scholarly journals Impact of Economic Crisis on Passenger Transportation – Case of Travelling to the Greek Mainland from Crete

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-360
Author(s):  
Eleni Chita ◽  
Efi Drimili ◽  
Zoe Gareiou ◽  
Christina Milioti ◽  
Antigoni Vranna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Questionnaire Survey ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Passenger Transportation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Greek Island

The Greek economic crisis of 2009 onwards has affected all aspects of social and economic life of the country, including transportation. The present study focuses on the impact of economic crisis on the long distance transportation between the island of Crete in Greece, the largest Greek island and one of the largest in the Mediterranean Sea, and the Greek mainland. A questionnaire survey was used to investigate the opinions of the Cretans on the way the economic crisis influenced their transportation to the Greek mainland. The results of the survey show that the frequency of the Cretans’ travels was significantly limited, owing to the increased direct or indirect associated cost, due to the economic crisis. Especially for those who struggled to make ends meet, the transportation to the mainland dropped to the bare essentials. Furthermore, the respondents deemed that the deregulation of the Greek maritime and airline markets was also to blame for the high fares, thus they favoured a regulated public transport sector and were against privatization. Inevitably, financially vulnerable individuals were the most preoccupied with these issues. A feeling of isolation and exclusion was revealed by the sample on occasions when the scheduled trips were cancelled by the operators due to exogenous parameters.

Trade and stowaways: molecular evidence for human-mediated translocation of eastern skinks into the western Mediterranean

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-62
Author(s):  
Josep Francesc Bisbal-Chinesta ◽  
Karin Tamar ◽  
Ángel Gálvez ◽  
Luís Albero ◽  
Pablo Vicent-Castelló ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Western Mediterranean ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Human Movements ◽  
Allochthonous Species ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Chalcides Ocellatus ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Human movements in the regions surrounding the Mediterranean Sea have caused a great impact in the composition of terrestrial fauna due to the introductions of several allochthonous species, intentionally or not. Reptiles are one of the groups where this anthropic impact is most evident, owing to the extensive intra-Mediterranean dispersals of recent chronologies. Chalcides ocellatus is a widespread skink with a natural distribution that covers almost the entire Mediterranean Basin. Two hypotheses have been proposed to explain its origin: natural dispersions and human translocations. Previous molecular data suggest the occurrence of a recent dispersal phenomenon across the Mediterranean Sea. In this study we present the first record of this species in the Iberian Peninsula, in Serra del Molar (South-east Spain). We combined molecular analyses and archaeological records to study the origin of this population. The molecular results indicate that the population is phylogenetically closely related to specimens from north-eastern Egypt and southern Red Sea. We suggest that the species arrived at the Iberian Peninsula most likely through human-mediated dispersal by using the trade routes. Between the Iron to Middle Ages, even now, the region surrounding Serra del Molar has been the destination of human groups and commercial goods of Egyptian origins, in which Chalcides ocellatus could have arrived as stowaways. The regional geomorphological evolution would have restricted its expansion out of Serra del Molar. These findings provide new data about the impact of human movements on faunal introductions and present new information relating to mechanisms of long-distance translocations.

scholarly journals Examining the Impact of Air Passenger Transport on International Long-Distance Regular Bus Transport in the Slovak Republic

2018 ◽  
Vol 236 ◽  
pp. 02007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jozef Gnap ◽  
Tomáš Settey ◽  
Dominika Beňová
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Air Transport ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Passenger Transport ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Bus Transport

The paper deals with the study of the impact of regular air passenger transport on international long-distance regular bus transport in the Slovak Republic. The comparative period is 2017 (2018) with 2008. The issue is also related to the issue of the use of Slovakian airports for regular air transport after the Slovak Republic entered the European Union in 2004. According to the results of the 2008 survey, both modes of transport have significantly affected the economic crisis. The development of low-cost airlines also affected the decrease in the number of issued transport licenses in 2018 compared to 2008 in international regular bus transport.

scholarly journals BUCHAREST PUBLIC TRANSPORT: CHALLENGES DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (S.I.2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreea Daniela TUDOR
Keyword(s):  
Public Transport ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Research Database ◽  
Safety Measures ◽  
The Public ◽  
The People ◽  
To Come ◽  
Main Barrier ◽  
The Impact

The COVID-19 pandemic had and it’s still having a big impact on mobility since the end of 2018, when it started. Public transportation was already facing issues in all the big metropolitan cities where many people are in the same space at the same time. If we add the COVID-19 consequences and rules, public transit is the main barrier for community members to go back to their daily routines being safe and comfortable. This paper presents the changes in the public transport sector since COVID-19 started and aims to explore the consequences and possible alternatives to mitigate the impact of the pandemic crisis. As research method I decided to analyze and summarize numerous primary sources along with the public transport operators’ official websites. Both quantitative and qualitative data were used by doing a comprehensive research in ProQuest Central, Coronavirus Research Database, Elsevier ScienceDirect and Web of Science. The results suggest that reduction of mobility has been the first measure to slow the growth of the worldwide COVID-19 cases. However, the transport limitations don’t have the same impact for all modes of transport, public transport having one of the most considerable decline so far. In Bucharest, the public transport operators have imposed safety measures such as mask wearing, periodic cleaning, transparency and access to the information. Those aspects are important, but sometimes not sufficient to fight against the pandemic. What this research does is to come and complete the set of safety measures focusing on mitigating the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and increase the safety of the people while using public transport vehicles.

scholarly journals Transport in times of an epidemic: public transport measures in the Czech Republic and its regions

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-78
Author(s):  
Martin Vrána ◽  
Simona Surmařová ◽  
Petr Hlisnikovský ◽  
Jiří Dujka
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Hygiene Measures ◽  
Basic Features ◽  
Almost All

Abstract In the first half of 2020, the global pandemic of the COVID-19 virus became a phenomenon affecting all spheres of human life. Measures against the spread of the virus have led to restrictions in life in public spaces and have also affected the transport sector. These impacts consisted of two types - firstly, the number of connections was reduced due to a drop in transport demand, and secondly, it was necessary to comply with hygiene measures on the part of carriers and passengers. The impacts of these measures could be monitored at all spatial levels, from global to local. This paper deals with the course of the so-called first wave of the pandemic in the Czech Republic in relation to public transport and its organization. The aim of the paper is to provide an overview of these measures in relation to general government regulations and their subsequent implementation at the national, regional (county) and local (selected large cities) level. Furthermore, the paper uses three case studies to show what changes long-distance domestic transport has undergone on selected routes. There was a significant reduction in the number of long-distance connections, some lines were not operated at all, and of course, all cross-border connections were canceled. The paper covers the period from the turn of February and March 2020, when the measures began to take effect, to the end of May 2020, when almost all the adopted measures were gradually relaxed. The paper concludes with a summary of the basic features of the organization of transport during the validity of the special measures, as well as areas where significant changes took place and whose consequences may persist after the pandemic subsides.

scholarly journals Transportation habits and opinions of railway users in Athens, Greece

2021 ◽  
Vol 899 (1) ◽  
pp. 012065
Author(s):  
Georgia Chira ◽  
Dimitra Kaika ◽  
Fotini Kehagia ◽  
Efi Drimili ◽  
Zoe Gareiou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Questionnaire Survey ◽  
Economic Recession ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Level Of Service ◽  
Transportation Mode ◽  
Transportation Modes ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Of Greece ◽  
Significant Factors

Abstract The Greek economic crisis of 2009 onwards has affected all aspects of social and economic life of the country, including transportation. Taking into account the link between the economic crisis and transportation, the present study aims to investigate the way that the economic crisis has affected the interurban travel rail habits of the citizens of Athens, the capital of Greece. We conducted a study, using a questionnaire survey with 400 participants, to investigate the general trends concerning the purpose and the frequency of railway travelling and the restrictions of their travel activities due to the economic recession. The results of this study show that more than half of respondents declared that there is not any great difference in their use of rail as transport during last years, while they express a positive opinion as they attribute it to the higher safety and comfort of railway compared to other transportation modes. However, the cost of the ticket and the provided level of service are two significant factors for the participants for the choice of their transportation mode.

scholarly journals Evaluating Atmospheric Pollutants from Urban Buses under Real-World Conditions: Implications of the Main Public Transport Mode in São Paulo, Brazil

Atmosphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thiago Nogueira ◽  
Pamela Dominutti ◽  
Marcelo Vieira-Filho ◽  
Adalgiza Fornaro ◽  
Maria Andrade
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Atmospheric Pollutants ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Transport Mode ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Impact

The broad expanse of the urban metropolitan area of São Paulo (MASP) has made buses, the predominant public transport mode for commuters in the city. In 2016, the bus fleet in the MASP reached 56,354 buses and it was responsible for more than 12 million daily trips. Here, we evaluate for the first time, the emission profile of gaseous and particulate pollutants from buses running on 7% biodiesel + 93% petroleum diesel and their spatial distribution in the MASP. This novel study, based on four bus terminal experiments, provides an extensive analysis of atmospheric pollutants of interest to public health and climate changes, such as CO2, CO, NOx, VOCs, PM10, PM2.5 and their constituents (black carbon (BC) and elements). Our results suggest that the renovation of the bus fleet from Euro II to Euro V and the incorporation of electric buses had a noticeable impact (by a factor of up to three) on the CO2 emissions and caused a decrease in NO emissions, by a factor of four to five. In addition, a comparison with previous Brazilian studies, shows that the newer bus fleet in the MASP emits fewer particles. Emissions from the public transport sector have implications for public health and air quality, not only by introducing reactive pollutants into the atmosphere but also by exposing the commuters to harmful concentrations. Our findings make a relevant contribution to the understanding of emissions from diesel-powered buses and about the impact of these new vehicular technologies on the air quality in the MASP.

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC CRISIS ON THE EDUCATION SPHERE

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yelyzaveta Mykhaylova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
National Characteristics ◽  
Life Impact ◽  
The Impact

The economic crisis is viewed in this article as a two-way process, during which a transformation of socio-economic processes and rethinking of theoretical patterns can be observed. For developing countries, the effects of the economic crisis impact the most on social processes. But at the same time the efforts to minimize the negative consequences, are focused only on that part of the social sphere which directly depends on basic economic indicators, and the relatively autonomous spheres, as well as the system of basic and applied science and innovation are not taken into account. The economic crisis of 2020, the tiger of which was a pandemic, is characterized as a crisis of demand and it influences the most on developing countries because of the lack of resources. The purpose of the article is to highlight the main directions of the impact of economic crises on education, in particular in developing countries, as well as to describe and predict the consequences of such impacts on the socio-economic sphere of society. Taking into account declining wages in companies, rising unemployment, reduction production and tax revenues that began with the crisis and efforts to save, the significant decline in living standards are appeared unavoidably. It should be mentioned that such changes in socio-economic life impact not only on the reduction of wages, but also on the structure of demand for labor by profession and skill level. In any state character of the education system is determined by socio-economic and political systems, as well as cultural, historical, and national characteristics of countries. In addition to the global economic crisis, which affects the education, education itself around the world does not satisfy the demands of the modern society and as a result is in crisis by itself. The development or transformation of education in the system of knowledge economy is possible only with the improvement of the education quality, with the transformation of the content of education, with the creation of integration educational programs and with the change of management strategies.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS AND FORECAST OF THE DYNAMICS OF PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION BY PUBLIC LAND TRANSPORT

Transport ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas Butkevičius ◽  
Mindaugas Mazūra ◽  
Valdas Ivankovas ◽  
Skirmantas Mazūra
Keyword(s):  
Public Transport ◽  
National Income ◽  
Public Land ◽  
Railway Transport ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Passenger Traffic ◽  
Passenger Transportation ◽  
Reliable Parameter ◽  
National Road

In the presented paper the dynamics of passenger haulage by public transport is considered and a forecast is made. In Lithuania the total volume of passenger transportation by public land transport considerably decreased in the period from 1992 to 2001. In fact, the number of passengers carried by these transport facilities decreased by 3.1 times. The most considerable decrease was found on the local (suburban) bus routes and on international railway routes ‐ by 5.6 and by 5 times, respectively. Long‐distance transportation by bus which decreased only by 1.6 times was the least affected. The paper aims to identify major causes of transportation decrease common to road and railway transport (i.e. considerable growth of tariffs, fast growth of the number of personal motor cars, wear of transport facilities, lack of comfort, low prestige of public transport, etc.). The emphasis is placed on making a forecast of passenger traffic by using a multiple regression. The calculations show that the national income is the most reliable parameter for making forecasts of land transport development compared to a number of others, including national income, a gross national product, average monthly payment, household income and expenditures, national wealth, the index of production and users’ cost, and the variation of consumer goods and services. The forecasts show that passenger haulage by public transport will reach 575 m by 2010, while by 2015 it will grow up to 893 m. This means that transportation will increase by 1,6 times and 2,3 times, respectively, compared to passenger haulage in 2001. However, passenger transportation in 2015 will not achieve the volume found in 2001. The data of the considered forecast were used developing the strategies of national road and railway transport development.

scholarly journals A COVID-19 Public Transport Frequency Setting Model That Includes Short-Turning Options

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-20
Author(s):  
Yoran de Weert ◽  
Konstantinos Gkiotsalitis
Keyword(s):  
Public Transport ◽  
Mixed Integer ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Quadratic Program ◽  
High Demand ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
The Public ◽  
Passenger Demand ◽  
Transport Services ◽  
The Impact

The COVID-19 pandemic has had an enormous impact on the public transport sector. After the start of the pandemic, passenger demand dropped significantly for public transport services. In addition, social distancing measures have resulted in introducing pandemic-imposed capacity limitations to public transport vehicles. Consequently, public transport operators should adjust their planning to minimize the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study introduces a mixed-integer quadratic program that sets the optimal frequencies of public transport lines and sublines in order to conform with the pandemic-imposed capacity. The focus is on cases where the public transport demand is high, but the crowding levels inside public transport vehicles should remain below the pandemic-imposed capacities. Of particular interest are public transport lines with skewed demand profiles that can benefit from the introduction of short-turning sublines that serve the high-demand line segments. The frequency setting model is tested on a network containing two high-demand bus lines in the Twente region in the Netherlands, and it demonstrates that the revenue losses due to social distancing can be reduced when implementing short-turning service patterns.

scholarly journals Accessibility of Brzozów by public transport on a local, regional and national scale

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-46
Author(s):  
Łukasz Fiedeń
Keyword(s):  
Transport System ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Local Market ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Transport System ◽  
Long Distance Transport ◽  
Provision Of Services ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Major changes can be observed in the way that the public transport system in Poland operates as a result of the structural and ownership transformations of the former state-owned Motor Transport Company (Przedsiębiorstwo Komunikacji Samochodowej [PKS]). An analysis was carried out of the town’s existing public transport connections in order to determine the impact of these changes on the mobility of the residents of a small town. The town of Brzozów was selected for the research. After August 2013, PKS Krosno S.A. withdrew from the provision of services on many bus routes in that area. The external accessibility of public transport in Brzozów was presented at three scales: local, intra-regional and national. Each of these has its own characteristics, and the bus routes provided on each of these scales have different significance for the inhabitants and the functioning of the economy. Accessibility by public transport in Brzozów is very good and strongly correlated with the city’s functional links on local, regional and national scales. The main transport axis of the city is the route connecting Rzeszów (the capital of Podkarpackie Province) with the Bieszczady Mountains (an area of great value for tourism). On the local market, the desire to adapt the carriers’ provision to the needs of students and the employees of large companies, while providing for university students on the market for long-distance transport, provided the main motivations for changes in the public transport system in the area of Brzozów Municipality.

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