scholarly journals ISPITIVANJE UTICAJA FEROCENA I NJEGOVIH DERIVATA NA AKTIVNOST PROTEOLITIČKIH ENZIMA PRISUTNIH U LIZATU E. COLI ATCC 25922

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirjana Žabić ◽  
Zoran Kukrić ◽  
Ljiljana Topalić- Trivunović
Keyword(s):  
E Coli ◽  
Esherichia Coli

Sve značajnija upotreba organometalnih jedinjenja u terapeutske svrhe je potakla mnoga istraživanja u oblasti inhibicije enzima. U ovom radu je ispitivan efekat ferocena i njegovih derivata na proteolitičke enzime prisutne u lizatu Esherichia coli ATCC 25922. Utvrđeno je da ferocen najviše, skoro za 50%, smanjuje brzinu nastajanja p-nitroanilina iz N-α-benzoil-DL-arginin p-nitroanilida (BAPNA) uz pomoć enzima lizata bakterije E. coli. Dakle, za inhibiciju hidrolize BAPNA-e pomoću lizata ove bakterije i sam ferocen je bio dovoljno djelotvoran, iako je bilo za očekivati da će uvođenje poželjnih funkcionalnih grupa u molekulu ferocena poboljšati inhibiciju tripsina ostvarivanjem bolje interakcije sa enzimskim aktivnim mjestom.

Viability of Edwardsiella tarda and Esherichia coli preserved with glycerol-tryptone soy broth (TSB) kept at freezing temperature

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 154
Author(s):  
Abdur Rohman ◽  
Frans Ijong ◽  
I K Suwetja
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Germ Plasm ◽  
Freezing Temperature ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Edwardsiella Tarda ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Glycerol Concentration ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Esherichia Coli ◽  
Escherchia Coli

Preservation of bacteria carried out in relation to the collection and preservation of germ plasm microbe is useful for research and development or for the establishment of diagnostic tools. Glycerol is a good preservation media but it is not known what doses should be used for effective preservation.  This research used two experimental  methods consisting of 2 factors and 3 treatments. This study aimed to find the best glycerol concentration that can be used to preserve Edwarsiella tarda and Escherchia coli in the -20ºC environment, to understand the viability of bacteria after being preserved and to describe the characteristics of the preserved bacteria. Treatments applied were 10%, 15% and 20%  glycerol in TSB. Viability of the bacteria was analyzed after 7, 14, 28, 35, and 42 days of preservation. Results showed that E.coli bacteria preserved in 15%  glycerol had the highest viability, i.e. 84% and preserved in 10% glycerol had the lowest viability, i.e. 80%. But for E. tarda bacteria preserved in 10% glycerol had the highest viability, i.e. 1.83% and preseved in 15% glycerol had the lowest viability, i.e. 0,55%. Preservasi bakteri dilakukan dalam kaitannya dengan koleksi dan konservasi plasma nutfah mikroba yang berguna untuk penelitian dan pengembangan atau untuk pembentukan alat diagnosa. Gliserol merupakan bahan preservasi yang baik, tetapi belum diketahui dosis yang baik dan efektif untuk preservasi bakteri Edwarsiella tarda dan Escherchia coli pada suhu -20ºC. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode eksperimen yang terdiri dari 2 faktor dan 3 taraf perlakuan, masing-masing perlakuan dengan 3 kali ulangan, media preservasi yang digunakan adalah TSB dan gliserol dengan konsentrasi 10%, 15% dan 20%. Parameter yang diukur adalah viabilitas dan kecocokan/penyimpangan karakteristik biokimia. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Balai Karantina Ikan Pengendalian Mutu dan Keamanan Hasil Perikanan Manado, dari bulan September sampai dengan November 2013. Tujuan Penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan konsentrasi gliserol dalam TSB sebagai media preservasi yang efektif dan efisien pada bakteri  Edwarsiella tarda dan Escherchia coli yang dipreservasi dengan suhu -20ºC dan disimpan selama 42  hari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya penurunan laju pertumbuhan bakteri selama preservasi. Persentase viabilitas  bakteri E. coli yang tertinggi selama preservasi diperoleh dengan penggunaan gliserol konsentrasi 15% dengan jumlah 84% dan yang terendah adalah dengan penggunaan konsentrasi 10% yakni sebesar 80%, sedangkan untuk E. tarda persentase viabilitas  bakteri yang tertinggi selama preservasi diperoleh dengan penggunaan gliserol konsentrasi 10% dengan jumlah 1,83% dan yang terendah adalah dengan penggunaan konsentrasi 15% yakni sebesar 0,55%. Berdasarkan uji statistik analisis variasi (ANAVA) didapat hasil F hitung E. tarda dan E. coli yang lebih besar  dari FTabel dengan tingkat kepercayaan 95 %.

Systemic hypoxia enhances exercise-mediated bactericidal and subsequent apoptotic responses in human neutrophils

2009 ◽  
Vol 107 (4) ◽  
pp. 1213-1222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jong-Shyan Wang ◽  
Ya-Ting Chiu
Keyword(s):  
Bactericidal Activity ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Oxidase Inhibitor ◽  
Strenuous Exercise ◽  
Human Neutrophils ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Esherichia Coli ◽  
Diphenylene Iodonium ◽  
Oxidant Production

Phagocytosis and oxidative burst are critical host defense mechanisms in which neutrophils clear invading pathogens. Clearing phagocytic neutrophils by triggering apoptosis is an essential process for controlling inflammation. This study elucidates how various exercise bouts with/without hypoxia affected neutrophil bactericidal activity and subsequent apoptosis in humans. Fifteen sedentary males performed six distinct experimental tests in an air-conditioned normobaric hypoxia chamber: two normoxic exercises [strenuous exercise (SE; up to maximal O2consumption) and moderate exercise (ME; 50% maximal O2consumption for 30 min) while exposed to 21% O2], two hypoxic exercises (ME for 30 min while exposed to 12% and 15% O2), and two hypoxic exposures (resting for 30 min while exposed to 12% and 15% O2). The results showed that 1) plasma complement-C3a desArg/C4a desArg/C5a concentrations were increased, 2) expressions of L-selectin/lymphocyte functin-associated antigen-1/Mac-1/C5aR on neutrophils were enhanced, 3) phagocytosis of neutrophils to Esherichia coli and release of neutrophil oxidant products by E. coli were elevated, and 4) E. coli -induced phosphotidylserine exposure or caspase-3 activation of neutrophils were promoted immediately and 2 h after both 12% O2exposure at rest and with ME as well as normoxic SE. Although neither normoxic ME nor breathing 15% O2at rest influenced these complement- and neutrophil-related immune responses, ME at both 12% and 15% O2resulted in enhanced complement activation in the blood, expressions of opsonic/complement receptors on neutrophils, or the bactericidal activity and apoptosis of neutrophils. Moreover, the increased neutrophil oxidant production and apoptosis by normoxic SE and hypoxic ME were ameliorated by treating neutrophils with diphenylene iodonium (a NADPH oxidase inhibitor). Therefore, we conclude that ME at 12–15% O2enhances bactericidal capacity and facilitates the subsequent apoptosis of neutrophils.

scholarly journals Τροποποίηση της έκβασης σοβαρών gram αρνητικών λοιμώξεων μετά από οστεομυελίτιδα

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Σταύρος Γούμενος
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Esherichia Coli

Σκοπός: Η αυξημένη επίπτωση της οστεομυελίτιδας σε ευπαθείς ομάδες, όπως οι πολυτραυματίες και οι ηλικιωμένοι μετά από επεμβάσεις αρθροπλαστικής, δημιουργεί το ερώτημα ποιά μπορεί να είναι η απόκρισή των ασθενών αυτών σε επαναλοίμωξη από μικροοργανισμούς υψηλής παθογονικότητας, όπως τα νοσοκομειακά στελέχη. Ζώα και μέθοδοι: Κόνικλοι Νέας Ζηλανδίας υποβλήθηκαν σε δύο χειρουργικές επεμβάσεις μέσα σε χρονικό διάστημα 3 εβδομάδων: εικονική οστεομυελίτιδα και εικονική πυελονεφρίτιδα (ομάδα S), εικονική οστεομυελίτιδα και πυελονεφρίτιδα από Escherichia coli (ομάδα P), οστεομυελίτιδα από Staphylococcus aureus και πυελονεφρίτιδα από Esherichia coli με ή χωρίς αντισταφυλοκοκκική θεραπεία (ομάδες OP και ODP). Η επιβίωση των ζώων μελετήθηκε καθημερινά για 14 ημέρες. Δείγματα περιφερικού αίματος συλλέχθηκαν προς απομόνωση και καλλιέργεια των μονοπυρήνων κυττάρων του περιφερικού αίματος (PBMCs). Την 14η ημέρα τα ζώα θυσιάστηκαν και ελήφθησαν ιστκά τεμάχια προς μέτρηση της δραστικότητας της μυελοϋπεροξειδάσης ουδετεροφίλων (MPO) και της βακτηριακής ανάπτυξης στους ιστούς. Στα ζώα της ομάδας ODP χορηγήθηκε άπαξ νταλμπαβανσίνη προ της πρόκλησης πυελονεφρίτιδας. Επιπλέον PBMCs από υγιή ζώα επωάστηκαν in vitro με οστικό ομογενοποίημα με ή χωρίς την παρουσία Staphylococcus aureus και οι παραγόμενες κυτταροκίνες μετρήθηκαν. Αποτελέσματα: Η θνητότητα των ζώων των ομάδων (S, P, OP) μετά την πρόκληση πυελονεφρίτιδας ήταν 0%, 50% και 8.3% αντιστοίχως. Η παραγωγή TNFα από τα διεγερμένα PBMCs ήταν σημαντικά μειωμένη στην ομάδα OP στις 48 ώρες μετά πυελονεφρίτιδας. Το ιστικό βακτηριακό φορτίο του E. coli ήταν παρόμοιο στις ομάδες P και OP. Η δραστικότητα της MPO της ομάδας OP ήταν μειωμένη. Ο παραγόμενος TNFα ήταν ακόμα πιο μειωμένος στα ζώα της ομάδας ODP, ενώ η δραστικότητα της MPO ήταν αυξημένη. Η παραγωγή TNFα μειωνόταν όταν PBMCs απομονωμένα από υγιή ζώα και επωασμένα με οστικό ομογενοποίημα, S. aureus (HKSA) ή και τα δύο διεγείρονταν μετέπειτα με E. coli (HKEC). Ακόμα περισσότερο μειωνόταν δε υπό την παρουσία αναστολέων των TLR υποδοχέων anti-TLR4 και anti-TLR9. Συμπέρασμα: H σταφυλοκοκκική οστεομυελίτιδα τροποποιεί την έμφυτη ανοσιακή απόκριση του ξενιστή παρέχοντάς του πλεονέκτημα επιβίωσης μετά από θανατηφόρο λοίμωξη του ουροποιητικού από E. Coli. Ο πιθανός μηχανισμός φαίνεται να είναι η ενίσχυση της ανοσίας μέσω ρύθμισης των υποδοχέων TLR.

scholarly journals Adaptation of Esherichia coli to Antiobiotic Cycling via Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Hager ◽  
Ellen Jensen ◽  
Timothy Johnson ◽  
David Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Acid Resistance ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Esherichia Coli ◽  
Nalidixic Acid Resistance

Bacteria are quick to adapt and evolve, especially under the effects of selective pressures from chemical antibiotics. In addition, bacteria may develop resistance to antibiotics from multiple classes simultaneously, making their eradication from the human body particularly challenging. This study aims to demonstrate that bacterial multiple-drug resistance can be developed and retained in a laboratory setting. Escherichia coli B was grown in tryptic soy broth in the presence of a small, increasing concentration of streptomycin. This exposure resulted in a strain of E. coli, which had an increased minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) towards streptomycin, or “resistance.” This resistant strain was then grown in like manner in nalidixic acid and then penicillin G. The result was a strain that became resistant to streptomycin and nalidixic acid, and increasingly resistant to nalidixic acid after penicillin G exposure. Additionally, the bacteria retained resistance to streptomycin and nalidixic acid even after exposure to those chemicals ceased. Genome sequencing and comparison to E. coli B reference strain REL606 revealed the emergence of point mutations with each exposure to an antibiotic. Of particular interest is a mutation associated with the appearance of nalidixic acid resistance. Base pair 4,553,488 was changed from adenine to guanine, resulting in a change from aspartate to glycine in the protein helicase. Previous studies have not indicated mutations to this locus as nalidixic acid resistance conferring. Thus, this mutation may be a novel mutation conferring E. coli B nalidixic acid resistance. Since the region of the mutated helicase is functionally undefined, a mechanism is not apparent. Further research needs to be done to confirm this hypothesis and illuminate a mechanism. KEYWORDS: Bacteria; Escherichia coli; Evolution; Antibiotic Resistance; Nalidixic Acid; Streptomycin; Point Mutation; Single-nucleotide Polymorphism; Helicase; Minimum Inhibitory Concentration

scholarly journals Assessment of Biosecurity Measures and Distribution of Daily Live Bird ‎Markets in Four North-Western States of Nigeria ‎

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 8-18
Author(s):  
S. A. Hassan ◽  
B. V. Maikai ◽  
J. Kabir ◽  
M. B. Aliyu
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Human Settlements ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Live Bird Markets ◽  
Esherichia Coli ◽  
Biosecurity Practices ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
North Western ◽  
Live Bird

Maintenance of strict biosecurity measures is essential in preventing disease spread from Live Bird Markets (LBMs) which serve as a major intermingling area for poultry from different sources. This study assessed the Biosecurity measures and spatial distribution of daily Live Bird Markets of four North-western States in Nigeria. Closed ended questionnaires were administered in 35 daily LBMs in Kaduna, Kano, Katsina and Zamfara states and identification of disinfectants used in the LBMs were noted. Swab samples of birds’ cages in the LBMs were taken for E. coli isolation. The live bird managers and marketers were all male (100%) across all the four states. Only 6(17%) out of the 35 LBMs had high biosecurity level, 69% had a moderate biosecurity level and 5(14%) were graded as low. Of the 400 Live bird marketers administered questionnaires, only 71 (18%) employ good biosecurity practices and 305(76%) were graded as fair and remaining 24(6%) as poor. Majority of the LBMs were located within human settlements without any form of barrier. There were seven main types of disinfectants identified across the all LBMs. Esherichia coli was isolated from 1(17%) LBM among the 6(17%) LBMs that were identified to have and use disinfectant. From the remaining 29(83%) LBMs, E.coli was isolated from only 5(17%) despite lacking in use of disinfectant by these LBMs. Live bird marketers should be educated on the need to adhere to biosecurity measures and practices.

Efektivitas Kunyit (Curcuma longa Linn) terhadap Esherichia coli dan Bacillus subtilis

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Chylen Setiyo Rini ◽  
Jamilatur Rohmah ◽  
Leni Yuroh Widyaningrum
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Curcuma Longa ◽  
Dry Extract ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Turmeric Extract ◽  
Esherichia Coli ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Herbal Plants ◽  
Digestive Disorders

Herbal plants that serve as a drug, one of which is turmeric that has a role as an antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-cancer, digestive disorders. Because it contains compounds curcumin and essential oils. The purpose of this research is to know the optimal concentration of dry extract of turmeric rhizome (Curcuma longa L) in inhibiting the growth of E. coli and Bacillus subtilis. This research method using diffusion agar Kirby Bauer. In this study, turmeric extract at 15% concentration had antibacterial efficacy against Bacillus subtilis (0,7 mm) greater than Escherichia coli (0,63 mm).                

Combined Effects of Mustard Flour, Acetic Acid, and Salt against Esherichia coli O157:H7 Stored at 5 and 22° C

2002 ◽  
Vol 65 (10) ◽  
pp. 1632-1636 ◽  
Author(s):  
MIN-SUK RHEE ◽  
RICHARD H. DOUGHERTY ◽  
DONG-HYUN KANG
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Detection Limit ◽  
Additive Effect ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Esherichia Coli

The combined effects of acetic acid and mustard flour were investigated to ascertain their impact on Escherichia coli O157:H7 stored at 5 and 22°C. Samples were prepared with various concentrations of acetic acid (0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1% [vol/vol]) combined with 10% (wt/vol) Baltimore or Coleman mustard flour and 2% (fixed; wt/vol) sodium chloride. An acid-adapted mixture of three E. coli O157:H7 strains (106 to 107 CFU/ml) was inoculated into prepared mustard samples that were stored at 5 and 22°C, and samples were assayed periodically for the survival of E. coli O157:H7. The numbers of E. coli O157:H7 were reduced much more rapidly at 22°C than at 5°C. E. coli O157:H7 was rapidly reduced to below the detection limit (<0.3 log10 CFU/ml) after 1 day at 22°C, whereas it survived for up to 5 days at 5°C. There was no synergistic or additive effect with regard to the killing of E. coli O157:H7 with the addition of small amounts of acetic acid to the mustard flour. When stored at 5°C, mustard in combination with 0.25 (M-0.25), 0.5 (M-0.5), and 0.75% (M-0.75) acetic acid exerted less antimicrobial activity than the control (M-0). The order of lethality at 5°C was generally M-0.25 = M-0.5 < M-0.75 = M-0 < M-1. The addition of small amounts of acetic acid (<0.75%) to mustard retards the reduction of E. coli O157:H7. Statistical reduction in populations of E. coli O157:H7 (P < 0.05) was enhanced relative to that of the control (mustard alone) only with the addition of 1% acetic acid. This information may help mustard manufacturers to understand the antimicrobial activity associated with use of mustard flour in combination with acetic acid.

Antimicrobial Properties of Pepsin-Digested Lactoferrin Added to Carrot Juice and Filtrates of Carrot Juice

2000 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 376-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
PANITA CHANTAYSAKORN ◽  
R. L. RICHTER
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Test Organism ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Culture Collection ◽  
Carrot Juice ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Esherichia Coli ◽  
Organism Growth

The objective of this study was to determine the antimicrobial activity of pepsin-digested lactoferrin added to carrot juice and filtrates prepared from carrot juice. Lactoferrin isolated from raw skim milk was digested by pepsin for 4 h at pH 3. The digest of lactoferrin was lyophilized, and the antimicrobial activity of the digests was determined in peptone-yeast-glucose broth, carrot juice, permeate from carrot juice, and the dialysate of carrot juice permeate using Esherichia coli (American Type Culture Collection strain 35343) as the test organism. Growth of E. coli and the inhibitory effect of the peptide were greater in peptone-yeast-glucose broth at pH 7 than at pH 4. The peptic digest of lactoferrin did not have antimicrobial properties in carrot juice at concentrations of less than 10 mg/ml of juice. Carrot juice was filtered through a membrane with a molecular weight rejection of 10,000 or 500 Da, and the permeate was dialyzed against distilled water. Growth of E. coli was delayed in the filtrate by 5 mg but not by 1 mg of the peptic digest of lactoferrin per ml of filtrate. Bacterial counts of the control and experimental samples were not significantly different after 24 h of incubation. The peptic digest of lactoferrin at a concentration of 5 mg of digest per ml of dialysate was bacteriostatic toward E. coli after 24 h of incubation at 23°C. Dialysis of permeate caused a percentage reduction in cation concentration in the permeate ranging from 69.23% (Co) to 99.32% (Na). The antimicrobial activity of lactoferrin added to carrot juice was probably inhibited by cations.

scholarly journals DIFFERENCES OF INHIBITION ZONE FOREST PURE HONEY AND CINNAMON (Cinnamomum burmani) AS ANTIBACTERIAL BACTERIAL COMPOUNDS OF MEMBERS OF THE Enterobacteriaceae FAMILY

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-11
Author(s):  
Eko Naning Sofyanita ◽  
Roni Afriansya
Keyword(s):  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Serratia Marcescens ◽  
Agar Plate ◽  
Enterobacter Cloacae ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Combination Method ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Esherichia Coli ◽  
Active Substances

Honey and cinnamon are plant products that have many properties, one of which is used as an antibacterial agent for various diseases. The effectiveness of the two active substances against bacteria in the Enterobacteriaeae family is unclear. The study was conducted to determine the differences in the effectiveness of forest honey and cinnamon in inhibiting the growth of bacteria in the Enterobacteriaceae family. This research method is an experimental study with a combination method of diffusion and wells using samples of the bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae, Esherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Serratia marcescens, and Enterobacter cloacae. Forest pure honey and cinnamon were prepared as test solutions with concentrations of 25%, 40%, 55%, 70%, 85% and 100%. The results obtained were the inhibition zone formed on Nutrient Agar Plate (NAP) media, in forest pure honey the inhibition zone formed in S. typhi, E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens, and Enterobacter cloacae was greater at 100% concentration, namely 30.5mm, 32.5mm, 38mm, 29.5mm, 26mm, while the 100% concentration of cinnamon showed results, namely 12mm, 10mm, 8.5mm, 11mm, and 11mm. Conclusion is Forest pure honey was more effective at inhibiting bacteria from the Enterobacteriaceae family than cinnamon.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance and Sensitivity among Isolates of Esherichia coli from Urine Samples in Denizli, Turkey

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-18
Author(s):  
Selma Kirac ◽  
Dilek Keskin ◽  
F. Banu Karahasanoğlu
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Urinary Tract Infections ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Esherichia Coli ◽  
Tract Infections

Objective: The research was carried out with isolate and determines the antimicrobial sensitivity in E. coli from urinary tract infections in special hospital in Denizli and recorded at specimens. Methods: Urine samples (n=21) were collected from patients with signs and symptoms of Urinary tract infections. Bacteria were isolated and identified by conventional biochemical profile. Antibiotic resistance pattern of E. coli against different antibiotic was determined by Kirby-Baur method. Results: The results revealed that sensitivity rate of antimicrobial agents were in the range of meropenem (100%), norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin (86%), cefotaxime (80%), aztreonam (76%). None of the samples showed no resistance to amikacin, ceftazidime, aztreonam, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, and meropenem. Out of 21 isolates, 3(14%) isolates showed Multiple Antibiotic Resistance ten to thirteen antibiotics. Conclusion: It is concluded that most of the urinary tract infections in human are caused by E.coli exhibited highest resistance to meropenem (100%), followed by norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin  (86%).

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document