Innovation Policy as Creating Markets, Not Only Fixing Them

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana Mazzucato
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Organizational Change ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Innovation Policy ◽  
Market Failures ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Successful Innovation ◽  
Transformative Impact ◽  
Innovation Policies

Successful innovation policies are those that actively create and shape markets, not only fix them. In the past this has been achieved through “mission-oriented” policies aimed not at fixing market failures or minimizing government failures, but rather on maximizing the transformative impact of policy. Countries around the world are currently striving to achieve innovation-led growth that is both inclusive and sustainable. For this to happen, public policy needs to support innovation and direct future activities. Innovation policy must focus on building more “symbiotic” (less parasitic) innovation “ecosystems.” This chapter discusses new types of policy questions needed to address the collective, uncertain, and persistent nature of innovation and posits four key areas: directing public policy, evaluating public policy, organizational change to accommodate risk taking and exploration, and the socialization of risks and rewards.

Reconsidering policy – our agenda

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Kate Crowley ◽  
Jenny Stewart ◽  
Adrian Kay ◽  
Brian W. Head
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
First Century ◽  
Current Policy ◽  
Policy Studies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Modes Of Action ◽  
The World ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Policy Problems

Policy studies are in a rut. Just as politics in both the global and domestic spheres have been taking more partisan forms, policy studies itself has become more inward looking, and less interested in politics and practice than in the past. The authors suggest that making public policy relevant again, requires an understanding, not just of policy development and selected policy-related themes, but a broader engagement with structure, process and system: as a way of depicting not just the formation of policy, but also its modes of action in the world. Doing this involves building on earlier iterations of policy thought and relating them, not only to the complexity of current policy problems, but also to the immense technological and political changes that have occurred in the twenty-first century.

THE DIFFICULTY OF ENFORCING SURROGACY REGULATIONS

2015 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-37
Author(s):  
Claire Fenton-Glynn
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Time Limit ◽  
International Convention ◽  
The Past ◽  
Difficult Question ◽  
The World ◽  
Welfare Of The Child ◽  
The Hague

OVER the past 15 years, international surrogacy has grown from a niche practice catering only to a few adventurous couples, to a convenient response to infertility for those who would otherwise be hindered by restrictive national regimes. While the Hague Conference Permanent Bureau continues to debate the desirability, and indeed viability, of an international convention in this area, governments and courts around the world have been confronted by the difficult question of whether to recognise an agreement that takes place legally in another jurisdiction, but which is contrary to their own laws. In this, England is no exception. With approximately 25%. of all surrogacy arrangements now taking place outside its borders, English courts are regularly being asked to confer parenthood on commissioning parents in circumstances in which the statutory requirements have not only not been met, but in some cases flagrantly breached. The latest development in this regard is Re X (A Child) (Surrogacy: Time Limit) [2014] EWHC 3135 (Fam), where the tension between public policy as evinced in the legislation, and the welfare of the child who will bear the burden of any refusal to recognise parenthood, once again came to a head.

scholarly journals Components of state innovative policy and the mechanism of its implementation in the measurement of the world experience

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Innovation Policy ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
The State ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Innovative Development ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Successful Innovation ◽  
Implementation Of Innovations

The subject of the research is the modern innovative development in the conditions of application of the system of the state innovation policy instruments. The purpose is to systematize scientific views and analyze the criteria, components and directions of the state innovation policy, approaches to coordinating and regulatory role of the state in innovation policy and, on this basis, to make recommendations on the application of the components of an effective innovation policy of the country. The methodological basis for the article was the works of well-known foreign and Ukrainian economists on the subject of research, the results of the authors’ own research, analysis of the main international indicators of effective innovation development of the countries of the world. To achieve the goal, the following methods were used: dialectical, historical, logical, systemic, statistical and graphical. As a result of the research, the essence of innovation policy of the state and innovation and investment risks, factors hindering the innovative development of Ukrainian enterprises and functions of state innovation policy were determined. In order to develop and implement an efficient state innovation policy, a number of indicators that are components of the successful innovation policy of the country were analyzed, in particular, the ratio of the country’s expenditure on research and development as a percentage of GDP, the number of patents issued to the country’s citizens for innovations (within the country and abroad), and the same indicator but per million in the population of the country as well as the ratio of the share of high-tech and medium-tech products of the countries listed in the international innovative rating and the average interest rate of the country’s central bank. The concept of the state support for the development and implementation of innovations in the real sector of the economy is offered in this paper.

Change of Organizations

2019 ◽  
pp. 131-144
Author(s):  
Susana Borrás ◽  
Charles Edquist
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Organizational Change ◽  
Innovation Policy ◽  
Innovation System ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Conceptual Basis ◽  
System A ◽  
Innovation Dynamics ◽  
Key Issues

Organizations are crucial elements in innovation systems. Yet, their role is so ubiquitous that it is difficult to grasp and to examine all kinds of organization that are present in an innovation system. The purpose of this chapter is to define the conceptual basis of innovation policy in relation to the role of organizations, looking in particular at the roles of entrepreneurship and intrapreneurship as examples of organizational change. In so doing, this chapter aims at making three contributions. Firstly, it defines the roles of entrepreneurship and intrapreneurship in the innovation system, a crucial topic in understanding innovation dynamics and its blurring boundaries. Secondly, it identifies some common entrepreneurship- and intrapreneurship-related obstacles and barriers in the innovation system, and examines the policy instruments to solve or mitigate them. Thirdly, it discusses the limits of public policy and suggests key issues in the design of innovation policy.

New trends in the development of scientific, technological and innovation policies of the world countries: the OECD vision

2020 ◽  
pp. 25-32
Author(s):  
N. V. Berezniak ◽  
N. I. Shabranska
Keyword(s):  
Innovation Policy ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Political Support ◽  
Technology And Innovation ◽  
Science Technology ◽  
The World ◽  
Science Technology And Innovation ◽  
Innovation Policies

A new direction of science, technology and innovation policy, initiated by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), has been investigated. The proposed OECD paradigm of new mission-oriented policies encompasses initiatives aimed at overcoming public challenges in the world and achieving the Sustainable Development Goals 2030 (UN), which is especially relevant for Ukraine. The general characteristics of the instruments of political influence and interaction are given. These instruments are the “mix” of policies that aim to implement direct and indirect forms of support. The examples of developing the national strategic documents and supporting a sustainable economy in the OECD member countries are considered. Highly developed countries introduce special instruments that promote breakthrough innovations to implement strategic priorities. The OECD notes the feasibility of creating different types of institutions that will be responsible for defining national strategies and shaping science, technology and innovation policies. The challenges and trends of political support for innovative business by the OECD member countries are described. The governments of these countries are initiating the formation of new directions and the use of new public policy instruments, in particular: a combination of fiscal instruments and direct support instruments, simplified access to financing schemes and increased transparency through the creation of a “single window” or digital support services, etc.

BUREAUCRATIC LEARNING

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 358-358
Author(s):  
Robert Nisbet
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Policy Maker ◽  
Human Condition ◽  
Great Power ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Individual

Through the application of science, human beings in America and other parts of the world have been liberated from plagues, pestilences, threats of famine, hardship and torment that once seemed an unalterable part of the human condition. And until recently, all of this was rewarded by public and governmental respect. In the past few years, however, disenchantment has set in, with the public concluding that the post-war promises of learning were inflated and misleading. Much of science and scholarship has become obsessed with what it likes to think is a public-policy role, with the individual scholar only too happy to serve as policy maker. Unhappily, as the policy maker advances, the man of learning recedes. Bureaucratic learning has also become commercial. The large grant, the entrepreneurially established institute have come to wield great power. Thus a substantial amount of research that does not really require great amounts of money and complex organizations, that is indeed retarded in inspiration by them, demands them anyhow. Grantsmanship, at first a wry joke among academics, is by now a publicly recognized source of banality, trivialization and pretentiousness. Bureaucratic learning has lost its sense of proportion and of the true roots of knowledge.

A basic introduction to image processing using NIH-Image as a model

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 392-393
Author(s):  
John Mansfield
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Digital Image ◽  
Image Acquisition ◽  
Digital Instrument ◽  
Novice User ◽  
Nih Image ◽  
The Past ◽  
Digital World ◽  
The World ◽  
Instrument Control

Advances in camera technology and digital instrument control have meant that in modern microscopy, the image that was, in the past, typically recorded on a piece of film is now recorded directly into a computer. The transfer of the analog image seen in the microscope to the digitized picture in the computer does not mean, however, that the problems associated with recording images, analyzing them, and preparing them for publication, have all miraculously been solved. The steps involved in the recording an image to film remain largely intact in the digital world. The image is recorded, prepared for measurement in some way, analyzed, and then prepared for presentation.Digital image acquisition schemes are largely the realm of the microscope manufacturers, however, there are also a multitude of “homemade” acquisition systems in microscope laboratories around the world. It is not the mission of this tutorial to deal with the various acquisition systems, but rather to introduce the novice user to rudimentary image processing and measurement.

On the Symbolism of Rain in A Farewell to Arms

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Research Tool ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Farewell To Arms

This paper critically analyzes the symbolic use of rain in A Farewell to Arms (1929). The researcher has applied the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis as a research tool for the analysis of the text. This hypothesis argues that the languages spoken by a person determine how one observes this world and that the peculiarities encoded in each language are all different from one another. It affirms that speakers of different languages reflect the world in pretty different ways. Hemingway’s symbolic use of rain in A Farewell to Arms (1929) is denotative, connotative, and ironical. The narrator and protagonist, Frederick Henry symbolically embodies his own perceptions about the world around him. He time and again talks about rain when something embarrassing is about to ensue like disease, injury, arrest, retreat, defeat, escape, and even death. Secondly, Hemingway has connotatively used rain as a cleansing agent for washing the past memories out of his mind. Finally, the author has ironically used rain as a symbol when Henry insists on his love with Catherine Barkley while the latter being afraid of the rain finds herself dead in it.

Profilometry. Using Corneo-scleral topography for scleral lens fitting

The Eye ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (128) ◽  
pp. 19-22
Author(s):  
Gregory DeNaeyer
Keyword(s):  
Ocular Surface ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Contact Lenses ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Way

The world-wide use of scleral contact lenses has dramatically increased over the past 10 year and has changed the way that we manage patients with corneal irregularity. Successfully fitting them can be challenging especially for eyes that have significant asymmetries of the cornea or sclera. The future of scleral lens fitting is utilizing corneo-scleral topography to accurately measure the anterior ocular surface and then using software to design lenses that identically match the scleral surface and evenly vault the cornea. This process allows the practitioner to efficiently fit a customized scleral lens that successfully provides the patient with comfortable wear and improved vision.

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