scholarly journals A bacterial sulfonolipid triggers multicellular development in the closest living relatives of animals

eLife ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosanna A Alegado ◽  
Laura W Brown ◽  
Shugeng Cao ◽  
Renee K Dermenjian ◽  
Richard Zuzow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Signal Transmission ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Colony Development ◽  
Multicellular Development ◽  
Broad Dynamic Range ◽  
Bacteroidetes Phylum ◽  
Salpingoeca Rosetta ◽  
Close Relatives

Bacterially-produced small molecules exert profound influences on animal health, morphogenesis, and evolution through poorly understood mechanisms. In one of the closest living relatives of animals, the choanoflagellate Salpingoeca rosetta, we find that rosette colony development is induced by the prey bacterium Algoriphagus machipongonensis and its close relatives in the Bacteroidetes phylum. Here we show that a rosette inducing factor (RIF-1) produced by A. machipongonensis belongs to the small class of sulfonolipids, obscure relatives of the better known sphingolipids that play important roles in signal transmission in plants, animals, and fungi. RIF-1 has extraordinary potency (femtomolar, or 10−15 M) and S. rosetta can respond to it over a broad dynamic range—nine orders of magnitude. This study provides a prototypical example of bacterial sulfonolipids triggering eukaryotic morphogenesis and suggests molecular mechanisms through which bacteria may have contributed to the evolution of animals.

Signal transduction and signal transmission

e-Neuroforum ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Gießl ◽  
H. Regus-Leidig ◽  
J. H. Brandstätter
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Signal Transmission ◽  
Light Signal ◽  
Rod Photoreceptor ◽  
Physical Stimulus ◽  
Light Sensing ◽  
Broad Dynamic Range ◽  
Processing Pathways ◽  
Rod And Cone Photoreceptors

AbstractVision begins in highly specialized light-sensing neurons, the rod and cone photoreceptors. Their task is to absorb photons, transduce the physical stimulus into neuronal sig­nals, transmit the signals to the parallel signal processing pathways of the subsequent reti­nal network with the highest possible fidelity and continuously adapt to changes in stim­ulus intensities. If you imagine a pitch-black night with only a few photons hitting the ret­ina and being absorbed by the photoreceptors and a bright sunny day with the photore­ceptors being bombarded by billions of photons, you realize that a photoreceptor faces two fundamental challenges: it has to detect the light signal with the greatest sensitivity, e.g. a single photon leads to a change in the membrane potential of a rod photoreceptor and, at the same time, encode light intensities covering a broad dynamic range of sev­eral orders of magnitude. To fulfill these demands, photoreceptors have developed separate, structurally and functionally specialized compartments, which are the topic of this article: the outer segment for signal transduc­tion and the terminal with its highly complex ribbon synapse for signal transmission.

Molecular mechanisms for environmentally induced and evolutionarily rapid redistribution (plasticity) of meiotic recombination

Genetics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reine U Protacio ◽  
Tresor O Mukiza ◽  
Mari K Davidson ◽  
Wayne P Wahls
Keyword(s):  
Fission Yeast ◽  
Frequency Distribution ◽  
Meiotic Recombination ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Recombination Rates ◽  
Isolated Populations ◽  
Broad Dynamic Range

Abstract It has long been known (circa 1917) that environmental conditions, as well as speciation, can affect dramatically the frequency distribution of Spo11/Rec12-dependent meiotic recombination. Here, by analyzing DNA sequence-dependent meiotic recombination hotspots in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, we reveal a molecular basis for these phenomena. The impacts of changing environmental conditions (temperature, nutrients, osmolarity) on local rates of recombination are mediated directly by DNA site-dependent hotspots (M26, CCAAT, Oligo-C). This control is exerted through environmental condition-responsive signal transduction networks (involving Atf1, Pcr1, Php2, Php3, Php5, Rst2). Strikingly, individual hotspots modulate rates of recombination over a very broad dynamic range in response to changing conditions. They can range from being quiescent to being highly proficient at promoting activity of the basal recombination machinery (Spo11/Rec12 complex). Moreover, each different class of hotspot functions as an independently controlled rheostat; a condition that increases the activity of one class can decrease the activity of another class. Together, the independent modulation of recombination rates by each different class of DNA site-dependent hotspots (of which there are many) provides a molecular mechanism for highly dynamic, large-scale changes in the global frequency distribution of meiotic recombination. Because hotspot-activating DNA sites discovered in fission yeast are conserved functionally in other species, this process can also explain the previously enigmatic, Prdm9-independent, evolutionarily rapid changes in hotspot usage between closely related species, subspecies, and isolated populations of the same species.

scholarly journals Multiplex Assays of Luminex for Identification of COVID-19 Antibodies in Patient Serum: Performance Evaluation and Comparison to ELISA

2020 ◽  
Vol 154 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S92-S92
Author(s):  
M S Shapiro ◽  
X Wang ◽  
D R Mendu ◽  
A Firpo
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Range ◽  
High Titer ◽  
Mount Sinai Hospital ◽  
Antibody Testing ◽  
Luminex Assay ◽  
Multiplex Assays ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Broad Dynamic Range ◽  
Circulating Antibodies ◽  
Mount Sinai

Abstract Introduction/Objective Mount Sinai Hospital has received emergency use authorization (EUA) from the FDA for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) antibody testing using ELISA. This serological assay detects and titrates the presence of circulating antibodies to COVID-19. Other platforms have aimed to achieve the credentials of the ELISA instrument, including the multiplex assays of Luminex. The platform is known to have a greater throughput (384 wells vs. 96 wells per microplate) and faster processing speed (8 hours vs. 17 hours). Methods Luminex utilizes beads that couple to the same COVID-19 antigens (mRBD and mSpike) which were utilized for the ELISA assay. The beads are read determining the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI). In order to compare the two methods, our study included 61 patients with COVID-19 at Mount Sinai Hospital, to screen and titrate their sera using Luminex, and to correspond the MFI values with the ELISA titers. Results The Luminex assay has achieved the same level of confidence as ELISA. The 61 patients, representing 30 negatives and 31 positives, are consistently identified as such on both platforms. Our data highlights 32% of patients with a low titer (<1:160), 42% of patients with a high titer (1:160 ~ 1:320), and 26% of patients with a very high titer level (>1:320). These titers correlated well with the MFI values. Based on a cutoff of 80,000 MFI, the sensitivity and specificity of the assay is 98% and 85%, respectively, with no overlapping of MFI between positive and negative results. Conclusion Overall, the study has demonstrated that the Luminex is a strong alternative for the ELISA platform. The Luminex highlights the broad dynamic range with no overlapping between positives and negatives. Migration from ELISA to Luminex, a platform with faster and greater throughput, is therefore, highly desirable.

scholarly journals Equine Genital Squamous Cell Carcinoma Associated with EcPV2 Infection: RANKL Pathway Correlated to Inflammation and Wnt Signaling Activation

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 244
Author(s):  
Samanta Mecocci ◽  
Ilaria Porcellato ◽  
Federico Armando ◽  
Luca Mechelli ◽  
Chiara Brachelente ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Wnt Signaling ◽  
Squamous Cell ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Wnt Signaling Pathway ◽  
Nuclear Factor ◽  
Nuclear Factor Kappa ◽  
Signaling Activation ◽  
Expression Evaluation

Equine genital squamous cell carcinomas (egSCCs) are among the most common equine tumors after sarcoids, severely impairing animal health and welfare. Equus caballus papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV2) infection is often related to these tumors. The aim of this study was to clarify the molecular mechanisms behind egSCCs associated with EcPV2 infection, investigating receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) signaling in NF-kB pathway, together with the Wnt and IL17 signaling pathways. We analyzed the innate immune response through gene expression evaluation of key cytokines and transcription factors. Moreover, Ki67 index was assessed with immunohistochemistry. EcPV2-E6 DNA was checked, and viral presence was confirmed in 21 positive out to 23 cases (91%). Oncogene expression was confirmed in 14 cases (60.8%) for E6 and in 8 (34.7%) for E2. RANKL, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFKB)-p50, NFKBp65, interleukin (IL)-6, IL17, IL23p19, IL8, IL12p35, IL12p40, β-catenin (BCATN1), FOS like 1 (FOSL1), and lymphoid enhancer binding factor 1 (LEF1) showed a significant upregulation in tumor samples compared to healthy tissues. Our results describe an inflammatory environment characterized by the activation of RANKL/RANK and IL17 with the relative downstream pathways, and a positive modulation of inflammatory cytokines genes such as IL6 and IL8. Moreover, the increase of BCATN1, FOSL1, and LEF1 gene expression suggests an activation of both canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway that could be critical for carcinogenesis and tumor progression.

scholarly journals A tandem giant magnetoresistance assay for one-shot quantification of clinically relevant concentrations of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide in human blood

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fanda Meng ◽  
Weisong Huo ◽  
Jie Lian ◽  
Lei Zhang ◽  
Xizeng Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Detection Limit ◽  
Giant Magnetoresistance ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Sample Volume ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Broad Dynamic Range ◽  
Gmr Sensors ◽  
Gmr Sensor ◽  
Sample Volume Requirement

AbstractWe report a microfluidic sandwich immunoassay constructed around a dual-giant magnetoresistance (GMR) sensor array to quantify the heart failure biomarker NT-proBNP in human plasma at the clinically relevant concentration levels between 15 pg/mL and 40 ng/mL. The broad dynamic range was achieved by differential coating of two identical GMR sensors operated in tandem, and combining two standard curves. The detection limit was determined as 5 pg/mL. The assay, involving 53 plasma samples from patients with different cardiovascular diseases, was validated against the Roche Cobas e411 analyzer. The salient features of this system are its wide concentration range, low detection limit, small sample volume requirement (50 μL), and the need for a short measurement time of 15 min, making it a prospective candidate for practical use in point of care analysis.

scholarly journals Engineering Cyanobacterial Cell Morphology for Enhanced Recovery and Processing of Biomass

2017 ◽  
Vol 83 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Jordan ◽  
Jenna Chandler ◽  
Joshua S. MacCready ◽  
Jingcheng Huang ◽  
Katherine W. Osteryoung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Cell Morphology ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Enhanced Recovery ◽  
Downstream Processing ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Alternative Crop ◽  
Cell Harvesting ◽  
Broad Dynamic Range

ABSTRACT Cyanobacteria are emerging as alternative crop species for the production of fuels, chemicals, and biomass. Yet, the success of these microbes depends on the development of cost-effective technologies that permit scaled cultivation and cell harvesting. Here, we investigate the feasibility of engineering cell morphology to improve biomass recovery and decrease energetic costs associated with lysing cyanobacterial cells. Specifically, we modify the levels of Min system proteins in Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942. The Min system has established functions in controlling cell division by regulating the assembly of FtsZ, a tubulin-like protein required for defining the bacterial division plane. We show that altering the expression of two FtsZ-regulatory proteins, MinC and Cdv3, enables control over cell morphology by disrupting FtsZ localization and cell division without preventing continued cell growth. By varying the expression of these proteins, we can tune the lengths of cyanobacterial cells across a broad dynamic range, anywhere from an ∼20% increased length (relative to the wild type) to near-millimeter lengths. Highly elongated cells exhibit increased rates of sedimentation under low centrifugal forces or by gravity-assisted settling. Furthermore, hyperelongated cells are also more susceptible to lysis through the application of mild physical stress. Collectively, these results demonstrate a novel approach toward decreasing harvesting and processing costs associated with mass cyanobacterial cultivation by altering morphology at the cellular level. IMPORTANCE We show that the cell length of a model cyanobacterial species can be programmed by rationally manipulating the expression of protein factors that suppress cell division. In some instances, we can increase the size of these cells to near-millimeter lengths with this approach. The resulting elongated cells have favorable properties with regard to cell harvesting and lysis. Furthermore, cells treated in this manner continue to grow rapidly at time scales similar to those of uninduced controls. To our knowledge, this is the first reported example of engineering the cell morphology of cyanobacteria or algae to make them more compatible with downstream processing steps that present economic barriers to their use as alternative crop species. Therefore, our results are a promising proof-of-principle for the use of morphology engineering to increase the cost-effectiveness of the mass cultivation of cyanobacteria for various sustainability initiatives.

scholarly journals Plasmonic substrates for multiplexed protein microarrays with femtomolar sensitivity and broad dynamic range

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott M. Tabakman ◽  
Lana Lau ◽  
Joshua T. Robinson ◽  
Jordan Price ◽  
Sarah P. Sherlock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Protein Microarrays ◽  
Broad Dynamic Range

A FRET based pH probe with a broad working range applicable to referenced ratiometric dual wavelength and luminescence lifetime read out

2015 ◽  
Vol 51 (28) ◽  
pp. 6145-6148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Meier ◽  
Johann M. B. Simbürger ◽  
Tero Soukka ◽  
Michael Schäferling
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Dual Wavelength ◽  
Luminescence Lifetime ◽  
Ph Sensing ◽  
Ph Probe ◽  
Broad Dynamic Range ◽  
Europium Chelate ◽  
Ratiometric Ph Sensing

A FRET system composed of a europium chelate and carboxynaphthofluorescein enables ratiometric pH sensing with an exceptionally broad dynamic range.

Fluorescence lifetime-based biosensing of zinc: Origin of the broad dynamic range

1995 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard B. Thompson ◽  
Marcia W. Patchan
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescence Lifetime ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Broad Dynamic Range

scholarly journals Oxidative Stress in Dairy Cows: Insights into the Mechanistic Mode of Actions and Mitigating Strategies

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1918
Author(s):  
Aurele Gnetegha Ayemele ◽  
Mekonnen Tilahun ◽  
Sun Lingling ◽  
Samy Abdelaziz Elsaadawy ◽  
Zitai Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Protein Carbonyl ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
High Density Lipoproteins ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Antioxidant Genes

This review examines several molecular mechanisms underpinning oxidative stress in ruminants and their effects on blood and milk oxidative traits. We also investigate strategies to alleviate or repair oxidative damages by improving animal immune functions using novel feed additives. Microbial pathogenic cells, feeding management, and body condition score were some of the studied factors, inducing oxidative stress in ruminants. The predominance of Streptococcus spp. (24.22%), Acinetobacter spp. (21.37%), Romboutsia spp. (4.99%), Turicibacter spp., (2.64%), Stenotrophomonas spp. (2.33%), and Enterococcus spp. (1.86%) was found in the microbiome of mastitis cows with a decrease of d-mannose and increase of xanthine:guanine ratio when Streptococcus increased. Diversity of energy sources favoring the growth of Fusobacterium make it a keystone taxon contributing to metritis. Ruminal volatile fatty acids rose with high-concentrate diets that decreased the ruminal pH, causing a lysis of rumen microbes and release of endotoxins. Moreover, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) concentration, malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities increased in high concentrate cows accompanied by a reduction of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT) activity. In addition, albumin and paraoxonase concentrations were inversely related to oxidative stress and contributed to the protection of low-density and high-density lipoproteins against lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl, and lactoperoxidase. High concentrate diets increased the expression of MAPK pro-inflammatory genes and decreased the expression of antioxidant genes and proteins in mammary epithelial tissues. The expression levels of NrF2, NQO1, MT1E, UGT1A1, MGST3, and MT1A were downregulated, whereas NF-kB was upregulated with a high-grain or high concentrate diet. Amino-acids, vitamins, trace elements, and plant extracts have shown promising results through enhancing immune functions and repairing damaged cells exposed to oxidative stress. Further studies comparing the long-term effect of synthetic feed additives and natural plant additives on animal health and physiology remain to be investigated.

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