scholarly journals The personality trait of behavioral inhibition modulates perceptions of moral character and performance during the trust game: behavioral results and computational modeling

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e1631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milen L. Radell ◽  
Rosanna Sanchez ◽  
Noah Weinflash ◽  
Catherine E. Myers
Keyword(s):  
Computational Modeling ◽  
Personality Trait ◽  
Behavioral Inhibition ◽  
Moral Character ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Trust Game ◽  
Partner Characteristics ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Entire Amount ◽  
Made In

Decisions based on trust are critical for human social interaction. We judge the trustworthiness of partners in social interactions based on a number of partner characteristics as well as experiences with those partners. These decisions are also influenced by personality. The current study examined how the personality trait of behavioral inhibition, which involves the tendency to avoid or withdraw from novelty in both social and non-social situations, is related to explicit ratings of trustworthiness as well as decisions made in the trust game. In the game, healthy young adults interacted with three fictional partners who were portrayed as trustworthy, untrustworthy or neutral through biographical information. Participants could choose to keep $1 or send $3 of virtual money to a partner. The partner could then choose to send $1.5 back to the participant or to keep the entire amount. On any trial in which the participant chose to send, the partner always reciprocated with 50% probability, irrespective of how that partner was portrayed in the biography. Behavioral inhibition was assessed through a self-report questionnaire. Finally, a reinforcement learning computational model was fit to the behavior of each participant. Self-reported ratings of trust confirmed that all participants, irrespective of behavioral inhibition, perceived differences in the moral character of the three partners (trustworthiness of good > neutral > bad partner). Decisions made in the game showed that inhibited participants tended to trust the neutral partner less than uninhibited participants. In contrast, this was not reflected in the ratings of the neutral partner (either pre- or post-game), indicating a dissociation between ratings of trustworthiness and decisions made by inhibited participants. Computational modeling showed that this was due to lower initial trust of the neutral partner rather than a higher learning rate associated with loss, suggesting an implicit bias against the neutral partner. Overall, the results suggest inhibited individuals may be predisposed to interpret neutral or ambiguous information more negatively which could, at least in part, account for the tendency to avoid unfamiliar people characteristic of behaviorally inhibited temperament, as well as its relationship to anxiety disorders.

A Confirmatory Factor Analytic Study of Anxiety, Fear, and Behavioral Inhibition System Measures

2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 179-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Cooper ◽  
Adam M. Perkins ◽  
Philip J. Corr
Keyword(s):  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
Behavioral Inhibition ◽  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Behavioral Inhibition System ◽  
Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory ◽  
Factor Analytic ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Structural Invariance ◽  
Fear And Anxiety

Abstract. Recent revisions to the reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST) of personality have highlighted the distinction between the emotions of fear and anxiety. These revisions have substantial implications for self-report measurement; in particular, they raise the question of whether separate traits of fear and anxiety exist and, if so, their interrelationship. To address this question, the current study used confirmatory factor analytic procedures to examine the convergent and discriminant validity of measures of trait anxiety, fear, and the behavioral inhibition system (BIS). We also examined measurement and structural invariance across gender in 167 males and 173 females who completed the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), the Carver and White BIS Scale, and the Fear Survey Schedule (FSS). The findings suggested that trait anxiety and the BIS scale are relatively distinct from Tissue Damage Fear (FSS). Further, the final model showed measurement and structural invariance across gender. The implications of the results for future self-report assessment in RST research are discussed.

scholarly journals Good Character at College: The Combined Role of Second-Order Character Strength Factors and Phronesis Motivation in Undergraduate Academic Outcomes

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (16) ◽  
pp. 8263
Author(s):  
Jorge L. Villacís ◽  
Jesús de la Fuente ◽  
Concepción Naval
Keyword(s):  
Academic Outcomes ◽  
Academic Engagement ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Character Strength ◽  
The North ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Relevance Measure ◽  
North Of Spain

A renewed interest in the study of character and virtue has recently emerged in the fields of Education and Psychology. The latest research has confirmed the association between virtuous consistent behaviours and academic positive outcomes. However, the motivational dimension of character (the intentions underlying the patterns of observed behaviours) has received little attention. This research aims to extend the knowledge on this topic by examining the predictive relationships between the behavioural and motivational dimensions of character, with reference to academic engagement, career self-doubt and performance of Spanish university students. A total of 183 undergraduates aged 18–30 (142 of whom were women) from the north of Spain completed specific parts of self-report questionnaires, including the Values in Action VIA-72, a Spanish translated and validated version of the Moral Self-Relevance Measure MSR, and the Utrecht Work Engagement Student Scale UWES-S9. The collected data were analysed using Structural Equation Modelling. The behavioural dimension of character (character strength factors of caring, self-control and inquisitiveness) showed positive associations with academic engagement and performance. The motivational dimension of character (phronesis motivation), was negatively related to career self-doubt. For the first time, the present study has provided support for the contribution of both dimensions of character to undergraduate academic outcomes.

Age-related differences in affective and cognitive empathy: self-report and performance-based evidence

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 655-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Binghai Sun ◽  
Zhenbing Luo ◽  
Wenwen Zhang ◽  
Weijian Li ◽  
Xinyu Li
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Empathy ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Age Related ◽  
And Performance

“Knowledge management practices” as moderator in the relationship between organizational culture and performance in information technology companies in India

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Shea ◽  
Syed Aktharsha Usman ◽  
Sengottuvel Arivalagan ◽  
Satyanarayana Parayitam
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Organizational Culture ◽  
Knowledge Management ◽  
Organizational Performance ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Content Type ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Information Technology Companies ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose The purpose of this study is to empirically examine knowledge management (KM) practices as a moderator in the relationship between organizational culture and performance. The effect of four types of organizational culture on organizational performance was studied. In addition to direct effects, most importantly, KM practices as a moderator in strengthening the culture-performance relationship were empirically examined. Design/methodology/approach A carefully crafted survey instrument was distributed and data was collected from 1,255 respondents from 10 information technology companies in India. After checking the psychometric properties of the instrument, this paper performs hierarchical regression to test hypotheses. Findings The results reveal that: cooperative culture, innovative culture, consistent culture and effectiveness culture were all positively and significantly related to organizational performance; KM practices were positively and significantly related to organizational performance, KM practices moderate the relationship between various dimensions of organizational culture and organizational performance. Research limitations/implications As with any survey-based research, the present study suffers from the problems associated with self-report measures. These are common method bias and social desirability bias. However, this study attempts to minimize these limitations by following appropriate statistical techniques. Practical implications This study contributes to both practicing managers and the literature on KM and organizational culture. The study suggests that managers use KM practices, which are all-pervasive and very important for improving organizational performance. The results highlight the importance of implementing KM practices in organizations. Originality/value This study provides new insights into the importance of KM practices in achieving sustained competitive advantage by achieving organizational effectiveness. To the knowledge, the importance of KM practices is underemphasized in organizational culture research.

A Stochastic Approach to Risk Management and Decision Making in Defined Benefit Pension Schemes

2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 493-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Haberman ◽  
C. Day ◽  
D. Fogarty ◽  
M. Z. Khorasanee ◽  
M. McWhirter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Performance Measures ◽  
Asset Allocation ◽  
Stochastic Approach ◽  
Free Variable ◽  
Defined Benefit ◽  
Contribution Rate ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Allocation Decisions ◽  
Made In

ABSTRACTThe trustees and sponsors of defined benefit schemes rely on the advice of the Scheme Actuary to make important decisions concerning the funding of the scheme, the investment of its assets, and the use of surplus assets to improve benefits. These decisions have to be made in the face of considerable uncertainty about financial and demographic factors that will affect the future experience of the scheme and its success in meeting various objectives.The traditional actuarial valuation combined with actuarial judgement has played an important role in guiding decision making; but we argue that stochastic methods can add value in certain crucial areas, in particular the financial risk management of defined benefit schemes. Rather than dealing with risk by incorporating margins in the valuation basis, a stochastic approach allows the actuary to evaluate specific and quantifiable risk and performance measures for alternative funding and investment strategies.This paper recommends a framework that, when combined with a suitable stochastic model, measures the risks inherent in contribution rate and asset allocation decisions, allowing better decisions to be made. In doing this, we suggest and apply various risk and performance measures that may be thought appropriate, although our intention is to illustrate their use rather than prescribe them as objective standards. The framework provides the means to explore the trade-offs involved in possible contribution and asset allocation decisions, and points to decision strategies expected to give improved outcomes for the same level of risk. A feature of the approach that marks it out from current asset/liability techniques is that it examines the funding and investment decisions together. It does not derive a contribution rate in the traditional way, but leaves this as free variable, in the same way that the investment decision is taken to be a free variable. Another distinctive feature of our framework is that it is based on projection rather than on valuation, involving stochastic simulation of the experience of the scheme over a time horizon reflecting the concerns of the trustees and the sponsoring employer.The paper provides a case study (based on a model final salary pension scheme) showing the advantages of the framework, and goes on to explain how the results may practically be communicated to trustees and scheme sponsors.

An Investigation Into the Driving Factors of Creativity in Design for Additive Manufacturing

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Barclift ◽  
Timothy W. Simpson ◽  
Maria Alessandra Nusiner ◽  
Scarlett Miller
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Risk Attitudes ◽  
Design For Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Common Framework ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Student Risk ◽  
Prior Experiences ◽  
Design Freedom

Additive manufacturing (AM) provides engineers with nearly unlimited design freedom, but how much do they take advantage of that freedom? The objective is to understand what factors influence a designer’s creativity and performance in Design for Additive Manufacturing (DFAM). Inspired by the popular Marshmallow Challenge, this exploratory study proposes a framework in which participants apply their DFAM skills in sketching, CAD modeling, 3D-Printing, and a part testing task. Risk attitudes are assessed through the Engineering Domain-Specific Risk-Taking (E-DOSPERT) scale, and prior experiences are captured by a self-report skills survey. Multiple regression analysis found that the average novelty of the participant’s ideas, engineering degree program, and risk seeking preference were statistically significant when predicting the performance of their ideas in AM. This study provides a common framework for AM educators to assess students’ understanding and creativity in DFAM, while also identifying student risk attitudes when conducting an engineering design task.

scholarly journals COVID-19 fear and performance of workers: A moderated mediation role of organizational support and mental wellbeing

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erasmus Keli Swanzy
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Organizational Support ◽  
Indirect Effect ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Adverse Impact ◽  
Mental Wellbeing ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
And Performance

The paper aimed to examine the influence of employees’ COVID-19 fear on their performance through intervening mechanisms such as mental wellbeing and organizational support. A total of 446 workers from the bank completed a self-report survey. Findings from regression analysis conducted with SPSS PROCESS MACRO (Model 7) revealed that employees’ COVID-19 fear did not have any direct negative influence on their performance but instead had an indirect effect on their performance via mental wellbeing (anxiety and depression). The findings also revealed that organizational support was instrumental in buffering the adverse impact of employees’ COVID-19 fear via mental wellbeing (anxiety and depression). Therefore, organizations should increase employee-supportive measures throughout this era of the COVID-19 to help reduce the adverse impact of employees’ COVID-19 fear.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Pemahaman Agama terhadap Kinerja Guru Madrasah Ibtidaiah di Kota Manado

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rivai Bolotio
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Teacher Performance ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Stratified Random Sampling ◽  
Religious Knowledge ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Positive Direct ◽  
Religious Understanding ◽  
Made In

ABSTRACT, This study aims to examine the influence of religious understanding on the performance of Madrasah Ibtidaiah teachers in Manado City. The method used in this research is correlational quantitative. This research is conducted in Madrasah Ibtidaiah in Manado City with the sample size of 96, selected from 127 teachers using proportional stratified random sampling. Data collection is done by using test and nontest instruments. The test is used to collect data on religious understanding and the nontest is used to collect the data of practice and performance. The collected data are then analyzed using descriptive analysis and path analysis. The results of this study indicate that religious understanding has a positive direct effect on teacher performance. To improve teachers’ performance, the efforts made, in relation to these variables, include improving teachers’ religious understanding by renewing teachers’ religious knowledge by strengthening faith and devotion to God, and increasing selfawareness that obedience and sincerity in applying it are inevitable.Keywords: Religious understanding, performance, teachersPengaruh Pemahaman Agama terhadap Kinerja Guru Madrasah Ibtidaiah di Kota Manado

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