The View from Hyderabad

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murphy Halliburton
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Multinational Companies ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Cancer Drug ◽  
Medical Problems ◽  
New Research ◽  
Pharmaceutical Production

The boom town of Hyderabad is the center of India’s pharmaceutical industry, and this was where I met with representatives from two Indian pharmaceutical companies to discuss topics such as economies of scale in pharmaceutical production—the special capacity of the Indian pharma sector—licenses with foreign multinationals such as Gilead and prospects for new research and development. This chapter argues that those who anticipate a simple takeover by “multinational” companies of “Indian” companies, which are in fact also multinational, simplify what are complex and surprising emergences negotiated by quite powerful India-based corporate actors. The chapter also examines the first two patented drugs developed in India under the new patent regime, an anti-malarial medication and a cancer drug, and considers whether new research by Indian companies will focus on medical problems affecting low income countries or on products for high income markets.

Industries without Smokestacks and Structural Transformation in Africa

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Richard Newfarmer ◽  
John Page ◽  
Finn Tarp
Keyword(s):  
Structural Transformation ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Emerging Industries ◽  
Unskilled Workers ◽  
Key Driver ◽  
Traditional Manufacturing ◽  
Manufacturing Growth

An early stylized fact of development economics is that low-income countries have large differences in output per worker across sectors, and the movement of workers from low- to high-productivity sectors—structural transformation—is a key driver of growth. Historically, manufacturing has been the key driver of structural transformation. It can employ large numbers of unskilled workers, is capable of productivity gains and produces tradeable products allowing economies of scale and specialization. But manufacturing growth in Africa has lagged behind other regions, leading some observers to question Africa’s ability to catch up. This view overlooks such emerging industries as ICT, tourism, food processing, horticulture, and new services exports, which share many characteristics with manufacturing. These “industries without smokestacks” are beginning to propel growth in Africa much as traditional manufacturing did in other, fast growing regions.

scholarly journals Democratizing Health Research

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Fraser Terry ◽  
Erik Lieungh
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Research Policy ◽  
Cultural Barriers ◽  
World Health ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Research Assessment ◽  
The World ◽  
New Research ◽  
And Training

Is it fair that researchers and policymakers in low-income countries have to pay to read new research on diseases they treat? Today's guest is Robert Terry from the World Health Organization’s Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), where he works as a manager of research policy. His background is from both the Royal Society and the Wellcome Trust. For Terry, achieving open access requires addressing barriers across political, technical and cultural barriers, with the culture of research assessment and reward needing the biggest change to democratizing science. The host of this episode is Erik Lieungh. This episode was first published 16 December 2019.

A polydopamine-based platform for anti-cancer drug delivery

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 1776-1793 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rushikesh S. Ambekar ◽  
Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Economic Impact ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Cancer Drug ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
The World ◽  
Cancer Drug Delivery ◽  
Day By Day

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the world with around 9.6 million deaths in 2018, approximately 70% of which occurred in the middle- and low-income countries; moreover, the economic impact of cancer is significant and escalating day by day.

scholarly journals Industries without Smokestacks

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Structural Transformation ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Advanced Economy ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Average Share ◽  
Sub Saharan

Structural transformation in Africa has become a hot topic. One of the earliest stylized facts of development economics is that low-income countries have large differences in output per worker across sectors, and movement of workers from low- to high-productivity sectors—structural transformation is a key driver of economic growth. Between 1950 and 2006, about half of the catch-up by developing countries—led by East Asia—to advanced economy productivity levels was due to rising productivity within manufacturing combined with structural transformation out of agriculture. Manufacturing has the capacity to employ large numbers of unskilled workers, is capable of large productivity gains through innovation, and entails tradeable products that permit economies of scale and specialization. But manufacturing in Africa, rather than leading growth, has typically been a lagging sector. In 2014, the average share of manufacturing in GDP in sub-Saharan Africa hovered around 10 per cent, unchanged from the 1970s, leading some observers to be pessimistic about Africa’s potential to catch the wave of sustained rapid growth and rising incomes. This book challenges that view. It argues that other activities sharing the characteristics of manufacturing—including tourism, ICT, and other services as well as food processing and horticulture—are beginning to play a role analogous to the role that manufacturing played in East Asia. This reflects not only changes in the global organization of industries since the early era of rapid East Asian growth, but also advantages unique to Africa. These ‘industries without smokestacks’ offer new opportunities for Africa to grow in coming decades.

scholarly journals DOES TECHNOLOGY MATTER FOR COMBATING ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL CRIME? A PANEL DATA STUDY

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
pp. 1-39
Author(s):  
Monica Violeta Achim ◽  
Sorin Nicolae Borlea ◽  
Viorela Ligia Văidean
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Low Income ◽  
High Income ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Financial Crime ◽  
Policy Perspective ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Development Expenditure ◽  
Using Data

In this paper we analyze the influence of technology on the level of the economic and financial crime, using data for 185 countries over the 2012–2015 time period and controlling for many important variables. First, we find that on average, the size of the economic and financial crime in low income countries is about double compared to that of high income countries, while their Research and development expenditure (as % of GDP) are about four times lower than in high income countries. We find clear evidence that increased technology reduces the size of the economic and financial crime. In addition, we find that Research and development expenditure (% of GDP) matter more in reducing the economic and financial crime in low income countries than they do in high income countries. Our main findings are generally stable after conducting some robustness checks. From a policy perspective, our study may prove to be of great use to decision makers of the states, to government and non-governmental enterprises and to potential investors within different markets.

scholarly journals The effects of regional economic integration in Europe of the pattern north-north and north-south

2007 ◽  
Vol 52 (174-175) ◽  
pp. 168-185
Author(s):  
Miroslav Antevski
Keyword(s):  
Economic Integration ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Knowledge Spillovers ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Regional Economic Integration ◽  
Transport Costs ◽  
Regional Economic ◽  
Factor Endowments ◽  
The North

This paper examines the effects of regional economic integration in Europe, especially the North-North and North-South integration patterns, and how the benefits and costs of integration are divided between countries. Outcomes depend on: comparative advantages, factor endowments, factor intensities, competitive advantages, FDI flows, transfers of technology, knowledge spillovers, economies of scale, transport costs, industry/GDP ratios, and agglomeration forces. The North-North integration between high income countries tends to lead to convergence of country incomes. Contrary, the South-South integration between low income countries causes divergence. Low income countries are likely to be better served by the North-South integration.

scholarly journals Starting at the Roots: Using Human-Centered Design to Develop a Sex and Pregnancy Education Curriculum for Adolescents in Kenya

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean Buehler, BSPH ◽  
Julie Thorne, MD, MPH
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Adolescent Pregnancy ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Creative Thinking ◽  
Sexual And Reproductive Health ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Human Centered Design ◽  
Team Members ◽  
New Research

The rate of adolescent pregnancy worldwide remains unacceptably high. Sixteen million adolescent girls between the ages of 15 and 19, and 2 million under the age of 15 become pregnant each year. Ninety-five percent of these births occur in low-income countries, with four times the rate of adolescent pregnancy in the poorest regions of the world compared to high-income countries. There has been a shift globally to focus on the sexual and reproductive health needs of adolescents, including adolescent pregnancy. With increased awareness of this need has come a renewed call for evidence-based provision of adolescentfocused sexual and reproductive health (ASRH) services, as well as programs to prevent pregnancy in this age group. “Human-centered design” methodology is emerging as an innovative, feasible, and effective participatory approach to program design and implementation in health care. The standard Human Centered Design format includes 5 steps: (1) Understand people’s experiences, challenges, and priorities; (2) Use existing knowledge and new research to define and clarify the problem; (3) Prompt creative thinking to design many different solutions; (4) Build and workshop prototypes of ideas to quickly learn how they can be improved; and (5) Deliver solutions that meet the needs of the target population. Through this process, design team members identified a need to “help adolescents by removing the uncertainty that surrounds information on pregnancy and treatment choices”. To meet this need, we utilized participatory program development to build an adolescent-specific sex and pregnancy education program at Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital in Eldoret, Kenya.

Three Cases of Joubert Syndrome in a Consanguineous Syrian Family and a Interesting Case of Multinational Collaboration

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davor Petrović ◽  
Vida Čulić ◽  
Zofia Swinderek-Alsayed
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Autosomal Recessive ◽  
Autosomal Recessive Disorder ◽  
Joubert Syndrome ◽  
Interesting Case ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Ocular Motor ◽  
Quality Health Care ◽  
Quality Health ◽  
Motor Apraxia

AbstractJoubert syndrome (JS) is a rare congenital, autosomal recessive disorder characterized by a distinctive brain malformation, developmental delay, ocular motor apraxia, breathing abnormalities, and high clinical and genetic heterogeneity. We are reporting three siblings with JS from consanguineous parents in Syria. Two of them had the same homozygous c.2172delA (p.Trp725Glyfs*) AHI1 mutation and the third was diagnosed prenatally with magnetic resonance imaging. This pathogenic variant is very rare and described in only a few cases in the literature. Multinational collaboration could be of benefit for the patients from undeveloped, low-income countries that have a low-quality health care system, especially for the diagnosis of rare diseases.

Problems Facing the Arab Pharmaceutical Industry: A Case Study from Yemen

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 234-241
Author(s):  
Mohammed Al-Shakka ◽  
Ebtesam Abood ◽  
Adel Al-Dhubhany ◽  
Sami Abdo Radman Aldubai ◽  
Khaled Said ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Domestic Market ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
Pharmaceutical Manufacturer ◽  
University Graduates ◽  
Pharmaceutical Drugs

Because of the almost-instant connection with the welfare and well-being of individuals, pharmaceutical industry stands prominently as a very important factor for the improvement and progress of a healthy productive nation. These days, pharmaceutical industry thrives as one of the largest and exponentially expanding global industries. Nonetheless, millions of people in low income developing countries, have to suffer from the fatal consequences of the inaccessibility and non-availability of essential drugs. This is also happening in Yemen, where the pharmaceutical manufacturers sector have to face up to many challenges. The Yemen Drug Company (YEDCO) was founded in 1964 by the Yemeni government as it collaborated with private investors. It was endorsed as a company with the expertise in the medicinal drug marketing. YEDCO started its work by taking in drugs from foreign companies and then locally marketing and distributing them. In 1982, YEDCO built the first medicinal factory for drugs in Sana’a. Since then, seven companies were set up to manufacture medicines in Yemen. The expanding population has led to the need to have more pharmaceutical products. It may be understandable that pharmaceutical manufacturer companies are also hit by the political crisis in the country. Inadequate amount of fuel and raw material as well as low security status were some of the underlying factors behind these ill-effects in Yemen. Imported drugs make up about nearly 90% % of the pharmaceutical market compared to 10% drugs from the domestic market. This situation has led to an additional burden being shouldered by the national economy, where Yemen spends about US$263 million annually on pharmaceutical drugs, in reference to the national Supreme Drugs Authority. Although there is a very quick growth in the population and drugs consumption, the pharmaceutical industry has not been very active, where global pharmaceutical products play their role dominantly on the domestic market. The pharmaceutical production necessitates skilled human resources like university graduates. By contrast, the government and the private sector should also motivate the pharmaceutical industry and make use of the local employment

Reviewing the Development of Rural Finance in Vietnam

2013 ◽  
pp. 121-136
Author(s):  
Duong Pham Bao
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Financial System ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Rural Finance ◽  
Market Mechanisms ◽  
Rural Credit ◽  
Rural Organizations ◽  
Doi Moi

The objective of this article is to review the development of the rural financial system in Vietnam in recent years, especially, after Doi moi. There are two opposite schools of thought in the literature on rural credit policies in developing countries. One is the conventional supply-side (government-led) approach while the other is called “a new paradigm” that emphasizes the importance of the viability of financial providers and the well functioning of rural credit markets. Conventional theories of rural finance contend that rural finance in low-income countries is generally accompanied by many failures. Contrary to these theories, rural finance in Vietnam does not encounter the above-mentioned failures so far. Up to the present time, it is progressing well. Using a supply-side approach, methodologically, this study reviews the development of the rural financial system in Vietnam. The significance of this study is to challenge the extreme view of dichotomizing between the old and the new credit paradigms. Analysis in this study contends that a rural financial market that, (1) is initiated and spurred by government; (2) operates principally under market mechanisms; and (3) is strongly supported by rural organizations (semi-formal/informal institutions) can progress stably and well. Therefore, the extremely dichotomizing approach must be avoided.

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