Stage-Level and Individual-Level distinction in morphological variation

Javier Rivas; Esther L. Brown

doi:10.7557/1.1.2.2340

Stage-Level and Individual-Level distinction in morphological variation

Borealis – An International Journal of Hispanic Linguistics ◽

10.7557/1.1.2.2340 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 73 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Javier Rivas ◽

Esther L. Brown

Keyword(s):

Puerto Rican ◽

Temporal Stability ◽

The Other ◽

Font Size ◽

Puerto Rican Spanish ◽

Verbal Form ◽

Individual Level ◽

The Status ◽

Quantitative Analyses

This work examines the role of the stage-level (SL)/individual-level (IL) distinction applied to nouns in a case of morphosyntactic regularization in Spanish: variable reanalysis of the NP argument as subject in the presentational haber construction (había/habían perros). We conduct variationist, quantitative analyses on all instances of existential haber with a plural NP in corpora of spoken Puerto Rican Spanish (>500,000 words) to determine the linguistic factor groups that promote reanalysis and, hence, pluralized forms. Results of variable rule analyses reveal that the SL-IL distinction constrains the regularization. IL predicates significantly favor haber regularization (e.g., habían muchas personas de las Antillas ‘there were a lot of people from the Antillas’) whereas SL predicates significantly disfavor pluralized forms (este año hubo menos tiros que en años pasados ‘this year there were fewer shots fired than previous years’). These results are interpreted from within a usage-based framework in which the status of the noun introduced in the [haber + NP] construction, as either a likely or unlikely subject for haber, influences the analogical leveling. IL predicates are more prototypical nouns than SL predicates because the former are temporally persistent. IL predicates promote nouns’ candidacy as subjects over direct objects because prototypical subjects present two temporally-persistent characteristics: independence existence and referentiality. As a result, IL predicates increase the likelihood of reanalyzing the direct object as subject, thus triggering agreement of the verbal form with plural NPs. SL predicates, on the other hand, because they display low temporal stability, inhibit regularization.

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Public Consciousness of Kazakhstan in Ethical and Aesthetic Measurement

Adam alemi ◽

10.48010/2020.4/1999-5849.13 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (86) ◽

pp. 123

Author(s):

G. Solovieva

Keyword(s):

Comparative Studies ◽

Social Consciousness ◽

The Other ◽

Leading Role ◽

The Status ◽

Aesthetic Consciousness ◽

Public Consciousness ◽

Ethical Component ◽

The One

Ethical and aesthetic consciousness is considered in the article as a single phenomenon with a priority of the ethical component. The analysis is carried out in comparative studies of two methods: consideration of the topic in the mirror of modern literature of Kazakhstan as a form of public consciousness and study of the same problem in the mirror of sociological material. These approaches complement each other and make it possible to identify two levels of social consciousness in the ethical and aesthetic dimension: the existing and the due. Sociology enables analysis at the first level. Literature combines both the one and the other, emphasizing the level of due, transformation of reality and resolution of the indicated contradictions. As a result, it was found that the key construct of the ethical and aesthetic consciousness of Kazakhstanis is the idea of cohesion and unity of all ethnic groups with the leading role of the Kazakh people. This idea has the deepest moral meaning and at the same time has the status of beauty, i.e. character aesthetic. Discord is always ugly. Whereas, unity in its essence is beautiful, showing a combination of good and beauty.

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Episcopal Tombs in Early Modern England

The Journal of Ecclesiastical History ◽

10.1017/s0022046904001502 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 55 (4) ◽

pp. 654-680 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

PETER SHERLOCK

Keyword(s):

Seventeenth Century ◽

Early Modern ◽

Church Of England ◽

Early Modern England ◽

The Other ◽

The Reformation ◽

The Status ◽

The One ◽

The Church

The Reformation simultaneously transformed the identity and role of bishops in the Church of England, and the function of monuments to the dead. This article considers the extent to which tombs of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century bishops represented a set of episcopal ideals distinct from those conveyed by the monuments of earlier bishops on the one hand and contemporary laity and clergy on the other. It argues that in death bishops were increasingly undifferentiated from other groups such as the gentry in the dress, posture, location and inscriptions of their monuments. As a result of the inherent tension between tradition and reform which surrounded both bishops and tombs, episcopal monuments were unsuccessful as a means of enhancing the status or preserving the memory and teachings of their subjects in the wake of the Reformation.

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Divinatory failure: the religious and social role of Gisu diviners

Africa ◽

10.2307/1160026 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 61 (3) ◽

pp. 299-317 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Suzette Heald

Keyword(s):

Social Relationships ◽

Social Role ◽

Belief Systems ◽

The Other ◽

Diagnostic Systems ◽

Individual Level ◽

Social Invisibility ◽

The One ◽

The Individual

AbstractThe literature has tended to deal with diviners only where they have been seen to play a notable role in the transformation of social relationships. This leads us to overlook their relative social invisibility in many African societies. Yet we may gain insight into the rise of prophets and charismatic healers by looking at the other side of this story in the multitude of very humble practitioners plying their trade. This is the context in which this article explores the role of diviners among the Gisu of Uganda.The privacy of consultation, the search for distant diviners, the way they are approached only at times of crisis and as agents of private counteraction or vengeance, go some way towards explaining why it is difficult for diviners to gain recognition. Added to which are the difficulties of another order which relate to what might here be regarded as divinatory success. For divination may be seen to fail at a number of different levels: in the lack of credibility of a given practitioner, i n a lack of unanimity among those consulted and in the multiplicity of causal agents evoked.An argument put forward here is that scepticism is endemic to the system and, possibly, distinctive to it. We should ask not, as Evans-Pritchard did, how belief i s sustained despite the presence of scepticism but what it is about these beliefs which encourages scepticism. It is not useful to explore this issue in terms of the rationality question or the ‘truth’ of belief systems. If we are to draw a comparison with modern attitudes, of greater significance are the organisation and differentiation of knowledge and its relationship to power. It is suggested that diagnostic systems used by societies such as the Gisu encourage an agnostic attitude in a way i n which those of the modern West do not.In the final part of the article the social role of divination is reconsidered and some of the positive functions proposed for it are questioned. Gisu divination can be seen to have evolved into a very narrow niche whose parameters are bound, on the one hand, by the limits of belief and, on the other, by a system of interpersonal vengeance. We may say that the socially marginal attributes of diviners, exclusively concerned with the negative aspects of social relationships, represent a real social marginality. At best they are agents by which the individual may be reconciled with harshnesses imposed by his own destiny, of ancestral affliction; at worst they are agents of individual vengeance and retribution. This may be taken as more or less disqualifying them from articulating a positive, future-oriented vision on behalf of the community. Clearly it is not impossible but it is a huge jump from these humble practitioners, interpreting the present in terms of the past and trading evil with evil at an individual level, to prophets capable of formulating a positive social vision, a means forward, on behalf of a wider moral or social community.

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Defending or Remaining Passive as a Bystander of School Bullying in Sweden: The Role of Moral Disengagement and Antibullying Class Norms

Journal of Interpersonal Violence ◽

10.1177/08862605211037427 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 088626052110374

Author(s):

Robert Thornberg ◽

Tiziana Pozzoli ◽

Gianluca Gini

Keyword(s):

Moral Disengagement ◽

School Bullying ◽

The Other ◽

Self Report ◽

School Age Children ◽

School Age ◽

Educational Strategies ◽

Individual Level ◽

Class Level

The overall aim of the present study was to examine whether moral disengagement and perceptions of antibullying class norms at individual level and at class level were associated with defending and passive bystanding in school bullying among school-age children. More specifically, we investigated the extent to which moral disengagement would contribute to explain defending and passive bystanding, after controlling for sex and perceptions of antibullying class norms at individual level and at class level. A total of 789 Swedish students (aged 10-14) from 40 middle school classes filled out a self-report survey. The findings revealed that girls and students who were less prone to morally disengage, and who perceived that their classmates endorsed more antibullying norms, were more likely to defend victimized peers. Students who were more inclined to morally disengage and perceive that classmates do not condemn bullying were more likely to act as passive bystanders. In addition, classes with higher levels of antibullying class norms were more likely to show higher rates of defending and lower rates of passive bystanding compared to the other classes. The findings suggest that schools and teachers need to develop educational strategies, methods, and efforts designed to make students aware of moral disengagement and to reduce their likelihood of morally disengaging in bullying situations. The present findings also point to the importance of teachers establishing class rules against bullying together with the students.

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THE LACK OF SUBJECT INVERSION IN PUERTO RICAN INFINITIVE CLAUSES.

Dialectologia ◽

10.1344/dialectologia2020.25.8 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Raquel GONZÁLEZ RODRÍGUEZ

Keyword(s):

Puerto Rican ◽

Empirical Evidence ◽

The Other ◽

Puerto Rican Spanish ◽

Syntactic Variation ◽

Other Hand ◽

The One

This paper explores the syntactic variation in Spanish focusing on a difference between European and Puerto Rican Spanish: the lack of subject-verb inversion in Puerto Rican infinitive clauses. Whereas infinitive subjects must follow the verb in European Spanish, they can also appear in preverbal position in Puerto Rican Spanish. On the one hand, this paper provides a detailed description of the phenomenon; for example, it determines what type of subjects can occupy the preverbal position in Puerto Rican Spanish. On the other hand, it offers empirical evidence for the following claim: this asymmetry between European and Puerto Rican Spanish is derived from infinitive subjects occupying different positions in these varieties, but not from the verb moving from T(ense) to C(omplementizer) in European Spanish.

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Influences of Experiential Pursuing Tendency in Experience Perception with the Moderating Role of Expertise and Demographics

Review of Social Sciences ◽

10.18533/rss.v1i10.76 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 1 (10) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Buntae Kim

Keyword(s):

Emotional Experience ◽

The Other ◽

Professional Experience ◽

Font Size ◽

Individual Personality ◽

Emotional Dimensions ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship ◽

Moderating Role

This study examines the relationship of consumers' experiential pursuing tendency and experience perception with the moderating role of consumers' expertise and their demographics, sex and age. Experience pursuing tendency is based on an individual personality. Experience perception is individuals' affection in the procession of consumption or after purchase. The study found that there are relationships between consumers' experience pursuing tendency and experience perception, sensual, affective consumers perceived even more emotional dimensions of experience. Whereas the other side of consumers, the pursuers more practical are less susceptible to emotional experience and more to professional experience. Accumulated knowledge by indirect learning or directly by oneself does not control the relationship between experiential pursuing tendency and experience perception. But sex and age among demographics are involving the relationships between them. Aged consumers over 50s perceived experience less, especially to the emotional side of experience perception. Finally, managerial and research implications are presented from the results of the study.

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Is English a Killer Language or an International Auxiliary? Its Use and Function in a Globalised World

International Journal of Language Translation and Intercultural Communication ◽

10.12681/ijltic.7 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 1 ◽

pp. 9 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Nick Ceramella

Keyword(s):

British Empire ◽

English Language ◽

Mother Tongue ◽

The Other ◽

Font Size ◽

Long Run ◽

The World ◽

The Usa ◽

And Function

In the Introduction to this article, I deal with the importance of speaking one’s own language as a way to assert one’s identity. Then I pass on to the evolution of the English language from its start as Old English, spoken by only a few thousand Angles and Saxons.I remark how, at fi rst, it was contaminated by thousands of Latin, French and Scandinavian words, of which contemporary English still bears many clear traces, but nobody has ever thought that English was ever in danger of disappearing. By contrast, in the long run, it became the mother tongue of the speakers in comparatively newly founded countries, such as the USA, Australia, and New Zealand, and owing to the spread of the British Empire, it has dramatically increased its appeal becoming the most spoken and infl uential language in the world. Thus, according to some linguists, it has led several languages virtually to the verge of disappearance. Therefore, I argue whether English has really vampirised them, or has simply contributed to make people understand each other, sometimes even in the same country where lots of diff erent tongues are spoken (e.g. Nigeria).It is self-evident that English has gradually been taking the role of a common unifying factor in our globalised world. In this view, I envisage a scenario where English may even become the offi cial l anguage o f the E U with the c ontributions & coming, though in varying doses, from all the speakers of the other EU languages.

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Μεταξύ Αττίλα και Βαϊανού. Το Βυζάντιο και οι νομαδικοί λαοί από το 453 έως το 558

BYZANTINA SYMMEIKTA ◽

10.12681/byzsym.1139 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 67

Author(s):

Γεώργιος ΚΑΡΔΑΡΑΣ

Keyword(s):

Central Europe ◽

Geographical Area ◽

Cultural Influence ◽

The Other ◽

Font Size ◽

Other Hand ◽

Before And After ◽

Decorative Motifs

Between Attila and Bajan. Byzantium and the nomads from 453 to 558  The paper highlights the relations of Byzantium with the nomads in the period between the collapse of the Hunnic hegemony in Central Europe and the coming of the Avars to the northern frontiers of the Empire. Taking into account the written testimonies, as well as the archaeological finds, the geographical area of the nomadic settlements, the conflicts and treaties with Byzantium, the role of the nomads in the Byzantine-Persian relations, the nomad mercenaries in the Byzantine army and certain Byzantine finds, as jewellery, swords, pendant capsule or other decorative motifs are considered. These relations are distinguished in two periods, before and after 491. During the first one, the Empire was able to control the activity of the nomads offering them settlement permit on Byzantine soil, while for the second is noted, beside the strong conflicts, the cultural influence of Byzantium through Christianity and, on the other hand, the nomadic influences on the Byzantine army.

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Kepemimpinan Dalam Keluarga: Perspektif Fiqh dan Analisis Gender

Musãwa Jurnal Studi Gender dan Islam ◽

10.14421/musawa.2004.31.27-43 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 27

Author(s):

Bani Syarif Maulana

Keyword(s):

The Other ◽

Sexual Relations ◽

Gender Discourse ◽

Islamic Perspective ◽

The Family ◽

The Status ◽

Role Of Women ◽

And Gender ◽

Status Of Women

Islam is a religion which has attempted to elevate the status of women so that there should be no discrimination between women and men from the Islamic perspective. However, in some fiqh texts, which are based on selected Qur'an and hadith, there is discrimination against women. On the other side, gender discourse now becomes an important issue and is used to improve the status of women. This article attempts to explore both the jiqh texts and gender discourse on the models of leadership in a family, especially on the role of women and men in the family and on the sexual relations, from the Islamic perspective.

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TIL KONSULTATION HOS ÅNDERNE: Om klarsyn, energier og magi i Danmark

Tidsskriftet Antropologi ◽

10.7146/ta.v0i61.106863 ◽

2010 ◽

Author(s):

Vibeke Steffen

Keyword(s):

Everyday Life ◽

Social Relations ◽

Physical Reality ◽

The Other ◽

Individual Level ◽

Classic Work ◽

Construction Of Meaning ◽

Term Energy ◽

The Subject

There is a long-standing anthropological tradition of studies where the concept of magic is related to crisis and the re-establishment of order, whether on a social or an individual level. The risk of this approach, however, is that we may mistake the intention with magic for its result, and thus overestimate the role of crisis, the management of problems and the construction of meaning. This article demonstrates that instead of providing answers and solutions, the engagement with magic may just as well open up for new questions and new problems. The subject of the study is spiritualism and second sight as practised in contemporary Danish society primarily by women. In this context, magic is not necessarily something extraordinary that people turn to when facing severe trouble, but rather a way of dealing with social relations in everyday life. My approach is inspired by Evans- Pritchard’s classic work on witchcraft, oracles and magic among the Azande in the sense that the concept of magic forms only one leg in a triangle with energies and second sight as the other two. Second sight is provided by mediums passing on messages from deceased relatives or other spirits at platform demonstrations or in private consultations. The messages often deal with distance and proximity in social relations and how to protect yourself against feelings of being drained of energy or invaded by other human or spiritual beings. The term energy provides a sense of physical reality to these otherwise subtle feelings and makes it possible to deal with them in concrete situations through spells, invocations, and other kinds of magic manipulation. Keywords: Spiritism, social relations, the boundaries of self , women.

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