scholarly journals Inheritance of heat tolerance in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne, Poaceae): evidence from progeny array analysis

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e11782
Author(s):  
Wagdi S. Soliman ◽  
Ahmed M. Abbas ◽  
Stephen J. Novak ◽  
Masahiro Fujimori ◽  
Kazuhiro Tase ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Heat Tolerance ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Photosynthetic Performance ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
F1 Hybrid ◽  
F1 Progeny

Background Heat stress is considered one of the most important environmental factors influencing plant physiology, growth, development, and reproductive output. The occurrence and damage caused by heat stress will likely increase with global climate change. Thus, there is an urgent need to better understand the genetic basis of heat tolerance, especially in cool season plants. Materials and Methods In this study, we assessed the inheritance of heat tolerance in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. subspecies perenne) , a cool season grass, through a comparison of two parental cultivars with their offspring. We crossed plants of a heat tolerant cultivar (Kangaroo Valley) with plants of a heat sensitive cultivar (Norlea), to generate 72 F1 hybrid progeny arrays. Both parents and their progeny were then exposed to heat stress for 40 days, and their photosynthetic performance (Fv/Fm values) and leaf H2O2 content were measured. Results As expected, Kangaroo Valley had significantly higher Fv/Fm values and significantly lower H2O2 concentrations than Norlea. For the F1 progeny arrays, values of Fv/Fm decreased gradually with increasing exposure to heat stress, while the content of H2O 2 increased. The progeny had a wide distribution of Fv/Fm and H 2O2 values at 40 days of heat stress. Approximately 95% of the 72 F1 progeny arrays had Fv/Fm values that were equal to or intermediate to the values of the two parental cultivars and 68% of the progeny arrays had H2O2 concentrations equal to or intermediate to their two parents. Conclusion Results of this study indicate considerable additive genetic variation for heat tolerance among the 72 progeny arrays generated from these crosses, and such diversity can be used to improve heat tolerance in perennial ryegrass cultivars. Our findings point to the benefits of combining physiological measurements within a genetic framework to assess the inheritance of heat tolerance, a complex plant response.

scholarly journals Development of a Strip Seeder for Converting Cool-season Turf to Seeded Bermudagrass

2007 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Fry ◽  
Randy Taylor ◽  
Bob Wolf ◽  
Dick Stuntz ◽  
Alan Zuk
Keyword(s):  
Transition Zone ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Seeding Method ◽  
Cold Hardy ◽  
Establishment Process

Turfgrass managers in the transition zone are interested in converting swards of cool-season grasses to cold-hardy seeded bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) in an effort to reduce water and fungicide inputs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential for establishing ‘Riviera’ bermudagrass in a perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) sward by using a strip-seeding technique, and then to build a machine that would facilitate the process. Four, 2-inch-wide tilled rows, 1 inch deep and 15 inches apart, were created in 6 × 6-ft plots and seeded by hand with ‘Riviera’ bermudagrass at 104 lb/acre pure live seed in July 2002. In one set of strip-seeded plots, a 7-cm-wide overspray of glyphosate (≈0.5 inch on either side of the row) was applied over tilled rows after seeding to suppress perennial ryegrass further. Plots established by the strip-seeding technique exhibited 71% bermudagrass coverage after two growing seasons, and 87% coverage when rows received a glyphosate overspray. Broadcasting ‘Riviera’ seed into perennial ryegrass plots resulted in 60% bermudagrass coverage at the end of the second season of establishment. A strip seeder was constructed and used to seed ‘Riviera’ into existing perennial ryegrass turf in late July 2004 using the aforementioned row configurations and a glyphosate overspray. Coverage evaluated the following spring, before green-up, was 10.3% compared with 0% coverage where ‘Riviera’ was broadcast seeded. At the seeding rates evaluated, 79% less ‘Riviera’ bermudagrass seed was required when using the strip-seeding method, and golfers would consider the surface more amenable to play during the establishment period compared with broadcasting glyphosate and seed. A patent is pending on the strip-seeding equipment and establishment process.

scholarly journals Reestablishment of Perennial Ryegrass in Lawns Damaged by Diesel and Hydraulic Fluid Spills

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 250-253
Author(s):  
Longyi Yuan ◽  
Yang Gao ◽  
Deying Li
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Activated Charcoal ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Hydraulic Fluid ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Turf Quality ◽  
Lawn Care ◽  
Dishwashing Detergent

Petroleum-based spills on turfgrass often occur during lawn care maintenance. Damage caused by diesel and hydraulic fluid is particularly difficult to correct. The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of combining mulching with remediation for reseeding spilled areas in lawns. Diesel and hydraulic fluid were applied to plots at a rate of 15 L·m−2. Immediately after the spill treatments, two liquid humic amendments and an activated flowable charcoal were applied at a volume rate of 8 L·m−2, respectively, with tap water/dishwashing detergent used as a control. Nitrate nitrogen was added to each remediation treatment to facilitate remediation. The spilled areas were reseeded with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and then mulched with biochar, peat pellets, and paper pellets, respectively. At 6 weeks after seeding, humic amendment 1 and activated charcoal showed better turf quality than humic amendment 2. Peat pellet mulching presented better turf quality than other mulching methods. Reseeding perennial ryegrass and mulching with peat pellets after remediation with either humic amendment 1 or activated charcoal resulted in acceptable turf quality 6 weeks after diesel and hydraulic fluid spills. Therefore, this reestablishment method is recommended as a practical way to deal with diesel or hydraulic fluid spills in cool-season turfgrasses.

scholarly journals Natural variation of physiological traits, molecular markers, and chlorophyll catabolic genes associated with heat tolerance in perennial ryegrass accessions

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Zhang ◽  
Hui Li ◽  
Yiwei Jiang ◽  
Huibin Li ◽  
Zhipeng Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Ssr Markers ◽  
Heat Tolerance ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Physiological Traits ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Catabolic Genes ◽  
Heat Tolerant ◽  
Cool Season Grass

Abstract Background Identification of genetic diversity in heat tolerance and associated traits is of great importance for improving heat tolerance in cool-season grass species. The objectives of this study were to determine genetic variations in heat tolerance associated with phenotypic and physiological traits and to identify molecular markers associated with heat tolerance in a diverse collection of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Results Plants of 98 accessions were subjected to heat stress (35/30 °C, day/night) or optimal growth temperature (25/20 °C) for 24 d in growth chambers. Overall heat tolerance of those accessions was ranked by principal component analysis (PCA) based on eight phenotypic and physiological traits. Among these traits, electrolyte leakage (EL), chlorophyll content (Chl), relative water content (RWC) had high correlation coefficients (− 0.858, 0.769, and 0.764, respectively) with the PCA ranking of heat tolerance. We also found expression levels of four Chl catabolic genes (CCGs), including LpNYC1, LpNOL, LpSGR, and LpPPH, were significant higher in heat sensitive ryegrass accessions then heat tolerant ones under heat stress. Furthermore, 66 pairs of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to perform association analysis based on the PCA result. The population structure of ryegrass can be grouped into three clusters, and accessions in cluster C were relatively more heat tolerant than those in cluster A and B. SSR markers significantly associated with above-mentioned traits were identified (R2 > 0.05, p < 0.01)., including two pairs of markers located on chromosome 4 in association with Chl content and another four pairs of markers in association with EL. Conclusion The result not only identified useful physiological parameters, including EL, Chl content, and RWC, and their associated SSR markers for heat-tolerance breeding of perennial ryegrass, but also highlighted the involvement of Chl catabolism in ryegrass heat tolerance. Such knowledge is of significance for heat-tolerance breeding and heat tolerance mechanisms in perennial ryegrass as well as in other cool-season grass species.

scholarly journals Screening the FIGS Set of Lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus) Germplasm for Tolerance to Terminal Heat and Combined Drought-Heat Stress

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1036
Author(s):  
Noureddine El haddad ◽  
Karthika Rajendran ◽  
Abdelaziz Smouni ◽  
Nour Eddine Es-Safi ◽  
Nadia Benbrahim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Heat Tolerance ◽  
Lens Culinaris ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Tolerance Index ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Good Source ◽  
Protein Fiber ◽  
Iron And Zinc

Lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus) is one of the most important cool season food legume crops grown in many countries. Seeds are typically rich in protein, fiber, prebiotic carbohydrates and minerals, such as iron and zinc. With changing climate and variability, the lentil crop faces frequent droughts and heat stress of varying intensity in its major production zones. In the present study, a set of 162 lentil accessions selected through the Focused Identification of Germplasm Strategy (FIGS) were screened for tolerance to heat stress and combined heat-drought stresses under field conditions at two contrasting locations, namely Marchouch and Tessaout in Morocco. The results showed a significant genotypic variation for heat tolerance and combined heat-drought tolerance among the accessions at both locations. Based on the heat tolerance index (HTI), accessions, namely ILL 7833, ILL 6338 and ILL 6104, were selected as potential sources of heat tolerance at Marchouch, and ILL 7814 and ILL 8029 at Tessaout. Using the stress tolerance index (STI), ILL 7835, ILL 6075 and ILL 6362 were identified as the most tolerant lines (STI > 1) at Marchouch, and ILL 7814, ILL 7835 and ILL 7804 (STI > 1) at Tessaout, under the combined heat-drought stress conditions. Accession ILL 7835 was identified as a good source of stable tolerance to heat stress and combined heat-drought stress at both locations.

Persistence of Rimsulfuron on Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and Annual Bluegrass (Poa annua) Foliage

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 345-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Whitnee L. Barker ◽  
Josh B. Beam ◽  
Shawn D. Askew
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Poa Annua ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Annual Bluegrass ◽  
Rinse Water ◽  
Viable Method ◽  
Water Rinse

Field studies have shown that rimsulfuron can move laterally with mower tires and injure neighboring cool-season grasses, indicating that persistent chemical can dislodge from turfgrass foliage. Laboratory studies were conducted to evaluate persistence and stability of14C rimsulfuron on perennial ryegrass and annual bluegrass foliage. Rimsulfuron was absorbed by annual bluegrass and perennial ryegrass equivalently, and persisted equally on foliage of each species. When extracted with a water rinse, 57% of applied rimsulfuron was recovered after 10 min, and 42% of applied rimsulfuron was recovered after 96 h. Rimsulfuron was stable 4 d after application based on comparison of rinse water chromatograms to stock solution chromatograms. These data indicate that appreciable rimsulfuron persists on turf foliage for 4 d. Thus, limiting traffic on treated areas for several hours to allow drying is not a viable method to prevent lateral relocation of rimsulfuron, and subsequent injury to cool-season turfgrasses.

The Improvement of Thermotolerance in Tall Fescue and Perennial Ryegrass by Activating the Antioxidative System

2012 ◽  
Vol 610-613 ◽  
pp. 249-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Zhang ◽  
Yan Wang ◽  
Hong Fei Yang ◽  
Jian Long Li
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Antioxidative Enzymes ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Guaiacol Peroxidase ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
And Control ◽  
Gpx Activity

The effect of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) of low concentration on thermotolerance of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea cv. Barlexas) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne cv. Accent) was studied following a foliar pretreatment with 10 mM H2O2. Antioxidative enzymes activities and antioxidant content were measured in both cool-season turfgrass cultivars under heat stress (38/30 °C, day/night) and control normal temperature (26/15 °C, day/night). While activities of catalase(CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione-dependent peroxidases (GPX) were enhanced by H2O2pretreatment during heat stress. APX, GR and GPX activities were significantly enhanced during heat stress. These were likely the most important antioxidative enzymes in tall fescue and perennial ryegrass protecting plants against heat stress. The thermotolerance was also concomitant with an increased glutathione pool, as evaluated by the significant increase of the total glutathione pool in two pretreated cultivars. The increase of POD, CAT, APX, GR activities and significant increase of GPX activity prior to the initiation of heat stress in pre-treatment plants suggested a possible role for H2O2as a signaling molecule protecting them against the subsequent heat-induced damage.

scholarly journals Natural Variation of Physiological Traits, Molecular Markers, and Chlorophyll Catabolic Genes Associated With Heat Tolerance in Perennial Ryegrass Accessions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Xu ◽  
Jing Zhang ◽  
Hui Li ◽  
Yiwei Jiang ◽  
Huibin Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Ssr Markers ◽  
Heat Tolerance ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Physiological Traits ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Catabolic Genes ◽  
Cool Season Grass

Abstract Background: Identification of genetic diversity in heat tolerance and associated traits is of great importance for improving heat tolerance in cool-season grass species. The objectives of this study were to determine genetic variations in heat tolerance associated with phenotypic and physiological traits and to identify molecular markers associated with heat tolerance in a diverse collection of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Results: Plants of 98 accessions were subjected to heat stress (35/30 ℃, day/night) or optimal growth temperature (25/20 ℃) for 24 d in growth chambers. Overall heattolerance of those accessions was ranked by principal component analysis (PCA) based on eight phenotypic and physiological traits. Among these traits, electrolyte leakage (EL), chlorophyll content (Chl), relative water content (RWC) had high correlation coefficients (−0.858, 0.769, and 0.764, respectively) with the PCA ranking of heat tolerance. We also found expression levels of four Chl catabolic genes (CCGs), including LpNYC1, LpNOL, LpSGR, and LpPPH, were closely related to the heat tolerance of ryegrass accessions. Furthermore, 66 pairs of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to perform association analysis based on the PCA result. The population structure of ryegrass can be grouped into three clusters, and accessions in cluster C were relatively more heat tolerant than those in cluster A and B. SSR markers significantly associated with above-mentioned traits were identified (R2>0.05, p<0.01)., including two pairs of markers located on chromosome 4 in association with Chl content and another four pairs of markers in association with EL.Conclusion:The result not only identified useful physiological parameters, including EL, Chl content, and RWC, and their associated SSR markers for heat-tolerance breeding of perennial ryegrass, but also highlighted the involvement of Chl catabolism in ryegrass heat tolerance. Such knowledge is of significance for heat-tolerance breeding and heat tolerance mechanisms in perennial ryegrass as well as in other cool-season grass species.

scholarly journals Natural variation of physiological traits, molecular markers, and chlorophyll catabolic genes associated with heat tolerance in perennial ryegrass accessions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Zhang ◽  
Hui Li ◽  
Yiwei Jiang ◽  
Huibin Li ◽  
Zhipeng Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Ssr Markers ◽  
Heat Tolerance ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Physiological Traits ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Catabolic Genes ◽  
Heat Tolerant ◽  
Cool Season Grass

Abstract Background: Identification of genetic diversity in heat tolerance and associated traits is of great importance for improving heat tolerance in cool-season grass species. The objectives of this study were to determine genetic variations in heat tolerance associated with phenotypic and physiological traits and to identify molecular markers associated with heat tolerance in a diverse collection of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.).Results: Plants of 98 accessions were subjected to heat stress (35/30 ℃, day/night) or optimal growth temperature (25/20 ℃) for 24 d in growth chambers. Overall heat tolerance of those accessions was ranked by principal component analysis (PCA) based on eight phenotypic and physiological traits. Among these traits, electrolyte leakage (EL), chlorophyll content (Chl), relative water content (RWC) had high correlation coefficients (−0.858, 0.769, and 0.764, respectively) with the PCA ranking of heat tolerance. We also found expression levels of four Chl catabolic genes (CCGs), including LpNYC1, LpNOL, LpSGR, and LpPPH, were significant higher in heat sensitive ryegrass accessions then heat tolerant ones under heat stress. Furthermore, 66 pairs of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to perform association analysis based on the PCA result. The population structure of ryegrass can be grouped into three clusters, and accessions in cluster C were relatively more heat tolerant than those in cluster A and B. SSR markers significantly associated with above-mentioned traits were identified (R2>0.05, p <0.01)., including two pairs of markers located on chromosome 4 in association with Chl content and another four pairs of markers in association with EL.Conclusion: The result not only identified useful physiological parameters, including EL, Chl content, and RWC, and their associated SSR markers for heat-tolerance breeding of perennial ryegrass, but also highlighted the involvement of Chl catabolism in ryegrass heat tolerance. Such knowledge is of significance for heat-tolerance breeding and heat tolerance mechanisms in perennial ryegrass as well as in other cool-season grass species.

scholarly journals Exogenous Aspergillus aculeatus Enhances Drought and Heat Tolerance of Perennial Ryegrass

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoning Li ◽  
Chuncheng Zhao ◽  
Ting Zhang ◽  
Guangyang Wang ◽  
Erick Amombo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Membrane Lipid ◽  
Photosynthetic Performance ◽  
Expression Level ◽  
Induced Response ◽  
Aspergillus Aculeatus ◽  
Drought And Heat Stress

Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) is a cool-season grass whose growth and development are limited by drought and high temperature. Aspergillus aculeatus has been reported to promote plant growth and counteract the adverse effects of abiotic stresses. The objective of this study was to assess A. aculeatus-induced response mechanisms to drought and heat resistance in perennial ryegrass. We evaluated the physiological and biochemical markers of drought and heat stress based on the hormone homeostasis, photosynthesis, antioxidant enzymes activity, lipid peroxidation, and genes expression level. We found out that under drought and heat stress, A. aculeatus-inoculated leaves exhibited higher abscisic acid (ABA) and lower salicylic acid (SA) contents than non-inoculated regimes. In addition, under drought and heat stress, the fungus enhanced the photosynthetic performance, decreased the antioxidase activities, and mitigated membrane lipid peroxidation compared to non-inoculated regime. Furthermore, under drought stress, A. aculeatus induced a dramatic upregulation of sHSP17.8 and DREB1A and a downregulation of POD47, Cu/ZnSOD, and FeSOD genes. In addition, under heat stress, A. aculeatus-inoculated plants exhibited a higher expression level of HSP26.7a, sHSP17.8, and DREB1A while a lower expression level of POD47 and FeSOD than non-inoculated ones. Our results provide an evidence of the protective role of A. aculeatus in perennial ryegrass response to drought and heat stresses.

scholarly journals Cool-season Grasses for Overseeding Sport Turfs: Germination and Performance under Limiting Environmental Conditions

HortScience ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 555-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Rossini ◽  
Roberto Ruggeri ◽  
Tiziano Celli ◽  
Francesco Maria Rogai ◽  
Ljiljana Kuzmanović ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Chamber Study ◽  
And Performance

In the transition zone, warm-season grasses are often overseeded with diploid perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L., 2n = 2x = 14) to provide a temporary green surface for winter sporting activities. Because improved cultivars of perennial ryegrass will often persist into summer in overseeded turf, alternative cool-season grasses have been developed to facilitate more rapid transition back to the warm-season species. Limited information is available on these alternative species, especially with regard to their germination characteristics under shade and performance under limiting factors, such as low temperature and restricted photoperiod. Greenhouse and growth chamber studies were designed to test four alternative overseeding grasses in comparison with diploid perennial ryegrass, to verify their potential use in the artificial environment of modern stadiums. Meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds.), tetraploid perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L., 2n = 4x = 28), annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), and spreading diploid perennial ryegrass [Lolium perenne L. subsp. stoloniferum (C. Lawson) Wipff.] were tested. Six different shade treatments were used in the greenhouse study, including 30%, 50%, 70%, 90%, and 100% shade and a nonshaded control (0% shade). Germination was monitored daily over a 21-day period by counting and removing emerged seedlings. The experimental design for this study was a randomized complete block design, with four replications of each species and shade level for a total of 120 experimental units. In the growth chamber study, the same plant material was tested simulating optimal, suboptimal, and critical environmental conditions that can be potentially found within a modern sport facility. In the greenhouse study, the highest final germination was observed with annual ryegrass at 90% shade (98.7%), whereas the lowest for tetraploid perennial ryegrass at 30% shade (58.8%). Annual ryegrass was the fastest emerging species, whereas meadow fescue the slowest. In the growth chamber study, in comparison with perennial ryegrass, the following results may be summarized: 1) meadow fescue and tetraploid ryegrass showed coarser leaf texture, similar growth rates and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) value; 2) annual ryegrass had similar leaf texture, accelerated growth characteristics, and lower NDVI value; and 3) spreading perennial ryegrass displayed finer leaf texture, lower vertical growth, and similar NDVI value.

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