interbirth interval
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Author(s):  
Mitchel G Stover ◽  
Jason S Villano

IVC systems are marketed for improving the health and management of mouse colonies. The current study compared mouse reproductive performance and husbandry and environmental parameters among 3 high-density (HD) IVC rack systems (RS1, RS2, and RS3), which were present in separate but comparable rooms. Three breeding trios each of Swiss Webster (CFW) and BALB/c mice were placed in each rack (n = 36 female, n = 18 male). Reproductive indices were measured for 3 breeding cycles over 2 generations; indices included time to parturition, litter size and pup weight, survivability, and interbirth interval. Over 18 wk, personnel used scoring systems to evaluate each RS daily to every other week according to cage dirtiness, need for spot changing, ease of cage changing, daily health checks, and cage wash processing. Macroenvironmental parameters (temperature, relative humidity, noise, total particulate matter) were measured weekly over 14 wks. Microenvironmental parameters (temperature, relative humidity, NH3, CO2, O2) of 2 cages each of male and female CFW mice (4 mice/cage) on each RS were measured at 6 time points over 2 wks. RS1 had significantly smaller mean litter sizes of CFW mice (mean ± 1 SD, 6.5 ± 2.9 pups) as compared with both RS2 (9.5 ± 1.7 pups) and RS3 (9.3 ± 3.8 pups). RS1 scored as beingsignificantly easier to process through the cage wash. RS2 had significantly lower room noise levels (46.0 ± 5.0 dBA) but higher humidity (58.6% ± 8.9%) as compared with both RS1 (43.7% ± 9.9%) and RS3 (46.0% ± 12.0%) over the 2-wk cycle, particularly at 8 and 12 d after cage change. In conclusion, in terms of mouse reproductive performance and husbandry and environmental parameters, each system had at least 1 advantage over the other 2. Therefore, various factors should be considered when choosing an IVC system for mice.


2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalayu Brhane Mruts ◽  
Gizachew Assefa Tessema ◽  
Amanuel Tesfay Gebremedhin ◽  
Jane Scott ◽  
Gavin Pereira

Abstract Background Anaemia is a global public health problem, which disproportionately affects women in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The causes of anaemia are multifactorial, and a short interbirth interval has been identified as a potentially modifiable risk factor. However, the current evidence for the association between interbirth interval and maternal anaemia remains inconclusive. Hence, this study aimed at examining the association between the interbirth interval and maternal anaemia in SSA. Methods We conducted a multinational cross-sectional study of interbirth interval (time between two singleton live births) and maternal anaemia for 21 SSA countries using the most recent nationally representative Demographic and Health Surveys, 2010-2017. Modified Poisson regression models were used to estimate the relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) after adjusting for confounding variables. Results There were 81,693 women included in the study (89.2% nonpregnant, 10.8% pregnant and 32.2% postpartum). Overall, 36.9% of women had anaemia (36.0% of non-pregnant, 44.3% pregnant, and 38.7% of postpartum women). Compared to a 24-35 months interbirth interval, maternal anaemia was not associated with short (<24 months) interbirth intervals (aRR 1.01, 95% CI; 0. 98, 1.04) or long (≥60 months) interbirth interval (aRR 1.00, 95% CI 0.96, 1. 04). Conclusions Our finding revealed insufficient evidence that both short and long birth intervals were associated with the risk of maternal anaemia in SSA. Key messages It is unlikely that the high prevalence of maternal anaemia in SSA can be reduced by avoiding short nor long interbirth intervals.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Simmen ◽  
Luca Morino ◽  
Stéphane Blanc ◽  
Cécile Garcia

AbstractLife history, brain size and energy expenditure scale with body mass in mammals but there is little conclusive evidence for a correlated evolution between life history and energy expenditure (either basal/resting or daily) independent of body mass. We addressed this question by examining the relationship between primate free-living daily energy expenditure (DEE) measured by doubly labeled water method (n = 18 species), life history variables (maximum lifespan, gestation and lactation duration, interbirth interval, litter mass, age at first reproduction), resting metabolic rate (RMR) and brain size. We also analyzed whether the hypometabolic primates of Madagascar (lemurs) make distinct energy allocation tradeoffs compared to other primates (monkeys and apes) with different life history traits and ecological constraints. None of the life-history traits correlated with DEE after controlling for body mass and phylogeny. In contrast, a regression model showed that DEE increased with increasing RMR and decreasing reproductive output (i.e., litter mass/interbirth interval) independent of body mass. Despite their low RMR and smaller brains, lemurs had an average DEE remarkably similar to that of haplorhines. The data suggest that lemurs have evolved energy strategies that maximize energy investment to survive in the unusually harsh and unpredictable environments of Madagascar at the expense of reproduction.


2020 ◽  
pp. 088626051989732
Author(s):  
Sylvia S. Rozario ◽  
Tamala Gondwe ◽  
Saba W. Masho

Short interbirth interval (IBI) has serious adverse health consequences, yet has an estimated prevalence of 35% in the United States. Similarly, intimate partner violence (IPV) around time of pregnancy, experienced by approximately 5% of women, is associated with increased risk of poor pregnancy outcomes. IPV might compromise women’s decision-making, contributing to unintended pregnancy and short IBI. This study examines the relationship between pre-pregnancy IPV and short IBI, and whether insurance status moderates this relationship among multiparous women who responded to the 2009–2011 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System survey ( N = 13,675). Pre-pregnancy IPV (yes; no), insurance status (Private insurance; Medicaid/public insurance; no insurance), and short IBI (yes; no) were examined. Insurance status was identified as an effect modifier ( p = .03), and maternal age, maternal and paternal education, marital status, and drinking alcohol were identified as potential confounders. Multiple logistic regression analysis stratified by insurance status provided adjusted odds ratios (aOR) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI). Overall, 4.6% of women reported IPV before pregnancy, and 48% had a short IBI. When stratified by insurance status, the odds of short IBI was about 3 times higher among women with no insurance and women on Medicaid/public insurance who reported IPV compared to women who did not report IPV (aOR = 3.36, 95% CI = [1.02, 8.02], and aOR = 2.50, 95% CI = [1.04, 5.92], respectively). There was no observed significant difference in the likelihood of short IBI by experience of IPV among privately insured women. Findings from this study strengthen the evidence that women who experience IPV before pregnancy are significantly more likely to have short IBI compared to women who do not experience pre-pregnancy IPV. Furthermore, the odds of short IBI is highest among women experiencing pre-pregnancy IPV who are uninsured or on Medicaid/public insurance.


2020 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 00011
Author(s):  
Nurul Inayah ◽  
Andri Permata Sari ◽  
Wartika Rosa Farida ◽  
Herjuno Ari Nugroho ◽  
Tri Hadi Handayani ◽  
...  

This study aimed to extend our current knowledge of Sunda porcupine reproductive biology with emphasis on environmental enrichment and the reproductive season. Tomato and bean sprout feeding able to increase sperm quantity, sperm motility, and viability, as well as increase FSH and estrogen hormone levels. Four pairs of captive Sunda porcupine were used. Two pairs (fed with fresh tomato and bean sprout, enrichment group) and two pairs as control. The birth rate of enrichment group higher (with twin litter per year) than that in control (only one litter per year). It indicated that tomato and bean sprout feeding affect the birth rate in Sunda porcupine. The recent study showed that captive Sunda porcupine births occurred throughout the year, with no more than 1-2 litter per year and are have no interbirth-interval. The birth peak of captive Sunda porcupine occurs between April to August. Biparental activities during birth occurred. However, the female spent 50% of the time with the newborn. There was no courtship behaviour throughout the first two or three months of life of the cub.


2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
pp. eaax3250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Théo Tacail ◽  
Jeremy E. Martin ◽  
Florent Arnaud-Godet ◽  
J. Francis Thackeray ◽  
Thure E. Cerling ◽  
...  

Nursing is pivotal in the social and biological evolution of hominins, but to date, early-life behavior among hominin lineages is a matter of debate. The calcium isotopic compositions (δ44/42Ca) of tooth enamel can provide dietary information on this period. Here, we measure the δ44/42Ca values in spatially located microsized regions in tooth enamel of 37 South African hominins to reconstruct early-life dietary-specific variability in Australopithecus africanus, Paranthropus robustus, and early Homo. Very low δ44/42Ca values (<−1.4‰), indicative of milk consumption, are measured in early Homo but not in A. africanus and P. robustus. In these latter taxa, transitional or adult nonmilk foods must have been provided in substantial quantities relative to breast milk rapidly after birth. The results suggest that early Homo have continued a predominantly breast milk–based nursing period for longer than A. africanus and P. robustus and have consequently more prolonged interbirth interval.


2019 ◽  
pp. e23260
Author(s):  
Miroslav Králík ◽  
Adela Hupková ◽  
Tomáš Zeman ◽  
Martin Hložek ◽  
Lukáš Hlaváček ◽  
...  

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (14) ◽  
pp. 1429-1432
Author(s):  
Brittney Mason ◽  
Melissa Matulich ◽  
Kate Swanson ◽  
Erin Irwin ◽  
Alfred Rademaker ◽  
...  

Objective Previous studies have shown that risk of cesarean section increases among multiparous women as interbirth interval increases. One possibility is that progress of labor may vary with interbirth interval, such that with longer intervals, labor curves of multiparas more closely resemble those of nulliparas. We sought to define labor curves among a cohort of multiparas with varying interbirth intervals. Study Design This was a retrospective cohort study of term multiparas with known interval from last delivery and only vaginal deliveries. Subjects were grouped by interval between the studied pregnancy and the most recent birth: 0 to 59, 60 to 119, and ≥120 months. Statistical analysis was performed using linear mixed effects model. Group slopes and intercepts were compared using model t-tests for individual effects. Length of second stage was compared using a Wilcoxon's rank-sum test. Results Groups did not differ significantly in demographic or obstetrical characteristics. Rate of dilation was similar between the 0 to 59 and 60 to 119 month groups (p = 0.38), but faster in the ≥120 month group compared with the 60 to 119 month group (p = 0.037). Median duration of second stage increased slightly with increased interbirth interval (p = 0.003). Conclusion Prolonged interbirth interval is not associated with slower active phase of labor.


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