scholarly journals Cricket pace bowling: The trade-off between optimising knee angle for performance advantages v. injury prevention

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 76 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Olivier ◽  
AV Stewart ◽  
AC Green ◽  
W McKinon
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Knee Kinematics ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Injury Incidence ◽  
Knee Angle ◽  
Kinematic Data ◽  
Student’S T ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Accuracy Data

Background. The cricket pace bowler utilises various strategies, including a more extended front knee angle, to achieve optimal performance benefits. At times this is done to the detriment of injury  prevention.Objective. To investigate the relationship between three-dimensional (3D) knee kinematics during pace bowling action, injury incidence and bowling performance at the start and end of a cricket season.Methods. Knee angle and ball release (BR) speed of injury-free premier league (club level) cricket pace bowlers over the age of 18 years were measured at the start and end of the cricket season. Kinematic, injury- and bowling performance-related (BR speed and accuracy) data were analysed using paired and independent Student's t-tests, Pearson's correlation coefficient,χ2 test and a two-way analysis of covariance with repeated measures.Results. Thirty-one bowlers participated in this study, and kinematic data of a subset of 17 were  analysed. Nine bowlers (53%) sustained injuries during the cricket season. No statistically significant relationship was found between knee angle and injury. Bowlers who did not sustain an injury bowled with more knee flexion at the start of the season (mean (standard deviation) 157.07° (12.02°)) than at the end of it (163.95° (6.97°)) (p=0.01). There was no interaction between accuracy and knee angle. There  was a good to excellent inverse correlation between BR speed and knee angle among bowlers who  remained injury free (r=.0.79; p=0.18).Conclusion. Bowlers who remain injury free during the course of the season may use strategies other than the front knee angle to facilitate high BR speeds. Technique-related variables which are more  'protective' against injuries while allowing for higher BR speeds should be further investigated among bowlers.

Three-Dimensional Knee Kinematics by Conventional Gait Analysis for Eleven Motor Tasks of Daily Living: Typical Patterns and Repeatability

2013 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lennart Scheys ◽  
Alberto Leardini ◽  
Pius D. Wong ◽  
Laurent Van Camp ◽  
Barbara Callewaert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gait Analysis ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Knee Kinematics ◽  
Axial Rotation ◽  
Motor Tasks ◽  
Kinematic Data ◽  
Representative Subset ◽  
Good Repeatability ◽  
Chair Rise

The availability of detailed knee kinematic data during various activities can facilitate clinical studies of this joint. To describe in detail normal knee joint rotations in all three anatomical planes, 25 healthy subjects (aged 22–49 years) performed eleven motor tasks, including walking, step ascent and descent, each with and without sidestep or crossover turns, chair rise, mild and deep squats, and forward lunge. Kinematic data were obtained with a conventional lower-body gait analysis protocol over three trials per task. To assess the repeatability with standard indices, a representative subset of 10 subjects underwent three repetitions of the entire motion capture session. Extracted parameters with good repeatability included maximum and minimum axial rotation during turning, local extremes of the flexion curves during gait tasks, and stride times. These specific repeatable parameters can be used for task selection or power analysis when planning future clinical studies.

Three-Dimensional Facial Characteristics of Caucasian Infants without Cleft and Correlation with Body Measurements

2004 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 593-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill E. White ◽  
Ashraf F. Ayoub ◽  
Marie-Therese Hosey ◽  
Mitchum Bock ◽  
Adrian Bowman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Facial Asymmetry ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Body Measurements ◽  
Mouth Width ◽  
Student’S T ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
Facial Images

Objective The aim of this study was to characterize the soft tissue facial features of infants without cleft and to report on the correlation between these with weight, length, and head circumference. Design This was a prospective study using a noninvasive three-dimensional (3D) stereophotogrammetry (C3D) system to capture the images of the participants. Landmarks were identified on the 3D facial images. Means and SDs were derived for facial distances and angles. A facial asymmetry score was calculated for each image. Two sample Student's t tests, Pearson's correlation coefficients and analysis of covariance were used to ascertain any gender differences and determine whether these could be explained by weight differences. Participants Eighty-three infants, 41 boys and 42 girls, were captured at rest with their lips apart, at approximately 3 months of age. Results Significant sex differences, of 1 to 2 mm, were found in several facial dimensions, such as face height and nose width. The larger facial measurements correlated significantly with body measurements. Analysis of variance confirmed these differences could be explained by differences in weight. There were no sex differences in the nose/mouth width ratios or in any of the angles measured, suggesting that there may be little sex difference in shape. A slight degree of asymmetry in the faces of infants without cleft was detected. Conclusions Comparisons between noncleft controls and infants with cleft should take cognizance of normal age and sex variations in height and weight that occur among infants.

Relationship Between Knee Walking Kinematics and Muscle Flexibility in Runners

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 279-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathaly Gaudreault ◽  
Alex Fuentes ◽  
Neila Mezghani ◽  
Virginie O. Gauthier ◽  
Katia Turcot
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Rotation Angle ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Knee Kinematics ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Iliotibial Band ◽  
Initial Contact ◽  
Knee Angle ◽  
Peak Knee

Context:Decreased flexibility in muscles and joints of lower extremities is commonly observed in runners. Understanding the effect of decreased flexibility on knee walking kinematics in runners is important because, over time, altered gait patterns can make runners vulnerable to overuse injuries or degenerative pathologies.Objectives:To compare hamstring and iliotibial-band (ITB) flexibility and knee kinematics in runners and nonrunners.Design:A descriptive, comparative laboratory study.Setting:Hamstring and ITB flexibility were measured with the active knee-extension test and the modified Ober test, respectively, in both groups of participants. Three-dimensional (3D) walking kinematic data were then recorded at the knee using a motiontracking system.Participants:18 runners and 16 nonrunners.Main Outcome Measures:Knee-extension angle (hamstring flexibility) and hip-adduction angle (ITB flexibility). Knee kinematic parameters of interest included knee angle at initial contact, peak knee angles, and knee-angle range in all planes of movement.Results:The runners had a significantly less flexible ITB than the nonrunners (hip adduction [−] and adduction [+] angles, 3.1° ± 5.6° vs −6.4° ± 4.5°; P < .001). The runners demonstrated a greater mean tibial external-rotation angle at initial contact (7.3° ± 5.8° vs 2.0° ± 4.0°; P = .01) and a smaller mean peak tibial internal-rotation angle (−1.6° ± 3.0° vs −4.2° ± 3.2°; P = .04) than the nonrunners.Conclusion:This study provides new insight into the relationship between muscle flexibility and 3D knee kinematics in runners. This supports the premise that there is an association between muscle flexibility and transverse-plane knee kinematics in this population.

scholarly journals Cross-Sectional Associations between Mothers and Children’s Breakfast Routine—The Feel4Diabetes-Study

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 720
Author(s):  
Natalia Giménez-Legarre ◽  
Alba M. Santaliestra-Pasías ◽  
Greet Cardon ◽  
Rurik Imre ◽  
Violeta Iotova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Products ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Whole Grain ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cereal Products ◽  
Breakfast Consumption ◽  
Mothers And Children ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Positive influences of family members have been associated with a high probability of children’s daily breakfast consumption. Therefore, the aim of this study was to scrutinize the association of breakfast routines between mothers and their children. The baseline data of the Feel4Diabetes-study was obtained in 9760 children (49.05% boys)–mother pairs in six European countries. A parental self-reported questionnaire gauging the frequency of breakfast consumption and of breakfast´ foods and beverages consumption was used. Agreement in routines of mothers and their children’s breakfast consumption was analyzed in sex-specific crosstabs. The relationship of breakfast routine and food groups’ consumption between mothers and their children was assessed with analysis of covariance. The highest proportion of children who always consumed breakfast were those whose mothers always consumed it. Children consuming breakfast regularly had a higher intake of milk or unsweetened dairy products and all kind of cereal products (low fiber and whole-grain) than occasional breakfast consumers (p < 0.05). The strong similarity between mothers and children suggests a transfer of breakfast routine from mothers to their children, as a high proportion of children who usually consume breakfast were from mothers also consuming breakfast. All breakfast foods and beverages consumption frequencies were similar between children and their mothers.

scholarly journals Dynamics of Single Droplet Splashing on Liquid Film by Coupling FVM with VOF

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 841
Author(s):  
Yuzhen Jin ◽  
Huang Zhou ◽  
Linhang Zhu ◽  
Zeqing Li
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Film ◽  
Weber Number ◽  
Stokes Equations ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Navier Stokes ◽  
Single Droplet ◽  
Navier Stokes Equations ◽  
Volume Method ◽  
The Relationship

A three-dimensional numerical study of a single droplet splashing vertically on a liquid film is presented. The numerical method is based on the finite volume method (FVM) of Navier–Stokes equations coupled with the volume of fluid (VOF) method, and the adaptive local mesh refinement technology is adopted. It enables the liquid–gas interface to be tracked more accurately, and to be less computationally expensive. The relationship between the diameter of the free rim, the height of the crown with different numbers of collision Weber, and the thickness of the liquid film is explored. The results indicate that the crown height increases as the Weber number increases, and the diameter of the crown rim is inversely proportional to the collision Weber number. It can also be concluded that the dimensionless height of the crown decreases with the increase in the thickness of the dimensionless liquid film, which has little effect on the diameter of the crown rim during its growth.

Sleep symptomatology is associated with greater subjective cognitive concerns: Findings from the community-based Healthy Brain Project

SLEEP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Nicolazzo ◽  
Katharine Xu ◽  
Alexandra Lavale ◽  
Rachel Buckley ◽  
Nawaf Yassi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Sex Education ◽  
Severity Index ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Psychomotor Function ◽  
Community Based ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insomnia Severity

Abstract Study objectives To examine if sleep symptomatology was associated with subjective cognitive concerns or objective cognitive performance in a dementia-free community-based sample. Methods A total of 1421 middle-aged participants (mean±standard deviation = 57±7; 77% female) from the Healthy Brain Project completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) to measure sleep quality, insomnia symptom severity, and daytime sleepiness, respectively. Participants were classified as having no sleep symptomatology (normal scores on each sleep measure), moderate sleep symptomatology (abnormal scores on one sleep measure), or high sleep symptomatology (abnormal scores on at least two sleep measures), using established cut-off values. Analysis of covariance was used to compare objective cognitive function (Cogstate Brief Battery) and subjective cognitive concerns (Modified Cognitive Function Instrument) across groups. Results Following adjustments for age, sex, education, mood, and vascular risk factors, persons classified as having high sleep symptomatology, versus none, displayed more subjective cognitive concerns (d=0.24) but no differences in objective cognitive performance (d=0.00-0.18). Subjective cognitive concerns modified the association between sleep symptomatology and psychomotor function. The strength of the relationship between high sleep symptomatology (versus none) and psychomotor function was significantly greater in persons with high as compared with low cognitive concerns (β±SE =-0.37±0.16; p=0.02). Conclusions More severe sleep symptomatology was associated with greater subjective cognitive concerns. Persons reporting high levels of sleep symptomatology may be more likely to display poorer objective cognitive function in the presence of subjective cognitive concerns.

scholarly journals The relationship between CD204 M2-polarized tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs), tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), and microglial activation in glioblastoma microenvironment: a novel immune checkpoint receptor target

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maher Kurdi ◽  
Badrah Alghamdi ◽  
Nadeem Shafique Butt ◽  
Saleh Baeesa
Keyword(s):  
Microglial Activation ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Idh1 Mutation ◽  
High Expression ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Tumour Infiltrating Lymphocytes ◽  
Infiltrating Lymphocytes ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Low Expression

Abstract Background Tumour associated macrophages (TAMs) and tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are considered dominant cells in glioblastoma microenvironment. Aim The purpose of this study was to assess the expression of CD204+ M2-polarized TAMs in glioblastomas and their relationship with CD4+TILs, Iba+microglia, and IDH1 mutation. We also exploreed the prognostic value of these markers on the recurrence-free interval (RFI). Methods The expressions of CD204+TAMs, CD4+TILs, and Iba1+microglia were quantitively assessed in 45 glioblastomas using immunohistochemistry. Kaplan–Meier analysis and Cox hazards were used to examine the relationship between these factors. Results CD204+TAMs were highly expressed in 32 tumours (71%) and the remaining 13 tumours (29%) had reduced expression. CD4+TILs were highly expressed in 10 cases (22%) and 35 cases (77.8%) had low expression. There was an inverse correlation between CD204+TAMs and CD4+TILs, in which 85% of tumours had a high expression of CD204+TAMs and a low expression of CD4+TILs. Nevertheless, there was no significant difference in IDH1 mutation status between the two groups (p = 0.779). There was a significant difference in Iba1+microglial activation between IDH1mutant and IDH1wildtype groups (p = 0.031). For cases with a high expression of CD204+TAMs and a low expression of CD4+TILs, there was a significant difference in RFI after treatment with chemoradiotherapy or radiotherapy (p = 0.030). Conclusion Glioblastoma with a dense CD204+TAMs and few CD4+TILs is associated with IDH1wildtype. These findings suggest that TAMs masks tumour cell and suppress T-cell tumoricidal functions via immunomodulatory mechanisms. Blockade of the CD204-TAM receptor may prevent this mechanism and allow the evolution of TILs.

scholarly journals A Field Measurement Based Wind Characteristics Analysis of a Typhoon in Near-Ground Boundary Layer

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 873
Author(s):  
Dandan Xia ◽  
Liming Dai ◽  
Li Lin ◽  
Huaifeng Wang ◽  
Haitao Hu
Keyword(s):  
Turbulence Intensity ◽  
Field Measurement ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Wind Data ◽  
Statistical Characteristics ◽  
Gust Factor ◽  
Characteristics Analysis ◽  
Wind Characteristics ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship

The field measurement was conducted to observe the wind field data of West Pacific typhoon “Maria” in this research. With the application of ultrasonic anemometers installed in different heights (10 m, 80 m, 100 m) of the tower, the three dimensional wind speed data of typhoon “Maria” was acquired. In addition, vane-type anemometers were installed to validate the accuracy of the wind data from ultrasonic anemometers. Wind characteristics such as the mean wind profile, turbulence intensity, integral length scale, and wind spectrum are studied in detail using the collected wind data. The relationship between the gust factor and turbulence intensity was also studied and compared with the existing literature to demonstrate the characteristics of Maria. The statistical characteristics of the turbulence intensity and gust factor are presented. The corresponding conclusion remarks are expected to provide a useful reference for designing wind-resistant buildings and structures.

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