in the field of telecommunications, at the university level in pharmaceuticals, at the government level in control and instrumentation technology, and at the individual level in civil engineering. We use entropy to quantify technological diversification and find that diversification indices decline over time for Canada and the USA; however, all US indices decline at a faster rate.

scholarly journals Discordant Chronic Conditions and Depressive Symptoms: Longitudinal Associations Among Middle-Aged and Older Couples

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Courtney A Polenick ◽  
Kira S Birditt ◽  
Angela Turkelson ◽  
Benjamin C Bugajski ◽  
Helen C Kales
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Marital Quality ◽  
Chronic Conditions ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Older Couples ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Objectives Individuals often manage chronic conditions in middle and later life that may diminish well-being. Little is known, however, about discordant conditions (i.e., two or more conditions with competing self-management requirements) among older couples and their links to depressive symptoms. We considered discordant conditions at both the individual level and the couple level (i.e., between spouses), along with their long-term implications for depressive symptoms. Methods The U.S. sample included 1,116 middle-aged and older couples drawn from five waves (2006–2014) of the Health and Retirement Study. Longitudinal actor-partner interdependence models evaluated whether individual-level and couple-level discordant chronic health conditions were concurrently linked to depressive symptoms, and whether these associations became stronger over time. Models controlled for age, minority status, education, prior wave depressive symptoms, and each partner’s baseline report of negative marital quality and number of chronic conditions in each wave. Results Wives and husbands reported significantly greater depressive symptoms when they had individual-level discordant conditions about 2 years after baseline, and these links intensified over time. Beyond this association, husbands had significantly greater depressive symptoms when there were couple-level discordant conditions. Discussion Individual-level and couple-level discordant conditions may have lasting implications for depressive symptoms during midlife and older adulthood.

The Development of Distinct Choice Process Segments over Time: A Stochastic Modeling Approach

1982 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 48-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald R. Lehmann ◽  
William L. Moore ◽  
Terry Elrod
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Stochastic Modeling ◽  
Information Acquisition ◽  
Response Behavior ◽  
Model Framework ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Amount Of Information ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Over Time

This paper examines Howard's (1963) typology dividing decision making into extensive problem solving (ESP), limited problem solving (LSP), and routinized response behavior (RRB). Specifically, the amount of information accessed in a longitudinal experiment is studied. Information acquisition is modeled stochastically at the individual level, and the existence of two segments (LSP and RRB) is tested in a nested-model framework.

scholarly journals Special reduction: a usage-based approach

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 421-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOAN BYBEE ◽  
RICHARD J. FILE-MURIEL ◽  
RICARDO NAPOLEÃO DE SOUZA
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Discourse Markers ◽  
Brazilian Portuguese ◽  
Phonological Representation ◽  
Exemplar Model ◽  
Sound Changes ◽  
Colombian Spanish ◽  
History Of ◽  
Phonetic Reduction ◽  
Over Time

abstract‘Special reduction’ refers to instances of extreme phonetic reduction which is restricted to particular words or phrases, usually grammaticalizing constructions (going to > [gə̃ɾ̃ə̃]), greetings (hi from how are you), discourse markers (Spanish o sea > sa), or other sequences that are often used together. On the basis of data from English, Brazilian Portuguese, and Colombian Spanish, we argue that special reduction is based on the general phonetic tendencies in the language, but that these tendencies are carried to an extreme where word sequences are used with high frequency and become chunked, allowing formerly stressed syllables to lose stress and reduce. The data also show that special reduction takes place gradually over time, and reflects general patterns of change seen in the history of the language. In fact, in some examples, special reduction presages more general sound changes that occur later. We argue that the gradual phonetic changes that accumulate for particular words or phrases, eventually changing them dramatically, requires an exemplar model for the phonological representation of words and phrases, which is updated continually as sequences are used and affected by reductive phonetic processes.

A CONNECTIONIST ABM OF SOCIAL CATEGORIZATION PROCESSES

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (06) ◽  
pp. 1250077 ◽  
Author(s):  
DIRK VAN ROOY
Keyword(s):  
Social Influence ◽  
Network Structure ◽  
Social Adaptation ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Extensive Research Program ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Over Time

This paper introduces a connectionist Agent-Based Model (cABM) that incorporates detailed, micro-level understanding of social influence processes derived from laboratory studies and that aims to contextualize these processes in such a way that it becomes possible to model multidirectional, dynamic influences in extended social networks. At the micro-level, agent processes are simulated by recurrent auto-associative networks, an architecture that has a proven ability to simulate a variety of individual psychological and memory processes [D. Van Rooy, F. Van Overwalle, T. Vanhoomissen, C. Labiouse and R. French, Psychol. Rev. 110, 536 (2003)]. At the macro-level, these individual networks are combined into a "community of networks" so that they can exchange their individual information with each other by transmitting information on the same concepts from one net to another. This essentially creates a network structure that reflects a social system in which (a collection of) nodes represent individual agents and the links between agents the mutual social influences that connect them [B. Hazlehurst, and E. Hutchins, Lang. Cogn. Process. 13, 373 (1998)]. The network structure itself is dynamic and shaped by the interactions between the individual agents through simple processes of social adaptation. Through simulations, the cABM generates a number of novel predictions that broadly address three main issues: (1) the consequences of the interaction between multiple sources and targets of social influence (2) the dynamic development of social influence over time and (3) collective and individual opinion trajectories over time. Some of the predictions regarding individual level processes have been tested and confirmed in laboratory experiments. In a extensive research program, data is currently being collected from real groups that will allow validating the predictions of cABM regarding aggregate outcomes.

Adherences on antihypertensive treatments in patients with systemic hypertension in a Health Unit

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 1595
Author(s):  
Marli Maria Loro ◽  
Thiely Samantha Kitzmann ◽  
Cleci Schmidt Rosanelli ◽  
Adriane Cristina Bernat Kolankiewicz ◽  
Gilmar Poli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rio Grande ◽  
Educational Status ◽  
Systemic Hypertension ◽  
Patient Acceptance ◽  
Health Unit ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
Treatment Needs ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Antihypertensive Treatments

ABSTRACTObjective: to identify how adherences occur on antihypertensive treatments in patients with Systemic Hypertension in a Family Health’s strategy Unit, in a northwestern city of Rio Grande Do Sul state. Methodology: this is a qualitative study from descriptive approach. The sample consists of 13 individuals identified by health professionals of the health service. Data collection was through interviews and data were analyzed in light of the content analysis, resulting in a subject of analysis. Ethical aspects were respected recommended by Resolution 196/96, and was approved by the Ethics in Research UNIJUI, on the advice embodied 0153/2008. Results: the depositions yielded a topic of analysis called antihypertensive treatment adherences, which deals about concerning aspects of the understanding HAS patients in respect to adherence treatment needs, because being a pathology, occasionally silent, the carrier has to take active stance in his treatment witch involves drug therapy instead of just drugs. On the research was identified that the individual level of educational instructions didn’t influence on treatment adherence. Conclusion: it is necessary that the subject implement changes in the lifestyle to guarantee the blood pressure controls. Descriptors: hypertension; patient acceptance of health care; therapeutics; health unit; patients; educational status; life style. RESUMOObjetivo: identificar como ocorre a adesão ao tratamento anti-hipertensivo em portadores de Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica em uma Unidade de Estratégia de Saúde da Família, de um município de região Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Metodologia: trata-se de um estudo descritivo, de abordagem qualitativa cuja amostra foi composta por 13 indivíduos identificados pelos profissionais de saúde do referido serviço de saúde. A coleta de dados foi por meio da entrevista e os dados foram analisados a luz da análise de conteúdo, resultando em um tema de análise. Foram respeitados os aspectos Éticos preconizado pela resolução 196/96, sendo aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da UNIJUI, mediante parecer consubstanciado 0153/2008. Resultados: dos depoimentos resultou um tema de análise denominado Adesão ao Tratamento Anti-hipertensivo, o qual versa acerca de aspectos relativos ao entendimento dos portadores de HAS em relação à necessidade de adesão ao tratamento, pois sendo esta uma patologia ocasionalmente silenciosa, o portador tem que assumir postura ativa no seu tratamento, o qual envolve terapêutica medicamentosa e não medicamentosa. Na pesquisa foi identificado que o grau de instrução dos indivíduos não influenciou na adesão ao tratamento. Conclusão: faz-se necessário que o sujeito implemente mudanças em seu estilo de vida com vistas a garantir o controle dos níveis pressóricos, evitando complicações. Descritores: hipertensão; aceitação pelo paciente de cuidados de saúde; terapêutica; unidade de saúde; portadores.RESUMENObjetivo: identificar como se producen en adhesión el tratamiento anti-hipertensivo en personas con Hipertensión Arterial Sistémica, en una Unidad de Estrategia de Salud Familiar, de un municipio en el noroeste del estado de Rio Grande do Sul. Metodología: estudio cualitativo y descriptivo. La muestra se compone de 13 personas identificadas por los profesionales de la salud del servicio de salud. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de entrevistas y los datos fueron analizados a la luz del análisis de contenido, dando como resultado un objeto de análisis. Los aspectos éticos fueron respetados recomendado por la Resolución 196/96, y fue aprobado por la Comisión de Ética en la Investigación de UNIJUI, con el numero del protocolo 0153/2008. Resultados: de los testimonios resultó un tema de análisis llamado Adhesión al Tratamiento Antihipertensivo, que versa sobre la comprensión de la gente portadora de HAS en relación con la necesidad de adherirse al tratamiento, que es, por veces, una patologia silenciosa, el portador debe adoptar postura activa en su tratamiento, lo que implica terapétutica medicamentosa y no medicamentosa. La búsqueda identificó que el nivel  de instrucción de las personas no influyó en la adhesión al tratamiento. Conclusión: el tema es necesario para implementar cambios en su estilo de vida con el control de los niveles presóricos, evitando complicaciones. Descriptores: hipertensión; aceptación de la atención de salud; terapéutica; unidad de salud; personas. 

Redistribution under the Social Security benefit formula at the individual and household levels, 1992 and 2004

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALAN L. GUSTMAN ◽  
THOMAS L. STEINMEIER ◽  
NAHID TABATABAI
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Social Security Benefit ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Social ◽  
High Earning ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Over Time

AbstractStudies using data from the early 1990s suggested that while the progressive Social Security benefit formula succeeded in redistributing benefits from individuals with high earnings to individuals with low earnings, it was much less successful in redistributing benefits from households with high earnings to households with low earnings. Wives often earned much less than their husbands. As a result, much of the redistribution at the individual level was effectively from high earning husbands to their own lower earning wives. In addition, spouse and survivor benefits accrue disproportionately to women from high income households. Both factors mitigate redistribution at the household level. It has been argued that with the increase in the labor force participation and earnings of women, Social Security now should do a better job of redistributing benefits at the household level. To be sure, when we compare outcomes for a cohort with a household member age 51 to 56 in 1992 with those from a cohort born twelve years later, redistribution at the household level has increased over time. Nevertheless, as of 2004 there still is substantially less redistribution of benefits from high to low earning households than from high to low earning individuals.

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