scholarly journals Decoupling social status and status certainty effects on health in macaques: a network approach

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e2394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica J. Vandeleest ◽  
Brianne A. Beisner ◽  
Darcy L. Hannibal ◽  
Amy C. Nathman ◽  
John P. Capitanio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Health ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Dominance Rank ◽  
Primate Model ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
General Physical ◽  
The Impact

BackgroundAlthough a wealth of literature points to the importance of social factors on health, a detailed understanding of the complex interplay between social and biological systems is lacking. Social status is one aspect of social life that is made up of multiple structural (humans: income, education; animals: mating system, dominance rank) and relational components (perceived social status, dominance interactions). In a nonhuman primate model we use novel network techniques to decouple two components of social status, dominance rank (a commonly used measure of social status in animal models) and dominance certainty (the relative certainty vs. ambiguity of an individual’s status), allowing for a more complex examination of how social status impacts health.MethodsBehavioral observations were conducted on three outdoor captive groups of rhesus macaques (N = 252 subjects). Subjects’ general physical health (diarrhea) was assessed twice weekly, and blood was drawn once to assess biomarkers of inflammation (interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and C-reactive protein (CRP)).ResultsDominance rank alone did not fully account for the complex way that social status exerted its effect on health. Instead, dominance certainty modified the impact of rank on biomarkers of inflammation. Specifically, high-ranked animals with more ambiguous status relationships had higher levels of inflammation than low-ranked animals, whereas little effect of rank was seen for animals with more certain status relationships. The impact of status on physical health was more straightforward: individuals with more ambiguous status relationships had more frequent diarrhea; there was marginal evidence that high-ranked animals had less frequent diarrhea.DiscussionSocial status has a complex and multi-faceted impact on individual health. Our work suggests an important role of uncertainty in one’s social status in status-health research. This work also suggests that in order to fully explore the mechanisms for how social life influences health, more complex metrics of social systems and their dynamics are needed.

scholarly journals A multiplex centrality metric for complex social networks: sex, social status, and family structure predict multiplex centrality in rhesus macaques

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e8712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brianne Beisner ◽  
Niklas Braun ◽  
Márton Pósfai ◽  
Jessica Vandeleest ◽  
Raissa D’Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Dominance Rank ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Demographic Factors ◽  
Socio Demographic Factors ◽  
The Impact

Members of a society interact using a variety of social behaviors, giving rise to a multi-faceted and complex social life. For the study of animal behavior, quantifying this complexity is critical for understanding the impact of social life on animals’ health and fitness. Multilayer network approaches, where each interaction type represents a different layer of the social network, have the potential to better capture this complexity than single layer approaches. Calculating individuals’ centrality within a multilayer social network can reveal keystone individuals and more fully characterize social roles. However, existing measures of multilayer centrality do not account for differences in the dynamics and functionality across interaction layers. Here we validate a new method for quantifying multiplex centrality called consensus ranking by applying this method to multiple social groups of a well-studied nonhuman primate, the rhesus macaque. Consensus ranking can suitably handle the complexities of animal social life, such as networks with different properties (sparse vs. dense) and biological meanings (competitive vs. affiliative interactions). We examined whether individuals’ attributes or socio-demographic factors (sex, age, dominance rank and certainty, matriline size, rearing history) were associated with multiplex centrality. Social networks were constructed for five interaction layers (i.e., aggression, status signaling, conflict policing, grooming and huddling) for seven social groups. Consensus ranks were calculated across these five layers and analyzed with respect to individual attributes and socio-demographic factors. Generalized linear mixed models showed that consensus ranking detected known social patterns in rhesus macaques, showing that multiplex centrality was greater in high-ranking males with high certainty of rank and females from the largest families. In addition, consensus ranks also showed that females from very small families and mother-reared (compared to nursery-reared) individuals were more central, showing that consideration of multiple social domains revealed individuals whose social centrality and importance might otherwise have been missed.

scholarly journals Immunological Responses to the Relapsing Fever SpirocheteBorrelia turicataein Infected Rhesus Macaques: Implications for Pathogenesis and Diagnosis

2019 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica E. Embers ◽  
Aparna Krishnavajhala ◽  
Brittany A. Armstrong ◽  
Michael W. Curtis ◽  
Bapi Pahar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Surface Proteins ◽  
Vaccine Antigen ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Relapsing Fever ◽  
Primate Model ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Content Type

ABSTRACTThe global public health impact of relapsing fever (RF) spirochetosis is significant, since the pathogens exist on five of seven continents. The hallmark sign of infection is episodic fever and the greatest threat is to the unborn. With the goal of better understanding the specificity of B-cell responses and the role of immune responses in pathogenicity, we infected rhesus macaques withBorrelia turicatae(a new world RF spirochete species) by tick bite and monitored the immune responses generated in response to the pathogen. Specifically, we evaluated inflammatory mediator induction by the pathogen, host antibody responses to specific antigens, and peripheral lymphocyte population dynamics. Our results indicate thatB. turicataeelicits from peripheral blood cells key inflammatory response mediators (interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor alpha), which are associated with preterm abortion. Moreover, a global decline in peripheral B-cell populations was observed in all animals at 14 days postinfection. Serological responses were also evaluated to assess the antigenicity of three surface proteins: BipA, BrpA, and Bta112. Interestingly, a distinction was observed between antibodies generated in nonhuman primates and mice. Our results provide support for the nonhuman primate model not only in studies of prenatal pathogenesis but also for diagnostic and vaccine antigen identification and testing.

scholarly journals REVERSE TRANSLATION OF HUMAN BIO-AGING MEASURES TO CYNOMOLGUS MONKEYS TO TEST ASSOCIATIONS WITH DOMINANCE RANK

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S349-S349
Author(s):  
Noah Snyder-Mackler ◽  
Carol Shively ◽  
Tom Register ◽  
Daniel W Belsky
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Dominance Rank ◽  
Blood Chemistry ◽  
Experimental Manipulation ◽  
Biological Aging ◽  
Primate Model ◽  
Cynomolgus Monkeys ◽  
Health Decline ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Human Primate

Abstract Social status is a powerful correlate of aging-related health decline. Observational data in humans suggest that disadvantaged social status may be associated with accelerated biological aging. But establishing causality in this relationship poses challenges; experimental manipulation of human social status is not possible. In contrast, social status can be experimentally manipulated non-human primates (e.g. Snyder-Mackler 2016 Science). We conducted analysis to reverse-translate blood-chemistry of biological aging to cynomolgus monkeys using data from several hundred animals in the Wake Primate Center breeding colony. We are applying these measures in an independent sample of monkeys with ascertained dominance rank to test replication in the non-human primate model of the human social gradient in biological aging. Parallel analysis of DNA methylation-based measures of biological aging are ongoing and should be available to present by Fall 2019. Results will inform potential to use this non-human primate model to study social determinants of biological aging.

scholarly journals The Role of Community Health Workers in Oral Health Promotion and the Impact of their services in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Azhar Khan ◽  
Bernard Ojiambo Okeah ◽  
Etheldreda Leinyuy Mbivnjo ◽  
Ephraim Kisangala ◽  
Aaron W Pritchard
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Oral Health ◽  
Physical Health ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Years Of Life Lost ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
General Physical ◽  
The Impact ◽  
General Physical Health

Oral ailments are largely preventable but remain a significant public health concern afflicting nearly half the global population. These conditions account for 220 years of life lost per 100,000 people and about US$500 billion in health-related expenditures. Sub-Saharan Africa bears a significant burden of oral health problems thus exerting additional pressure on the scarce human resources for health. Community healthcare workers (CHWs) could be potentially utilised to bridge the shortage of oral health professionals in sub-Saharan Africa, hence, this systematic review that seeks to explore their current roles in oral health and potential impact on general physical health. This review follows the PRISMA guidelines and databases searched include PubMed, Web of Science, Medline, and CINAHL published between January 2010 and December 2019. Nine studies met the study eligibility criteria. This review established that CHWs perform variable roles cutting across primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention including providing oral hygiene education, recognising common pathologies, and treating oral lesions, administration of tooth extractions, dental pain management, and referral for advanced care. Although this could potentially improve oral health, our review did not establish the extent of the specific impact on general physical health of patients and the burden of oral condition.

scholarly journals Prior dengue immunity enhances Zika virus infection of the maternal-fetal interface in rhesus macaques

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Crooks ◽  
A. M. Weiler ◽  
S. L. Rybarczyk ◽  
M. I. Bliss ◽  
A. S. Jaeger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zika Virus ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Maternal Plasma ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Zikv Infection ◽  
Primate Model ◽  
Denv Serotypes ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Human Primate ◽  
Maternal Fetal Interface

ABSTRACTConcerns have arisen that pre-existing immunity to dengue virus (DENV) could enhance Zika virus (ZIKV) disease, due to the homology between ZIKV and DENV and the observation of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) among DENV serotypes. To date, no study has examined the impact of pre-existing DENV immunity on ZIKV pathogenesis during pregnancy in a translational non-human primate model. Here we show that prior DENV-2 exposure enhanced ZIKV infection of maternal-fetal interface tissues in macaques. However, pre-existing DENV immunity had no detectable impact on ZIKV replication kinetics in maternal plasma, and all pregnancies progressed to term without adverse outcomes or gross fetal abnormalities detectable at delivery. Understanding the risks of ADE to pregnant women worldwide is critical as vaccines against DENV and ZIKV are developed and licensed and as DENV and ZIKV continue to circulate.

scholarly journals Visualizing Cytokine-Secreting Cells In Situ in the Rhesus Macaque Model of Chronic Gut Inflammation

2005 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 192-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geeta Ramesh ◽  
Xavier Alvarez ◽  
Juan T. Borda ◽  
Pyone P. Aye ◽  
Andrew A. Lackner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Lymphocytes ◽  
Lamina Propria ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Epifluorescence Microscopy ◽  
Lymphoid Tissues ◽  
Primate Model ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Macaque Model ◽  
Tnf Α

ABSTRACT Cytokine-producing cells in gut-associated lymphoid tissues of rhesus macaques with chronic enterocolitis were studied. The confocal microscopy technique that we developed enables simultaneous in situ visualization of multiple extra- and/or intracellular antigens at a resolution higher than that allowed by light or epifluorescence microscopy. The presence of interleukin-6 (IL-6)-, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)-, and IL-1-α-producing cells was focally intense in the colon lamina propria of the affected animals. The IL-1-α-producing cells were T lymphocytes (CD3+), while the TNF-α-producing cells were both macrophages (CD68+/HAM56+/LN5+) and T lymphocytes (CD3+). The IL-6-producing cells within the colon consisted of T lymphocytes and macrophages. The amount of IL-6-producing cells seen in macaques with enterocolitis was significantly higher (P < 0.001) than that seen in the healthy control animal, while TNF-α- and IL-1-α-producing cells were seen only in macaques with enterocolitis. Most of the T lymphocytes that produced cytokines were detected in the lamina propria, while the macrophages were most prominent in highly inflamed regions of the lamina propria. Taken together, our findings indicate that there might be immunological similarity between chronic enterocolitis of rhesus macaques and humans, suggesting the potential use of the nonhuman primate model for the validation of novel therapies.

scholarly journals The Impact of Perfectionism on Mental, Social, and Physical Health of Graduate Students in the Health Sciences

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly Filipkowski ◽  
Alicia Nordstrom ◽  
Triet Pham ◽  
Michael Floren ◽  
Scott Massey
Keyword(s):  
Graduate Students ◽  
Physical Health ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Health Sciences ◽  
Health Science ◽  
Physical Health Outcomes ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Health Quality ◽  
General Physical ◽  
The Impact

Purpose: Perfectionism is considered a multidimensional construct with adaptive and maladaptive features. It was hypothesized that the diverse perfectionism components would predict well-being outcomes of similar valence. Method: The current study investigated perfectionism and mental, social, and physical health outcomes of graduate students in health science disciplines, across two semesters. We utilized two approaches in our empirical analysis. We first examined the continuous relationships between perfectionistic strivings, perfectionistic concerns, and health-related outcomes of graduate students. Additionally, we assessed differences between three perfectionism groups (i.e., adaptive, maladaptive, or non-perfectionist) on these well-being outcomes. Results: Results indicated that generally, adaptive perfectionism was related to better mental health, quality of life, and social functioning; maladaptive perfectionism was related to worse outcomes. The groups, however, did not statistically differ in general physical health. Conclusions: Overall, our results support a conceptualization of perfectionism that is differentially related to graduate student well-being. Thus, supportive networks may be fostered by differentiating between adaptive and maladaptive features of perfectionism. Moreover, we highlight the need for further discussion relative to determining perfectionism in high-achieving populations, in particular, graduate students in the health sciences.

scholarly journals Social status alters chromatin accessibility and the gene regulatory response to glucocorticoid stimulation in rhesus macaques

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noah Snyder-Mackler ◽  
Joaquín Sanz ◽  
Jordan N. Kohn ◽  
Tawni N. Voyles ◽  
Roger Pique-Regi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Gene Regulation ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Dominance Rank ◽  
Chromatin Accessibility ◽  
High Status ◽  
Cell Gene

ABSTRACTLow social status is an important predictor of disease susceptibility and mortality risk in humans and other social mammals. These effects are thought to stem in part from dysregulation of the glucocorticoid (GC)-mediated stress response. However, the molecular mechanisms that connect low social status and GC dysregulation to downstream health outcomes remain elusive. Here, we used an in vitro glucocorticoid challenge to investigate the consequences of experimentally manipulated social status (i.e., dominance rank) for immune cell gene regulation in female rhesus macaques, using paired control and GC-treated peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples. We show that social status not only influences immune cell gene expression, but also chromatin accessibility at hundreds of regions in the genome. Social status effects on gene expression were less pronounced following GC treatment than under control conditions. In contrast, social status effects on chromatin accessibility were stable across conditions, resulting in an attenuated relationship between social status, chromatin accessibility, and gene expression post-GC exposure. Regions that were more accessible in high status animals and regions that become more accessible following GC treatment were enriched for a highly concordant set of transcription factor binding motifs, including motifs for the glucocorticoid receptor co-factor AP-1. Together, our findings support the hypothesis that social status alters the dynamics of GC-mediated gene regulation, and identify chromatin accessibility as a mechanism involved in social stress-driven GC resistance. More broadly, they emphasize the context-dependent nature of social status effects on gene regulation and implicate epigenetic remodeling of chromatin accessibility as a contributing factor.

scholarly journals The Effect of COVID-19 and Related Lockdown Phases on Young Peoples' Worries and Emotions: Novel Data From India

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meenakshi Shukla ◽  
Rakesh Pandey ◽  
Tushar Singh ◽  
Laura Riddleston ◽  
Taryn Hutchinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Negative Affect ◽  
Physical Health ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Personal Experience ◽  
North India ◽  
Recreational Activities ◽  
Indian Adolescents ◽  
Personal Experiences ◽  
The Impact

The COVID-19 pandemic has posed unprecedented stress to young people. Despite recent speculative suggestions of poorer mental health in young people in India since the start of the pandemic, there have been no systematic efforts to measure these. Here we report on the content of worries of Indian adolescents and identify groups of young people who may be particularly vulnerable to negative emotions along with reporting on the impact of coronavirus on their lives. Three-hundred-and-ten young people from North India (51% male, 12–18 years) reported on their personal experiences of being infected by the coronavirus, the impact of the pandemic and its' restrictions across life domains, their top worries, social restrictions, and levels of negative affect and anhedonia. Findings showed that most participants had no personal experience (97.41%) or knew anyone (82.58%) with COVID-19, yet endorsed moderate-to-severe impact of COVID-19 on their academics, social life, and work. These impacts in turn associated with negative affect. Participants' top worries focused on academic attainments, social and recreational activities, and physical health. More females than males worried about academic attainment and physical health while more males worried about social and recreational activities. Thus, Indian adolescents report significant impact of the pandemic on various aspects of their life and are particularly worried about academic attainments, social and recreational activities and physical health. These findings call for a need to ensure provisions and access to digital education and medical care.

scholarly journals Social status alters chromatin accessibility and the gene regulatory response to glucocorticoid stimulation in rhesus macaques

2018 ◽  
Vol 116 (4) ◽  
pp. 1219-1228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noah Snyder-Mackler ◽  
Joaquín Sanz ◽  
Jordan N. Kohn ◽  
Tawni Voyles ◽  
Roger Pique-Regi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Gene Regulation ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Dominance Rank ◽  
Chromatin Accessibility ◽  
High Status ◽  
Cell Gene

Low social status is an important predictor of disease susceptibility and mortality risk in humans and other social mammals. These effects are thought to stem in part from dysregulation of the glucocorticoid (GC)-mediated stress response. However, the molecular mechanisms that connect low social status and GC dysregulation to downstream health outcomes remain elusive. Here, we used an in vitro GC challenge to investigate the consequences of experimentally manipulated social status (i.e., dominance rank) for immune cell gene regulation in female rhesus macaques, using paired control and GC-treated peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples. We show that social status not only influences immune cell gene expression but also chromatin accessibility at hundreds of regions in the genome. Social status effects on gene expression were less pronounced following GC treatment than under control conditions. In contrast, social status effects on chromatin accessibility were stable across conditions, resulting in an attenuated relationship between social status, chromatin accessibility, and gene expression after GC exposure. Regions that were more accessible in high-status animals and regions that become more accessible following GC treatment were enriched for a highly concordant set of transcription factor binding motifs, including motifs for the GC receptor cofactor AP-1. Together, our findings support the hypothesis that social status alters the dynamics of GC-mediated gene regulation and identify chromatin accessibility as a mechanism involved in social stress-driven GC resistance. More broadly, they emphasize the context-dependent nature of social status effects on gene regulation and implicate epigenetic remodeling of chromatin accessibility as a contributing factor.

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