scholarly journals Variables influencing survival in four generations of captive-born muskoxen

Rangifer ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 137 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.C. Lent ◽  
W.J. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Perinatal Mortality ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Juvenile Survival ◽  
Live Births ◽  
Nunivak Island ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Chi Squared

Since 1967, four generations of muskoxen have been born in captivity in Alaska (399 live births, 18 abortions and 47 stillbirths), all derived from 20 females and 8 males captured on Nunivak Island. Analysis of juvenile survival was accomplished by dividing individuals into 7 classes (not born live, born live but not surviving 48 hours, survived 48 hours but < 1 week, survived 1 week but < 1 month, survived 1 month but < 6 months, survived 6 months but < 2 years, survived 2 years). Males were more frequent among live born calves (219:178, P=0.05), but greater numbers of females survived to 2 years (62:86, P<0.01). Birthweight (X=9.75 kg, N=155) did not differ between sexes nor did it significantly influence survival. Of 463 individuals, 131 showed some inbreeding but no coefficients of inbreeding exceeded 0.25 and most were less than 0.13. Analysis of variance (Kruskal-Wallis) showed a significant (P<0.05) difference between survival of inbred and non-inbred individuals. Chi-squared tests showed a greater proportion of non-inbred calves surviving to 2 years (P<0.05) but no significant differences in perinatal mortality. Offspring of the Nunivak Island cows survived significantly (P<.01) longer than those whose mothers were born in captivity, even when only non-inbred calves were compared.

Performance Characteristics and Accuracy in Perceptual Discrimination of Leather and Synthetic Basketballs

1982 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon Mathes ◽  
Kay Flatten
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Performance Characteristics ◽  
Perceptual Discrimination ◽  
Treatment Conditions ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Chi Squared ◽  
Perceptual Mode

Performance characteristics of leather and synthetic basketballs were examined by measuring the basketballs' rebound heights on five types of playing surfaces (Tartan, asphalt, glass, concrete, hardwood). Comparing the basketballs' performance on the basis of their coefficients of restitution (e = height of rebound/height of drop) analysis of variance showed that the leather basketball rebounded significantly higher than the synthetic basketball on all surfaces. To assess the capability of individuals to discriminate perceptually between the balls 30 male and 30 female undergraduates were asked to determine whether basketballs randomly presented 20 times under four different treatment conditions (visual, tactual-kinesthetic static, tactual-kinesthetic dynamic, auditory) were leather or synthetic. Chi squared analysis of their accuracy across all four perceptual modes showed no significant difference. However, analysis by perceptual mode did produce significant differences, indicating subjects were more accurate in identification in the tactual-kinesthetic dynamic and static modes than in the visual and auditory.

Relationship between Parental Androgyny and Early Child-Rearing Ideals and Practices

1981 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 667-675 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol Flake-Hobson ◽  
Bryan E. Robinson ◽  
Patsy Skeen
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Single Parents ◽  
Child Rearing ◽  
Role Orientation ◽  
Sex Role Orientation ◽  
Bem Sex Role Inventory ◽  
Chi Squared ◽  
Psychological Measure

This study was designed to investigate the child-rearing ideals and practices of sex-typed and androgynous parents of young children. It was hypothesized that sex-typed and androgynous parents would select their own sex-role orientation as their idealized child's orientation and that sex-typed parents would differ from androgynous parents on their reported child-rearing practices. A total of 119 parents (single parents were excluded) participated by completing the Bem Sex-role Inventory (Bem, 1974) and the Child-rearing Practices Report (Block, 1965). A chi squared analysis indicated that sex-typed parents preferred that their children grow up to be sex-typed and androgynous parents preferred that their children grow up to be androgynous. A one-way analysis of variance indicated no significant differences between the child-rearing practices of sex-typed and androgynous parents, except that sex-typed fathers emphasized achievement more than androgynous fathers. It was recommended that future researchers consider children's behaviors as elicitors of parental child-rearing practices and that a behavioral as well as a psychological measure be employed to identify androgynous parents.

Analysis of selected perinatological indicators in the Slovak Republic in the years 2007–2018

2021 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 102-109
Author(s):  
Miroslav Korbeľ ◽  
◽  
Pavel Kaščák ◽  
zuzana Nižňanská
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Perinatal Mortality ◽  
Total Fertility Rate ◽  
Very Low Birth Weight ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Fertility Rate ◽  
Live Births

Overview Objective: Analysis of perinatal mortality in the Slovak Republic during the years 2007–2018. Methods: Analysis of prospectively collected selected perinatal data in the years 2007–2018. Results: In the year 2007, there were 63 obstetrics units, 51,146 deliveries and that of live births 51,650 in the Slovak Republic. The number of obstetrics units decreased to 51 in the years 2018, the total number of deliveries increased to 57,085 and that of live births increased to 57,773. The total fertility rate in the years 2007–2018 increased from 1.27 to 1.54. The preterm deliveries rate increased from 7.3% in the year 2007 to 8.5% in the year 2010 and decreased to 7% in the year 2018. The perinatal mortality rate decreased from 6.2 in the year 2007 to 4.4 in the year 2017, increased again in the years 2018 to 5.0 and according to the criteria of WHO (World Health Organization) to 6.6 per 1,000 still- and live-births. During the years 2007–2018 at perinatal mortality stillbirth participate with 65%, low birth weight with 63% and severe congenital anomalies with 19%. Transport in utero to perinatological centers in the years 2007–2018 has decreased from 57 to 56% for infants 1,000–1,499 g and from 75 to 73% for infants below 1,000 g. Conclusion: In the year 2017, perinatology in the Slovak Republic reached the best result in the perinatal mortality rate – 4.4‰ (0.44%), but has increased to over 5‰ next year. To further reduce perinatal mortality in the Slovak Republic, it is necessary to improve the prenatal dia­gnosis of severe congenital abnormalities, transport in utero of very low birth weight fetuses, centralization of high-risk pregnancies, obstetric personnel and material-technical equipment of obstetricians and neonatal intensive care units. Keywords: perinatal mortality – preterm delivery – multiple pregnancy – low birth weight – very low birth weight – total fertility rate

Socio-ecological determinants of under-five mortality in Nigeria: exploring the roles of neighbourhood poverty and use of solid cooking fuel

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Chukwuechefulam Kingsley Imo ◽  
Nicole De Wet-Billings
Keyword(s):  
Child Survival ◽  
Live Births ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Harmful Emissions ◽  
Chi Squared ◽  
Cooking Fuels ◽  
Strategic Support ◽  
Childbearing Women

Abstract Globally, despite the decline in under-five mortality rate from 213 per 1000 live births in 1990 to 132 per 1000 live births in 2018, the pace of decline has been slow, and this can be attributed to poor progress in child survival interventions, including those aimed at reducing children’s exposure to household pollution. This study examined the influence of neighbourhood poverty and the use of solid cooking fuels on under-five mortality in Nigeria. Data for the study comprised a weighted sample of 124,442 birth histories of childbearing women who reported using cooking fuels in the kitchens located within their house drawn from the 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey. Descriptive and analytical analyses were carried out, including frequency tables, Pearson’s chi-squared test and multivariate analysis using a Cox proportional regression model. The results showed that the risk of under-five mortality was significantly associated with mothers residing in areas of high neighbourhood poverty (HR: 1.44, CI: 1.34–1.54) and the use of solid cooking fuels within the house (HR: 2.26, CI: 2.06–2.49). Government and non-governmental organizations in Nigeria should initiate strategic support and campaigns aimed at empowering and enlightening mothers on the need to reduce their use of solid cooking fuels within the house to reduce harmful emissions and their child health consequences.

Recategorisation of body mass index to achieve andrological predictive power: a study in more than 20 000 patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (7) ◽  
pp. 648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolás Ramírez ◽  
Rosa Inés Molina ◽  
Andrea Tissera ◽  
Eugenia Mercedes Luque ◽  
Pedro Javier Torres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Predictive Power ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Semen Quality ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Morbidly Obese ◽  
Chi Squared ◽  
Underweight Patients

The aim of this study was to recategorise body mass index (BMI) in order to classify patients according to their risk of semen abnormalities. Patients (n=20563) presenting at an andrology laboratory were classified into five groups according to BMI: underweight (BMI <20kg m−2), normal weight (BMI 20–24.9kg m−2), overweight (BMI 25–29.9kg m−2), obese (BMI 30–39.9kg m−2) and morbidly obese (BMI >40kg m−2). Semen quality was evaluated to determine: (1) differences between groups using analysis of variance (ANOVA); (2) the chances of semen abnormalities (using generalised linear models, Chi-squared tests and odds ratios); (3) reference BMI values with andrological predictive power (multivariate conglomerate analyses and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA)); and (4) expected values of abnormalities for each new group resulting from BMI recategorisation. Morbidly obese and underweight patients exhibited the highest decrease in semen quality and had higher chances of semen abnormalities. The smallest number of sperm abnormalities was found at a BMI of 27kg m−2. Four reference values were identified, recategorising BMI into four groups according to their risk of semen abnormalities (from lowest to highest risk): Group1,BMI between 20 and 32kg m−2; Group2, BMI <20 and BMI >32–37kg m−2; Group3, BMI >37–42kg m−2; and Group4, BMI >42kg m−2. A BMI <20 or >32kg m−2 is negatively associated with semen quality; these negative associations on semen quality increase from a BMI >37kg m−2 and increase even further for BMI >42kg m−2. The BMI recategorisation in this study has andrological predictive power.

scholarly journals Neonatal and perinatal mortality trend among 23,000 babies delivered during three years at an urban university teaching hospital of Nepal

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 90-95
Author(s):  
Rateena Rajbhandari ◽  
Puja Amatya ◽  
Shova Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Perinatal Mortality ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Final Outcome ◽  
University Teaching ◽  
Microsoft Excel ◽  
Live Births ◽  
Perinatal Audit ◽  
Urban University

Introductions: Perinatal mortality rate (PMR) of Nepal is 31 deaths per 1000 pregnancies and neonatal mortality rate (NMR) is 21 deaths per 1000 live births according to Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) 2016. This study aims to analyse the trend of PMR and NMR of babies delivered at Patan hospital, Nepal. Methods: This was a retrospective study done in the department of Pediatrics to analyse the trend of neonatal and perinatal outcome of babies delivered during three years from April 2016 to March 2019 at Patan Hospital, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Nepal. Data was collected from hospital records and perinatal audit. The mode of delivery (vaginal, instrumental, caesarian), birth status (sex, premature, still, live, APGAR, birth weight) and final outcome (neonatal and perinatal mortalities) were analyzed descriptively using Microsoft Excel 2010. Results: The final outcome of total 22937 deliveries during three years were PMR 4.34, corrected PMR 10.85 per 1000 total births and NMR 3.62 per 1000 live births. There were 22913 (99%) live births, 3090 (13.3%) had low birth weight, 11898 (52%) spontaneous vaginal delivery, 10700 (47%) cesarean and 339 (1.5%) instrumental deliveries. Conclusions: The overall PMR was 4.34 per 1000 total births and NMR was 3.62 per 1000 live births at Patan Hospital.

Long-term data on the reproduction and maintenance of a colony of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus jacchus) 1972-1983

1987 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. O. Box ◽  
R. C. Hubrecht
Keyword(s):  
Perinatal Mortality ◽  
Callithrix Jacchus ◽  
Interbirth Interval ◽  
Common Marmosets ◽  
Interbirth Intervals ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Term Data ◽  
Callithrix Jacchus Jacchus

We have used our laboratory records to compare data on the reproduction and maintenance of common marmosets in different colonies and to provide additional information on the species in captivity. Data are presented for a period of 12 years. This was long enough to allow information on longevity, mortality, aggression and incest. In addition 543 infants were born from a total of 202 births. No seasonality was found and the highest proportion of births overall was that of triplets. A significantly greater proportion of males was born, but perinatal mortality reduced this to a proportion of 52·2% surviving males. The interbirth interval for all normal births ranged from 145 to 382 days, with a median of 158 days. There was no evidence that interbirth intervals increased with age. The proportion of non-breeding pairs was small (4 out of 28) and progesterone assays showed that these females were ovulating.

scholarly journals The lateral batting backlift technique: is it a contributing factor to success for professional cricket players at the highest level?

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Noorbhai ◽  
T Noakes
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
T Test ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Wagon Wheel ◽  
Chi Squared

   Background: This study aimed primarily to investigate the lateral batting backlift technique (LBBT) among semi-professional, professional and current international cricket players. A key question was to investigate whether this technique is a factor that contributes to success for cricket players at the highest levels of the game.  Methods: The participants in this study’s sample (n = 130) were South African semi-professional players (SP) (n = 69), professional players (PP) (n = 49) and South African international professional players (SAI) (n = 12). Biomechanical and video analyses were performed on all the participating groups. Classifiers were utilised to identify the batting backlift technique type (BBTT) employed by all batsmen. All statistics and wagon wheels (scoring areas of the batsmen on a cricket field) were sourced online. A Pearson’s Chi-squared test, Student T-test, one-way analysis of variance and T-test were performed in this study. All analyses were performed using R (R Core Team) at a significance level of α = 0.05.  Results: This study found that a LBBT is more common at the highest levels of batsmanship with batsmen at the various levels of cricket having percentages of the LBBT as follows: SP = 37%; PP = 38%; SAI = 75%; p = 0.001. There was also a noticeably higher difference in the highest scores and career averages between all groups of players, as well as batsmen who either use a straight batting backlift technique (SBBT) or a LBBT. This study also found that SAI batsmen who used the LBBT were more proficient at scoring runs in various areas around the cricket field (according to the wagon wheel analysis).  Conclusion: This study found that a LBBT is a contributing factor for success regarding players wanting to play cricket at the highest levels. Cricket coaches should also pay attention to the direction of the backlift with players, especially when correlating it to various scoring areas on the cricket field. Further in-depth research is required to fully investigate the change in batting backlift techniques among cricket players over a long-term period. 

scholarly journals Trends in caesarean section rates in a rural block of southern India

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 3305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Divya Elizabeth Muliyil ◽  
Manjunath K. ◽  
Jasmin Helan ◽  
Shantidani Minz ◽  
Kuryan George ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Caesarean Section ◽  
Perinatal Mortality ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Caesarean Section Rate ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Annual Rate ◽  
Average Annual Rate ◽  
Live Births ◽  
Rate Of Increase

Background: Over the last decade many programmes have been implemented to improve the health of pregnant women and neonates. This study aims to look at the changes in modes of delivery and perinatal mortality rates in a rural block of Tamil Nadu between 2006 and 2015.Methods: Data on all the births that have occurred in this rural block of Tamil Nadu that has been prospectively collected between 2006 and 2015 was analysed. A longitudinal analysis was done to calculate the primary and overall caesarean section rate and the average annual rate of increase. The perinatal mortality rate was also calculated.Results: The primary LSCS rate has increased from 9.08% in 2005 to 16.1% in 2015. The overall caesarean section rate has increased from 11.7% to 19.2% in the same time with an average annual rate of increase of 5.1%. During this period the perinatal mortality has decreased from 33 per 1000 live births to 17 per 1000 live births.Conclusions: Though the overall caesarean section rate is higher than the 15% prescribed by WHO the rates are lower than the rest of the country and rural Tamil Nadu.

scholarly journals The lateral batting backlift technique: is it a contributing factor to success for professional cricket players at the highest level?

10.17159/5460 ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
M Noorbhai ◽  
T Noakes
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
T Test ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Wagon Wheel ◽  
Chi Squared

   Background: This study aimed primarily to investigate the lateral batting backlift technique (LBBT) among semi-professional, professional and current international cricket players. A key question was to investigate whether this technique is a factor that contributes to success for cricket players at the highest levels of the game.  Methods: The participants in this study’s sample (n = 130) were South African semi-professional players (SP) (n = 69), professional players (PP) (n = 49) and South African international professional players (SAI) (n = 12). Biomechanical and video analyses were performed on all the participating groups. Classifiers were utilised to identify the batting backlift technique type (BBTT) employed by all batsmen. All statistics and wagon wheels (scoring areas of the batsmen on a cricket field) were sourced online. A Pearson’s Chi-squared test, Student T-test, one-way analysis of variance and T-test were performed in this study. All analyses were performed using R (R Core Team) at a significance level of α = 0.05.  Results: This study found that a LBBT is more common at the highest levels of batsmanship with batsmen at the various levels of cricket having percentages of the LBBT as follows: SP = 37%; PP = 38%; SAI = 75%; p = 0.001. There was also a noticeably higher difference in the highest scores and career averages between all groups of players, as well as batsmen who either use a straight batting backlift technique (SBBT) or a LBBT. This study also found that SAI batsmen who used the LBBT were more proficient at scoring runs in various areas around the cricket field (according to the wagon wheel analysis).  Conclusion: This study found that a LBBT is a contributing factor for success regarding players wanting to play cricket at the highest levels. Cricket coaches should also pay attention to the direction of the backlift with players, especially when correlating it to various scoring areas on the cricket field. Further in-depth research is required to fully investigate the change in batting backlift techniques among cricket players over a long-term period. 

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