scholarly journals Oxidative Stress in Dairy Cows: Insights into the Mechanistic Mode of Actions and Mitigating Strategies

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1918
Author(s):  
Aurele Gnetegha Ayemele ◽  
Mekonnen Tilahun ◽  
Sun Lingling ◽  
Samy Abdelaziz Elsaadawy ◽  
Zitai Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Protein Carbonyl ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
High Density Lipoproteins ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Antioxidant Genes

This review examines several molecular mechanisms underpinning oxidative stress in ruminants and their effects on blood and milk oxidative traits. We also investigate strategies to alleviate or repair oxidative damages by improving animal immune functions using novel feed additives. Microbial pathogenic cells, feeding management, and body condition score were some of the studied factors, inducing oxidative stress in ruminants. The predominance of Streptococcus spp. (24.22%), Acinetobacter spp. (21.37%), Romboutsia spp. (4.99%), Turicibacter spp., (2.64%), Stenotrophomonas spp. (2.33%), and Enterococcus spp. (1.86%) was found in the microbiome of mastitis cows with a decrease of d-mannose and increase of xanthine:guanine ratio when Streptococcus increased. Diversity of energy sources favoring the growth of Fusobacterium make it a keystone taxon contributing to metritis. Ruminal volatile fatty acids rose with high-concentrate diets that decreased the ruminal pH, causing a lysis of rumen microbes and release of endotoxins. Moreover, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) concentration, malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities increased in high concentrate cows accompanied by a reduction of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT) activity. In addition, albumin and paraoxonase concentrations were inversely related to oxidative stress and contributed to the protection of low-density and high-density lipoproteins against lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl, and lactoperoxidase. High concentrate diets increased the expression of MAPK pro-inflammatory genes and decreased the expression of antioxidant genes and proteins in mammary epithelial tissues. The expression levels of NrF2, NQO1, MT1E, UGT1A1, MGST3, and MT1A were downregulated, whereas NF-kB was upregulated with a high-grain or high concentrate diet. Amino-acids, vitamins, trace elements, and plant extracts have shown promising results through enhancing immune functions and repairing damaged cells exposed to oxidative stress. Further studies comparing the long-term effect of synthetic feed additives and natural plant additives on animal health and physiology remain to be investigated.

scholarly journals Role of probiotics in nutrition and health of small ruminants

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 893-906 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.M. Abd El-Tawab ◽  
I.M.I. Youssef ◽  
H.A. Bakr ◽  
G.C. Fthenakis ◽  
N.D. Giadinis
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Livestock Farming ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Research On Application

AbstractSmall ruminants represent an important economic source in small farm systems and agriculture. Feed is the main component of livestock farming, which has gained special attention to improve animal performance. Many studies have been done to improve feed utilisation through addition of feed additives. For a long period, antibiotics have been widely used as growth promoters in livestock diets. Due to their ban in many countries, search for alternative feed additives has been intensified. Probiotics are one of these alternatives recognised to be safe to the animals. Use of probiotics in small ruminant nutrition has been confirmed to improve animal health, productivity and immunity. Probiotics improved growth performance through enhancing of rumen microbial ecosystem, nutrient digestibility and feed conversion rate. Moreover, probiotics have been reported to stabilise rumen pH, increase volatile fatty acids production and to stimulate lactic acid utilising protozoa, resulting in a highly efficient rumen function. Furthermore, use of probiotics has been found to increase milk production and can reduce incidence of neonatal diarrhea and mortality. However, actual mechanisms through which probiotics exert these functions are not known. Since research on application of probiotics in small ruminants is scarce, the present review attempts to discuss the potential roles of this class of feed additives on productive performance and health status of these animals.

scholarly journals Chlorella Vulgaris Biomass Supplementation Increased the Abundance of Hepatic Antioxidant Proteins in Relation to Oxidative Stress Reduction in Rabbits

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akeem Babatunde Sikiru ◽  
Arangasamy Arunachalam ◽  
Stephen Sunday Acheneje Egena ◽  
Sejian Veerasamy ◽  
Ippala Janardhan Reddy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Chlorella Vulgaris ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Profile Analysis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme Activities ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Antioxidant Genes ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Antioxidant Proteins

Abstract Background Chlorella vulgaris is a unicellular microalga that is rich in antioxidant, its supplementation has been reported to reduce oxidative stress via upregulations of antioxidant genes. However, there are scarce reports on its effect on antioxidant protein expressions in rabbits – a situation which necessitate an untargeted proteomic profile analysis due to its supplementation. This is because untargeted proteomics profiling is an approach suitable for assessing the effectiveness of genes code translation into polypeptide chains folded into functional proteins used for specific sub-cellular or extracellular physiological activities. It remains one of the comparative avenues for evaluating the efficacies of drugs and nutraceutical agents including antioxidants. In this study, the antioxidant efficacy of a microalga Chlorella vulgaris was evaluated at molecular levels using its hepatic protein expression in rabbit models. Results After 120 days of the microalga supplementation, protein was extracted from liver of the rabbits for untargeted proteomics profiling using LC-MS/Orbitrap Fusion Tribrid™ peptides quantifier and sequencer. There were five-hundred and eleven (511) proteins identified; and among the proteins, 191 were specific to the control group while 186 were specific to the Treatment group; and 134 were common to both groups. Independent samples t-test of the protein abundance indicated that there was a significant difference (p = 0.01) between the treatment and the control groups. There was also a significant reduction in the malondialdehyde concentrations (p = 0.01), higher total antioxidant capacities (p = 0.002), and increased antioxidant enzyme activities (p = 0.05) between the treatment and control groups.Conclusion The study concluded that one of the molecular mechanisms associated with Chlorella vulgaris intake reduction of the hepatic oxidative stress is increased abundances of antioxidant proteins and reduction of the lipid peroxidation and these led to a suggestion that the microalga is a potent antioxidant agent suitable for protecting against oxidative stress in rabbits and other domestic food producing animals.

scholarly journals Metallothionein expression in slow- vs. fast-twitch muscle fibers following 4 weeks of streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes

FACETS ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 315-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela Mondragon ◽  
Andreas Bergdahl
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Protein Carbonyl ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Streptozotocin Induced Diabetes ◽  
Carbonyl Formation ◽  
Fast Twitch

Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is known to cause an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and elevated intracellular glucose levels. We investigated the metallothionein I and II (MT I+II) antioxidants expression in soleus (mainly slow-twitch) and plantaris (predominantly fast-twitch) skeletal muscle using a rodent model of streptozotocin-induced diabetes. The presence of oxidative stress was confirmed by the detection of increased levels of protein carbonyl formation in the diabetic tissues. DAB (3,3′-diaminobenzidine) immunostaining and Western blotting analyses demonstrated that MT I+II expression was significantly upregulated in the diabetic soleus and plantaris muscle tissues compared with their respective controls. Moreover, no significant difference was detected between the plantaris and soleus controls or between the plantaris and soleus diabetic tissues. These findings suggest that there is an increase in MT protein expression in the soleus and plantaris muscles associated with the induction of T1DM. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that allow MT to prevent the oxidative stress associated with diabetes could lead to a novel therapeutic strategy for this chronic disease and its associated complications.

scholarly journals On the Role of Paraoxonase-1, Chemokine (C-C motif) Ligand 2 and Metabolism in Oxidation, Inflammation and Disease. A 2021 Update

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordi Camps ◽  
Helena Castañé ◽  
Elisabet Rodríguez-Tomàs ◽  
Gerard Baiges-Gaya ◽  
Anna Hernández-Aguilera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Lipid Peroxides ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Paraoxonase 1 ◽  
High Density Lipoproteins ◽  
Calorie Intake ◽  
Antioxidant Systems ◽  
Endogenous Antioxidant ◽  
Cellular Pathology

Infectious as well as most non-infectious diseases share certain common molecular mechanisms. Among them, oxidative stress and the subsequent inflammatory reaction are of particular note. Metabolic disorders induced by external agents, be they bacterial or viral pathogens, excessive calorie intake, poor-quality nutrients, or environmental factors, produce an imbalance between the production of free radicals and endogenous antioxidant systems; the consequence being the oxidation of lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. Oxidation and inflammation are closely related, and whether oxidative stress and inflammation represent the causes or consequences of cellular pathology, they produce metabolic alterations that influence the pathogenesis of the disease. In this review we highlight two key molecules in the regulation of these processes: Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2). PON1 is an enzyme bound to high-density lipoproteins. It breaks down lipid peroxides in lipoproteins and cells, participates in the protection conferred by HDL against different infectious agents, and is considered part of the innate immune system. With PON1 deficiency, CCL2 production increases, which induces migration and infiltration of immune cells in target tissues, and is involved in disturbing normal metabolic function. This disruption involves pathways controlling cellular homeostasis as well as metabolically-driven chronic inflammatory states. Hence, an understanding of these relationships would help improve treatments and, as well, identify new therapeutic targets.

scholarly journals Influence of cadmium contamination on brain glial cells: consequences and bioindication possibilities

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 67-83
Author(s):  
V. S. Nedzvetsky ◽  
V. Ya. Gasso ◽  
A. M. Hahut ◽  
I. A. Hasso
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Functional Activity ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Glucose Utilization ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Low Doses ◽  
Cellular Models ◽  
The Brain

Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal that currently presents in almost all components of the environment. Cd is a ubiquitous pollutant that is constantly entering the environment from industry and agriculture, mining, forest fires and many more sources. Some occupational diseases have aftereffects associated with Cd cytotoxicity. Despite long-term studies of the toxic effects of Cd, its cytotoxicity of low doses and the chronic effects on the nerve tissue cells remain undiscovered. The results of determining the Cd neurotoxicity indicate a disturbance of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, the accumulation of Cd in the brain and the deterioration of the functional activity of the central nervous system. One of the main cellular targets for Cd in the brain are astrocytes. Astrocytes provide nutrition and functional activity of neurons, as well as recovery of physical and metabolic damage. The cytoskeleton of astrocytes is built of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). GFAP participates in important functions of astrocytes and its condition reflects the astrocytes reactivity. The molecular mechanisms of the neurotoxic effects of Cd on the glial cytoskeleton remain unknown. Glioblastomas are widely used to study the cytotoxic mechanisms of various compounds, including heavy metals, as cellular models of astrocytes. Taking into account the role of oxidative stress in a cell damage, as well as the reactive response of glial cells, we study the influence of low doses of Cd on oxidative stress and expression of GFAP and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) in U373GM cells. Doses of 2-10 μM Cd induced a dose-dependent increase in reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation products. The same doses inhibited the expression of the cytoskeletal marker of astrocytes (GFAP) and metabolic marker of glucose utilization (G6PD). The obtained results indicate a pronounced cytotoxic effect of low doses of Cd in the astrocytic cell model U373GM. In addition, the astroglial cytotoxicity of Cd may be mediated by oxidative damage, inhibition of glial intermediate filament expression, and glucose utilization disorders. These parameters can be promising biomarkers of toxic effects both for the assessment of human and animal health and for determining the state of the environment as a whole.

scholarly journals Transcriptome Analysis of Porcine Granulosa Cells in Healthy and Atretic Follicles: Role of Steroidogenesis and Oxidative Stress

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Li Meng ◽  
Zhenfang Wu ◽  
Kun Zhao ◽  
Jian Tao ◽  
Tam Chit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Granulosa Cells ◽  
Oxidative Dna Damage ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Glutathione Metabolism ◽  
Follicular Atresia ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Antioxidant Genes ◽  
Porcine Granulosa Cells ◽  
Apoptotic Factors

One of the main causes of female infertility is a deregulated antral follicular atresia, a process of which the underlying molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. Our objective was therefore to characterize the complex transcriptome changes in porcine granulosa cells of healthy antral (HA) and advanced antral atretic (AA) follicles, using ELISA and RNA-Seq followed by qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Granulosa cell RNA-Seq data revealed 2160 differentially expressed genes, 1483 with higher and 677 with lower mRNA concentrations in AA follicles. Bioinformatic analysis showed that the upregulated genes in AA follicles were highly enriched in inflammation and apoptosis processes, while the downregulated transcripts were mainly highlighted in the steroid biosynthesis pathway and response to oxidative stress processes including antioxidant genes (e.g., GSTA1, GCLC, GCLM, IDH1, GPX8) involved in the glutathione metabolism pathway and other redox-related genes (e.g., RRM2B, NDUFS4). These observations were confirmed by RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry. Additionally, the granulosa cells of AA follicles express significantly stronger 8-OHdG immunostaining, a marker of oxidative DNA damage, implicating that oxidative stress may participate in follicular atresia. We hypothesize that the decrease in anti-apoptotic factors and steroid hormones coincides with increased oxidative stress markers and the expression of pro-apoptotic factors, all contributing to antral follicular atresia.

scholarly journals Revisiting Oxidative Stress and the Use of Organic Selenium in Dairy Cow Nutrition

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter F. Surai ◽  
Ivan I. Kochish ◽  
Vladimir I. Fisinin ◽  
Darren T. Juniper
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Free Radicals ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Antioxidant Defense System ◽  
Redox Balance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Organic Selenium ◽  
Ruminant Species

In commercial animals production, productive stress can negatively impact health status and subsequent productive and reproductive performance. A great body of evidence has demonstrated that as a consequence of productive stress, an overproduction of free radicals, disturbance of redox balance/signaling, and oxidative stress were observed. There is a range of antioxidants that can be supplied with animal feed to help build and maintain the antioxidant defense system of the body responsible for prevention of the damaging effects of free radicals and the toxic products of their metabolism. Among feed-derived antioxidants, selenium (Se) was shown to have a special place as an essential part of 25 selenoproteins identified in animals. There is a comprehensive body of research in monogastric species that clearly shows that Se bioavailability within the diet is very much dependent on the form of the element used. Organic Se, in the form of selenomethionine (SeMet), has been reported to be a much more effective Se source when compared with mineral forms such as sodium selenite or selenate. It has been proposed that one of the main advantages of organic Se in pig and poultry nutrition is the non-specific incorporation of SeMet into general body proteins, thus forming an endogenous Se reserve that can be utilized during periods of stress for additional synthesis of selenoproteins. Responses in ruminant species to supplementary Se tend to be much more variable than those reported in monogastric species, and much of this variability may be a consequence of the different fates of Se forms in the rumen following ingestion. It is likely that the reducing conditions found in the rumen are responsible for the markedly lower assimilation of inorganic forms of Se, thus predisposing selenite-fed animals to potential Se inadequacy that may in turn compromise animal health and production. A growing body of evidence demonstrates that organic Se has a number of benefits, particularly in dairy and beef animals; these include improved Se and antioxidant status and better Se transfer via the placenta, colostrum, and milk to the newborn. However, there is a paucity in the data concerning molecular mechanisms of SeMet assimilation, metabolism and selenoprotein synthesis regulation in ruminant animals, and as such, further investigation is required.

scholarly journals On the Role of Paraoxonase-1 and Chemokine Ligand 2 (C-C motif) in Metabolic Alterations Linked to Inflammation and Disease. A 2021 Update

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 971
Author(s):  
Jordi Camps ◽  
Helena Castañé ◽  
Elisabet Rodríguez-Tomàs ◽  
Gerard Baiges-Gaya ◽  
Anna Hernández-Aguilera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Lipid Peroxides ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Paraoxonase 1 ◽  
High Density Lipoproteins ◽  
Calorie Intake ◽  
Antioxidant Systems ◽  
Metabolic Alterations ◽  
Endogenous Antioxidant

Infectious and many non-infectious diseases share common molecular mechanisms. Among them, oxidative stress and the subsequent inflammatory reaction are of particular note. Metabolic disorders induced by external agents, be they bacterial or viral pathogens, excessive calorie intake, poor-quality nutrients, or environmental factors produce an imbalance between the production of free radicals and endogenous antioxidant systems; the consequence being the oxidation of lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Oxidation and inflammation are closely related, and whether oxidative stress and inflammation represent the causes or consequences of cellular pathology, both produce metabolic alterations that influence the pathogenesis of the disease. In this review, we highlight two key molecules in the regulation of these processes: Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2). PON1 is an enzyme bound to high-density lipoproteins. It breaks down lipid peroxides in lipoproteins and cells, participates in the protection conferred by HDL against different infectious agents, and is considered part of the innate immune system. With PON1 deficiency, CCL2 production increases, inducing migration and infiltration of immune cells in target tissues and disturbing normal metabolic function. This disruption involves pathways controlling cellular homeostasis as well as metabolically-driven chronic inflammatory states. Hence, an understanding of these relationships would help improve treatments and, as well, identify new therapeutic targets.

Known Hepatoprotectors Act as Antioxidants and Immune Stimulators in Stressed Mice: Perspectives in Animal Health Care

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (40) ◽  
pp. 4825-4837 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo Alberto de la Riva ◽  
Francisco Javier López Mendoza ◽  
Guillermin Agüero-Chapin
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Cellular Damage ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Physiological Status ◽  
Stress Markers ◽  
Glutathione Peroxidases ◽  
Transport Chain ◽  
Exogenous Compounds ◽  
Relationship Of

Background: Oxygen is involved in a variety of physiological reactions in aerobic organisms, such as those produced in the electron transport chain, hydroxylation, and oxygenation. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are naturally formed as byproducts from these previously reactions involving the O2 molecule; they are made up of superoxide anion (O2−), hydroxyl radical (HO−), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nitric oxide (NO), peroxyl (ROO−), and reactive aldehyde (ROCH). Under certain environmental stress conditions, ROS are accumulated causing cellular damage but also triggering the overexpression of several enzyme classes such as superoxide dismutases (SOD), catalases (CAT) and glutathione peroxidases (GPx), which represent an important intrinsic antioxidant defence line. Liver is a key organ in vertebrates including farm animals and human. The oxidative stress plays an important role in systemic malfunctions including hepatic, renal and immunological, disorders. Methods: This review presents a brief update about the relationship of oxidative stress with hepatic, renal and immunological malfunctions in stressed organisms. Cellular and exogenous hepatoprotective compounds share also the ability to scavenge ROS acting as antioxidants and in many cases as stimulators of immune response in stressed organisms. We present the effect of some hepatoprotectors on the hepatic, renal and immunological function in stressed mice by the jointed evaluation of biological and oxidative stress markers. Conclusion: Hepatoprotective effect of several exogenous compounds is very associated with their antioxidant capacity. This fact is relevant for keeping oxidant/antioxidant balance in the respective organs, but also for maintaining the physiological status of the whole organism.

Influence of Plant Bioactive Compounds on Intestinal Epithelial Barrier in Poultry

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 566-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amlan Kumar Patra
Keyword(s):  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Barrier Function ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Digestive Enzyme ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Intestinal Barrier Function ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Poultry Feeding

Natural plant bioactive compounds (PBC) have recently been explored as feed additives to improve productivity, health and welfare of poultry following ban or restriction of in-feed antibiotic use. Depending upon the types of PBC, they possess antimicrobial, digestive enzyme secretion stimulation, antioxidant and many pharmacological properties, which are responsible for beneficial effects in poultry production. Moreover, they may also improve the intestinal barrier function and nutrient transport. In this review, the effects of different PBC on the barrier function, permeability of intestinal epithelia and their mechanism of actions are discussed, focusing on poultry feeding. Dietary PBC may regulate intestinal barrier function through several molecular mechanisms by interacting with different metabolic cascades and cellular transcription signals, which may then modulate expressions of genes and their proteins in the tight junction (e.g., claudins, occludin and junctional adhesion molecules), adherens junction (e.g., E-cadherin), other intercellular junctional proteins (e.g., zonula occludens and catenins), and regulatory proteins (e.g., kinases). Interactive effects of PBC on immunomodulation via expressions of several cytokines, chemokines, complement components, pattern recognition receptors and their transcription factors and cellular immune system, and alteration of mucin gene expressions and goblet cell abundances in the intestine may change barrier functions. The effects of PBC are not consistent among the studies depending upon the type and dose of PBC, physiological conditions and parts of the intestine in chickens. An effective concentration in diets and specific molecular mechanisms of PBC need to be elucidated to understand intestinal barrier functionality in a better way in poultry feeding.

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