A field study of management stress in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus L)

The impact of stress was studied in semidomesticated reindeer subjected to various herding and handling methods. In herded and handled animals, stress lesions were found, such as abomasal haemorrhage, muscular and myocardial degeneration and marked changes in blood constituents. The degree of change was dependent of the magnitude of stress the animal had been exposed to. Manual handling and restraint was found to be one of the major stress factors. There were evident indications of a cumulative effect of repeated stress events. The use of motor vehicles (helicopter and snow-scooter), for herding and transporting the animals, was found to be an important stress factor. It is concluded that various herding and handling methods studied in the present investigation led to varying degrees of deleterious effects on the health of the animals and a poorer meatquality from slaughtered animals. Hence herding should be undertaken as carefully as possible, the time taken for manual handling should be minimized, and the corrals be so constructed as to cause a minimum of disturbance, capture and restraint. Transportation should be undertaken very cautiously with as little manual handling as possible during loading and unloading. To obtain a good meat quality, animals to be slaughtered should be subjected to a minimum of handling, i.e. slaughter should take place as quickly as possible. Transportation of live animals to slaughterhouses and the keeping of animals in corrals, pens or crates whilst awaiting slaughter will result in a lowered meat quality and should therefore be avoided.En fåltstudie av stress hos ren i samband med olika hanteringsformer.Abstract in Swedish / Sammanfatning: Betydelsen av stress hos ren studerades i hjordar i vilka olika typer av samlings- och hanteringsmetoder anvandes. I samtliga hjordar som utsatts for olika former av drivning forelag hos slaktdjur skador betingade av stress i form av magblodningar, muskelsonderfall och forandringar i blodbilden. De funna skadorna och forandringarna var beroende av den grad av stress som djuren utsatts for. Manuell hantering och inskrankning av djurens rorelsefrihet befanns vara en av de huvudsakliga stressfaktorerna. Det forelag åvenledes en stark indikation på en kumulativ effekt av upprepad stress. Anvandning av motorfordon (helikopter, snoskoter) vid drivning samt vågtransport av levande djur befanns vara betydande stressfaktorer. Det kan fastslås att de olika hanteringsformerna inneburit olika grader av stress. Graden av stresspåverkan innebår olika grader av negativa effekter dels allmånt for djurens hålsotillstånd dels for en forsåmrad kottkvalitet. Sålunda bor drivningar foretagas så forsiktigt som mojligt och tiden for manuell hantering goras så kort som mpjlig. Dårtill bor gårdor konstrueras så att yttre storning, manuell hantering och begrånsning av djurens rorelsefrihet minimeras. Transporter bor genomforas med forsiktighet och med undvikande av manuell hantering vid lastning och lossning. Slakt bor foretagas omedelbart, dvs vid gårdan. Transport av levande djur, samt hållandet av djur i gårdor eller fillor i vantan på slakt innebår att kottkvaliteten forsåmras och bor således undvikas.Kenttâtutkimus porojen stressistâ erilaisten kâsittelymuotojen yhteydessà.Abstract in Finnish / Yhteenveto: Stressin merkitystâ poroissa tutkitaan laumoissa, joissa kàytetààn erilaisia kokoamis - ja kàsittelymenetelmià. Kaikissa laumoissa, jotka olivat joutuneet alttiiksi erilaisille ajomuodoille, oli teuraselàimissâ stressin aiheuttamia vammoja mahaverenvuotojen, lihasrappeutumien ja verikuvan muutosten muodossa. Lôydetyt vammat ja muutokset olivat stressin aiheuttamat siina suhteessa kuin elaimet olivat siihen joutuneet. Kàsin pitely ja elàinten liikuntavapauden rajoittuminen havaittiin olevan yksi pààsiallisista stressintekijôistà. Oli esillà myôs voimakas osoitus kasvavan vaikutuksen toistuvasta stressistâ. Moottoriajoneuvojen (helikopteri, moottori-kelkka) kàyttô ajossa sekà elàvien elàinten tiekuljetus nayttivàt olevan merkittàvià stressitekijôità. Voidaan todeta, ettà erilaiset kasittelymuodot ovat aiheuttaneet stressin erilaisia asteita. Stressin vaikutuksen taso aiheutti eri asteisia negatiivisia vaikutuksia osittain huonontuneeseen lihan laatuun. Nainollen pitàà ajot suorittaa niin varovaisesti kuin mahdollista ja aika kàsin pitelyyn tehtàvà niin lyhyeksi kuin mahdollista. Sen lisàksi pitàà aidât rakentaa niin, ettà ulkoista hàirintàà, kàsin pitelyà ja elàinten liikuntavapauden rajoitusta vàhennetààn. Kuljetukset pitàà suorittaa varovaisuudella ja koettaa vàlttàà kàsin pitelyà kuormauksessa ja purkauksessa. Teurastaminen pitàà suorittaa vâlittômàsti, toisin sanoen aidan luona. Elàvien elàinten kuljetus, sekà elàinten pitàminen aitauksissa tai tarhoissa teurastamista odotellessa aiheuttaa lihalaadun huonontumiseen ja pitàà nàin ollen vàlttàà.

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3. The Impact of Ante- and Post-Mortem Factors on the Incidence of Pork Defective Meat – A Review

Annals of Animal Science ◽

10.1515/aoas-2015-0086 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 333-345 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Barbara Sionek ◽

Wiesław Przybylski

Keyword(s):

Meat Quality ◽

International Standards ◽

Stress Factors ◽

Meat Production ◽

Post Mortem ◽

Electrical Method ◽

Production Chain ◽

The Impact ◽

Quality Features

Abstract The occurrence of defective meat depends on factors affecting meat quality at the various stages of meat production. Defective meat has a broad definition and includes any property of meat that will dissatisfy end-users. For consumers the main meat quality features are colour, taste and texture (tenderness and juiciness). For processors and butchers very important are technological quality features: water holding capacity, pH, content of connective tissue, fat and protein. The functionality of defective meat is limited. The risk of incidence of defective meat is a result of the combination of ante-mortem and post-mortem factors. The ante-mortem factors are linked with the procedure at the lairage, the slaughtering factors, such as the method of stunning, and the post-mortem factors, including processing of meat carcasses. The ante-mortem factors such as genotype, gender, breeding conditions, nutrition, transport conditions, stress, weather conditions and the methods of slaughter are considered of primary importance for the quality of pork. It is estimated that 40% of meat defects are due to the procedure at the lairage. The impact of stressors causes a loss of weight of the pigs, contributes, in extreme cases, to the death of porkers, increases the risk of incidence of defective meat. Mixing animals from different herds is the cause of stress which leads to aggression and fights between animals. Limiting the stress factors is essential for improving the quality of pork. The applied stunning method affects the quality of meat. Physical stress during electrical stunning is associated with risk of an accelerated post-mortem glycolysis, contributing to the rapid decrease in pH. In comparison with the electrical method, stunning with carbon dioxide causes less stress in swine. In order to reduce the occurrence of defective meat, bleeding should be carried out as soon as possible directly after stunning. Deterioration of the quality of meat in the production chain can occur at any stage and is most often associated with the lack of compliance with the standards. The studies on the improvement of livestock breeding, transport and marketing carried out over a number of years contributed to the introduction of international standards and, consequently, to the reduction of quality and quantity losses in pork.

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Management stress in reindeer

Rangifer ◽

10.7557/2.10.3.868 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 267 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Claes Rehbinder

Keyword(s):

Stress Response ◽

Meat Quality ◽

Environmental Conditions ◽

Biological Effects ◽

Motor Vehicles ◽

General Mechanism ◽

Stress Exposure ◽

Myocardial Degeneration ◽

Manual Handling ◽

Glycogen Stores

The general mechanism and biological effects of stress are dealt with. Investigations performed on semidomesticated reindeer concerning the stress response under different herding and management conditions are presented and discussed. The findings indicate that: Reindeer are susceptible to management stress and that their degree of tameness plays an important role in the development of stress lesions such as muscular and myocardial degeneration and abomasal haemorrhages, etc. The animals are not favoured by rests between events of stress exposure as the effects produced tend to be cumulative. Depletion of muscular glycogen stores, increased catabolism of muscular protein, muscular degeneration and increased blood-urea levels can not be excluded as a cause of an altered and bad taste of the meat, i.e. a bad meat quality. Thus prolonged and repeated manual handling and transportation of live animals should be avoided. The use of helicopters or other motor vehicles must be correlated to the tameness of the animals and to environmental conditions. Stress due to incorrect management methods may, by means of stress induced lesions, severly affect the productivity of reindeer.

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The impact of faba bean with high or low content of tannins on the results of rearing and carcass quality of broiler chickens. Part II. Meat quality of chickens

10.24326/jasbb.2017.1.2 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 35 (1) ◽

pp. 11-18

Author(s):

Anna Miczarek ◽

Maria Osek

Keyword(s):

Meat Quality ◽

Faba Bean ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Carcass Quality ◽

The Impact

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Factors Influencing Academic Stress on Students of University of Economics and Business - Vietnam National University

VNU Journal of Science Economics and Business ◽

10.25073/2588-1108/vnueab.4380 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 36 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Nham Phong Tuan ◽

Nguyen Ngoc Quy ◽

Nguyen Thi Thanh Huyen ◽

Hong Tra My ◽

Tran Nhu Phu

Keyword(s):

Academic Stress ◽

Stress Factors ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Stress Scale ◽

Perceptions And Attitudes ◽

National University ◽

Questionnaire Surveys ◽

The University ◽

The Impact

The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of seven factors causing academic stress on students of University of Economics and Business - Vietnam National University: Lack of leisure time, Academic performance, Fear of failure, Academic overload, Finances, Competition between students, Relationships with university faculty. Based on the results of a practical survey of 185 students who are attending any courses at the University of Economics and Business - Vietnam National University, the study assesses the impact of stress factors on students. The thesis focuses on clarifying the concept of "stress" and the stress level of students, while pointing out its negative effects on students. This study includes two cross-sectional questionnaire surveys. The first survey uses a set of 16 questions to assess students’ perceptions and attitudes based on an instrument to measure academic stress - Educational Stress Scale for Adolescents (ESSA). The second survey aims to test internal consistency, the robustness of the previously established 7-factor structure. Henceforth, the model was brought back and used qualitatively, combined with Cronbach’s Alpha measurement test and EFA discovery factor analysis. This study was conducted from October 2019 to December 2019. From these practical analyzes, several proposals were made for the society, the school and the students themselves.

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Implementasi Probability Impact Matriks (PIM) Untuk Mengidentifikasi Kemungkinan dan Dampak Risiko Proyek

Jurnal ULTIMA InfoSys ◽

10.31937/si.v8i1.555 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 43-47

Author(s):

Sufa'atin Sufa'atin

Keyword(s):

Risk Assessment ◽

Cumulative Effect ◽

Project Risk ◽

Project Construction ◽

Index Terms ◽

Project Objectives ◽

The Impact

One of the obstacles in project construction is that the project is experiencing delays. The delay is influenced by several factors including the absence of risk recording, the unavoidability of the opportunities and the impact of risks that arise in the project and its handling, and the neglected risks that may disrupt the project. Project risk is the cumulative effect of an uncertain event opportunity, which affects the project objectives. Several methods can be used to handle the occurrence of project risk, one of the methods used to perform a risk assessment is the Probability Impact Matrix (PIM). PIM is a method that can be used to analyze risk qualitatively based on probability and its impact. By using the PIM method, some of the opportunities and impacts of risks that may arise in the project can be identified. In addition, the PIM method can minimize the risks that arise in the project and quickly resolve the risks. Index Terms— Project, Risk, PIM, Possibility, Impact

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Physiological Responses and Effects on Meat Quality in Reindeer (Rangifer Tarandus) Transported on Lorries

Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica ◽

10.1186/bf03547286 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 128-138

Author(s):

I. Haussen ◽

A. Kyrkjebø ◽

P. K. Opstad ◽

R. Prøsch

Keyword(s):

Meat Quality ◽

Rangifer Tarandus ◽

Physiological Responses

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The Development of Strategies to Reduce Exhaust Emissions from Passenger Cars in Rzeszow City—Poland. A Preliminary Assessment of the Results Produced by the Increase of E-Fleet

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14041046 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 1046

Author(s):

Maksymilian Mądziel ◽

Tiziana Campisi ◽

Artur Jaworski ◽

Giovanni Tesoriere

Keyword(s):

Particulate Matter ◽

Electric Vehicles ◽

Combustion Engine ◽

Present Report ◽

Exhaust Emissions ◽

Motor Vehicles ◽

Strategic Choices ◽

Passenger Cars ◽

Particulate Concentration ◽

The Impact

Urban agglomerations close to road infrastructure are particularly exposed to harmful exhaust emissions from motor vehicles and this problem is exacerbated at road intersections. Roundabouts are one of the most popular intersection designs in recent years, making traffic flow smoother and safer, but especially at peak times they are subject to numerous stop-and-go operations by vehicles, which increase the dispersion of emissions with high particulate matter rates. The study focused on a specific area of the city of Rzeszow in Poland. This country is characterized by the current composition of vehicle fleets connected to combustion engine vehicles. The measurement of the concentration of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) by means of a preliminary survey campaign in the vicinity of the intersection made it possible to assess the impact of vehicle traffic on the dispersion of pollutants in the air. The present report presents some strategies to be implemented in the examined area considering a comparison of current and project scenarios characterized both by a modification of the road geometry (through the introduction of a turbo roundabout) and the composition of the vehicular flow with the forthcoming diffusion of electric vehicles. The study presents an exemplified methodology for comparing scenarios aimed at optimizing strategic choices for the local administration and also shows the benefits of an increased electric fleet. By processing the data with specific tools and comparing the scenarios, it was found that a conversion of 25% of the motor vehicles to electric vehicles in the current fleet has reduced the concentration of PM10 by about 30% along the ring road, has led to a significant reduction in the length of particulate concentration of the motorway, and it has also led to a significant reduction in the length of the particulate concentration for the access roads to the intersection.

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Economic Analysis of a Transport Company in the Aspect of Car Vehicle Operation

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13010427 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 427

Author(s):

Magdalena Rykała ◽

Łukasz Rykała

Keyword(s):

Weather Conditions ◽

Neural Model ◽

Motor Vehicles ◽

Bulk Materials ◽

The Sustainable Development ◽

Average Temperature ◽

Transport Services ◽

Vehicle Operation ◽

The Impact

The article describes the issues of transport of bulk materials. The knowledge of this process has a key impact on the rational planning of transport tasks. It is necessary to have knowledge about the transport services market and the competition that exists in it. In order to achieve a competitive advantage on the market, enterprises should analyze data on the implementation of transport tasks on an ongoing basis. It is also important that the costs incurred from the conducted activity are minimized, while increasing the quality of services and taking into account the sustainable development of the enterprise. The study analyzes data from a few selected motor vehicles in the period of 3 years of operation, coming from an enterprise specializing in the transport of bulk materials. Moreover, a global sensitivity analysis was performed based on a neural model describing the impact of the analyzed factors on the company’s profit. The results show that the most important factors influencing the company’s profit are the fuel consumption of individual vehicles, the driver (driving style) and the month (average temperature, weather conditions).

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Overburdened Gauls: the case of Florus and Sacrovir’s revolt of 21 CE

Journal of Ancient History ◽

10.1515/jah-2019-0029 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Jared Kreiner

Keyword(s):

Interest Rates ◽

Large Scale ◽

Cumulative Effect ◽

Short Term ◽

Local Economies ◽

Scale Resistance ◽

Military Campaigns ◽

The Impact

Abstract In 21 CE, a series of localized movements broke out in Gallia Comata due to heavy debts among provincials according to Tacitus. Modern scholars have long argued that the indebtedness occurred because of rising interest rates, resulting from dwindling currency in circulation after decades of free-spending following Augustus’ victory at Actium, and that Gallic communities were subjected to an additional tribute to support the wars of Germanicus (14–16 CE), which continued unabated after the wars and pushed Gauls beyond their means. These claims are misguided, however, in that there is no certain evidence of a special tax to support Germanicus’ wars and that the argument for a dwindling circulation of currency in Gaul falters under closer inspection. Rather, the pressing statal and military needs imposed on communities in Gallia Comata after 9 CE on top of routine exactions could significantly increase burden levels levied on provincial populations, thus contributing to rising debts. Through examining how Roman logistics and conscription operated in this period, it is possible to trace how populations were impacted by such demands and which communities were most heavily affected by them, too. Individually, the impact of each factor is unlikely to have been burdensome enough to have caused large-scale resistance, it is only the cumulative effect that these explanations had on top of routine Roman extraction schemes that could create the conditions for this revolt. This paper argues that in extraordinary circumstances, such as the period after the Varian Disaster for Gallia Comata, the costs of supporting military campaigns places real short-term strains on local economies, which creates the conditions for revolt. The benefit of this approach is that it may explain other episodes of anti-fiscal resistance that broke out during or within a decade of wars in neighboring regions.

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Noise at the time of COVID 19: The impact in some areas in Rome and Milan, Italy

Noise Mapping ◽

10.1515/noise-2020-0021 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 248-264

Author(s):

Rosa Maria Alsina Pagès ◽

Francesc Alías ◽

Patrizia Bellucci ◽

Pier Paolo Cartolano ◽

Ilaria Coppa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sound Pressure ◽

Traffic Noise ◽

Motor Vehicles ◽

Acoustic Environment ◽

Commercial Activities ◽

Real Time Traffic ◽

Italian Regions ◽

Almost All ◽

The Impact

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed in Italy at the end of January 2020, when the first positive cases for the virus were identified. At the beginning of March, the virus had spread to all Italian regions and on 10 March 2020 the lockdown phase began, limiting the movement of people and prohibiting almost all commercial activities, businesses and non-essential industries. As a result, millions of people were forced to stay at home, causing a drastic drop in traffic volume, which significantly changed the acoustic environment and air quality of cities. On 4 May 2020, the lockdown was partially lifted and activities were progressively reopened. Therefore, traffic gradually started to increase and, consequently, the noise emitted by motor vehicles. This behaviour was confirmed by the data collected by the DYNAMAP system, an automatic platform developed within the LIFE DYNAMAP project, providing real time traffic noise maps in terms of sound pressure levels and impacts at receivers (people and dwellings exposed to noise level bands). In this paper traffic and non-traffic-related noise events in the cities of Rome and Milan from March to May 2020 are analysed and compared to the corresponding values in 2019 to evaluate the effects of the lockdown period.

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