scholarly journals Effect of sex on glucose handling by adipocytes isolated from rat subcutaneous, mesenteric and perigonadal adipose tissue

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e5440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Floriana Rotondo ◽  
Ana Cecilia Ho-Palma ◽  
Xavier Remesar ◽  
José Antonio Fernández-López ◽  
María del Mar Romero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Glucose Consumption ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Release Rates ◽  
Initial Glucose Concentration ◽  
Adult Rat ◽  
Carbon Substrates

BackgroundAdult rat epididymal adipocytes are able to convert large amounts of glucose to lactate and glycerol. However, fatty acid efflux is much lower than that expected from glycerol levels if they were the product of lipolysis. Use of glucose for lipogenesis is limited, in contrast with the active glycolysis-derived lactate (and other 3-carbon substrates). In this study, we analyzed whether white adipose tissue (WAT) site and sex affect these processes.MethodsMature adipocytes from perigonadal, mesenteric and subcutaneous WAT of female and male rats were isolated, and incubated with 7 or 14 mM glucose during 1 or 2 days. Glucose consumption, metabolite efflux and gene expression of glycolytic and lipogenesis-related genes were measured.ResultsThe effects of medium initial glucose concentration were minimal on most parameters studied. Sex-induced differences that were more extensive; however, the most marked, distinct, effects between WAT sites, were dependent on the time of incubation. In general, the production of lactate was maintained during the incubation, but glycerol release rates increased with time, shifting from a largely glycolytic origin to its triacylglycerol (TAG) lipolytic release. Glycerol incorporation was concurrent with increased TAG turnover: lipolytic glycerol was selectively secreted, while most fatty acids were recycled again into TAG. Fatty acid efflux increased with incubation, but was, nevertheless, minimal compared with that of glycerol. Production of lactate and glycerol from glucose were maximal in mesenteric WAT.DiscussionFemale rats showed a higher adipocyte metabolic activity than males. In mesenteric WAT, gene expression (and substrate efflux) data suggested that adipocyte oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA was higher in females than in males, with enhanced return of oxaloacetate to the cytoplasm for its final conversion to lactate. WAT site differences showed marked tissue specialization-related differences. Use of glucose for lipogenesis was seriously hampered over time, when TAG turnover-related lipolysis was activated. We postulate that these mechanisms may help decrease glycaemia and fat storage, producing, instead, a higher availability of less-regulated 3-carbon substrates, used for energy elsewhere.

scholarly journals Low Dietary n6/n3 Ratio Attenuates Changes in the NRF 2 Gene Expression, Lipid Peroxidation, and Inflammatory Markers Induced by Fructose Overconsumption in the Rat Abdominal Adipose Tissue

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2005
Author(s):  
Petra Roškarić ◽  
Marcela Šperanda ◽  
Tomislav Mašek ◽  
Donatella Verbanac ◽  
Kristina Starčević
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Gene Expression ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Plain Water ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
High Fructose

The objective of this study was to examine the benefits of different n6/n3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratios on the lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, and oxidative stress in the adipose tissue of rats fed a high-fructose diet. Male and female rats were divided into four groups: a control group (CON) (n6/n3 ratio ~7), a high-fructose group (HF) (n6/n3 ratio ~7), an N6-HF group (n6/n3 ratio ~50), and the DHA-HF group (n6/n3 ratio ~1, with the addition of docosahexaenoic (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic (EPA) acid). The CON group received plain water and the HF group received 15% fructose in their drinking water. Fructose induced an increase in the content of serum triglycerides, serum cholesterol, and HOMA-IR index. Among the fatty acids, elevated proportions of C18:1n9 and C16:1n7, as well as an increase in total monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), were found in the adipose tissue of the HF group. Fructose treatment also changed oxidative parameters, including a marked increase in the serum malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Meanwhile, DHA supplementation caused a significant decrease in the serum MDA concentration in comparison with the HF group. In addition, DHA/EPA supplementation attenuated oxidative stress by increasing NRF 2 gene expression. Fructose treatment also significantly decreased the adiponectin level, while DHA supplementation ameliorated it. The changes observed in this trial, including the decrease in the content of DHA and EPA, the decreased EPA/ARA ratio, and the increase in the expression of inflammatory genes, are characteristics of the low-grade inflammation caused by fructose treatment. These changes in the rat adipose tissue could be prevented by dietary intervention consisting of DHA supplementation and a low n6/n3 ratio.

scholarly journals Influence of sex and gonadal hormones on rat-liver and carcass lipids during the development of an essential fatty acid deficiency

1965 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 485-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Ostwald ◽  
P Bouchard ◽  
P Miljanich ◽  
RL Lyman
Keyword(s):  
Arachidonic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Essential Fatty Acid ◽  
Essential Fatty Acid Deficiency ◽  
Eicosatrienoic Acid ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Acid Deficiency ◽  
Fatty Acid Deficiency

1. Groups of intact male and female rats and castrated rats injected with oestradiol or testosterone were given a diet containing hydrogenated coconut oil for 9 weeks, and at intervals the amounts and fatty acid compositions of the carcass and liver lipids were determined. 2. Male rats grew faster and larger, and exhibited typical external essential fatty acid deficiency symptoms sooner than did females. Testosterone-treated castrated male rats were similar to males, and oestradiol-injected castrated male rats resembled females. 3. Intact females maintained a higher linoleic acid concentration in their carcass than did males. Total amounts of carcass linoleic acid remained similar for all groups, only 200mg. being removed in 9 weeks regardless of body size. 4. The amounts of total cholesteryl esters were independent of liver size. They were higher in males and testosterone-treated castrated male rats than in females and oestrogen-treated castrated male rats. 5. Phospholipids represented about 80% of the liver lipids. The total amounts of the phospholipid linoleic acid and arachidonic acid were similar for all groups regardless of liver size, and were not affected appreciably by the deficiency. Females and oestrogen-treated castrated male rats maintained a higher proportion of phospholipid arachidonic acid for longer periods than did their male counterparts. Both the total amounts and the proportions of eicosatrienoic acid and palmitic acid were higher in males than in females. 6. Supplementation of the essential fatty acid-deficient diet with linoleic acid caused a rapid loss of eicosatrienoic acid and palmitic acid with a concomitant increase in stearic acid and arachidonic acid. 7. There were no obvious differences in the way that the essential fatty acids were metabolized or mobilized from adipose tissue of male or female rats during essential fatty acid deficiency. 8. The results indicated that the greater growth rate of the male rats caused them to require and synthesize more phospholipids than did the females. In the absence of adequate amounts of arachidonic acid, eicosatrienoic acid was substituted into the additional phospholipid. The earlier symptoms of essential fatty acid deficiency in the male rat could therefore be ascribed to the higher tissue concentrations of this unnatural phospholipid and its inability to perform the normal metabolic functions of phospholipids.

Hepatic alpha 2 mu-globulin: a potential metabolic role in the rat proximal tubule

1996 ◽  
Vol 271 (3) ◽  
pp. F527-F538 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Borkan ◽  
Y. H. Wang ◽  
K. T. Lam ◽  
P. Brecher ◽  
J. H. Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Proximal Tubule ◽  
Glucose Oxidation ◽  
Renal Cortex ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Normal Female ◽  
Fatty Acid Binding ◽  
Oxidation Rates

In the present study, we provide immunohistochemical and immunologic evidence to localize an abundant, 15.5-kDa protein to the soluble protein fraction of the proximal tubule. This 15.5-kDa protein binds fatty acids in vitro and has identity with amino acids 10-117 of alpha 2 mu-globulin (A2 fragment), a 19-kDa protein synthesized predominantly in the male liver. With reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, mRNA for A2 was detected in male liver but not in the male kidney. De novo accumulation of the 15.5-kDa protein was observed in the renal cortex of female rats given intravenous injections of purified 19-kDa protein (A2), suggesting intrarenal processing of the larger protein. The potential role of this protein in the proximal tubule, a site that utilizes fatty acids as an important metabolic substrate, was determined in isolated proximal tubule segments. Fatty acid and glucose oxidation rates were measured in three experimental models in which the 15.5-kDa protein was virtually absent: 1) uninephrectomized male rats treated with deoxycorticosterone acetate and salt, 2) male rats subjected to bilateral adrenalectomy, and 3) normal female rats. In the absence of the 15.5-kDa protein, fatty acid oxidation rates decreased by 30-55%, whereas glucose oxidation significantly increased in all three models. In female renal cortex, depletion of the 15.5-kDa protein was associated with a rise in heart fatty acid binding protein, an alternative intracellular transporter of fatty acids. These data support the hypothesis that a proteolytic cleavage product of hepatic alpha 2 mu-globulin may facilitate the oxidation of oleate, a hydrophobic ligand, in the proximal tubule.

Androgen regulation and site specificity of angiotensinogen gene expression and secretion in rat adipocytes

2000 ◽  
Vol 279 (6) ◽  
pp. E1398-E1405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valérie Serazin-Leroy ◽  
Mireille Morot ◽  
Philippe de Mazancourt ◽  
Yves Giudicelli
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Protein Secretion ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Fat Cells ◽  
Intact Male ◽  
Rat Adipocytes ◽  
Fat Deposits

Adipose tissue is an important source of angiotensinogen (ATG), and hypertension is commonly associated with android obesity. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that androgens may control ATG gene expression and secretion in rat fat cells. In intact male rats, ATG mRNA expression (Northern blot and co-reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis) and protein secretion were significantly higher in deep intra-abdominal (perirenal and epididymal) than in subcutaneous adipocytes. After castration, ATG mRNA was reduced almost 50% in the three fat deposits, with parallel changes in ATG protein secretion. Conversely, testosterone treatment fully restored the ATG mRNA decrease after castration, whatever the anatomical origin of the adipocytes. Finally, a 24-h in vitro exposure of perirenal fat cells or differentiated preadipocytes from castrated rats to testosterone or dihydrotestosterone (10 nM free hormone concentration) increased ATG mRNA expression by 50–100%, an effect that was prevented by the anti-androgen cyproterone acetate. These data, demonstrating both in vivo and in vitro androgen induction of ATG mRNA expression in rat adipocytes, add further weight to the hypothesis of a link between adipose tissue ATG production, androgens, and android obesity-related hypertension.

scholarly journals Androgen regulated expression of the alpha 2u-globulin gene in pancreatic hepatocytes of rat.

1990 ◽  
Vol 110 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
R S Dwivedi ◽  
A V Yeldandi ◽  
V Subbarao ◽  
P Feigelson ◽  
A K Roy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Immunoperoxidase Method ◽  
Adult Rat ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Regulated Expression ◽  
Androgenic Regulation ◽  
Normal Males ◽  
Parenchymal Cells ◽  
Pancreatic Hepatocytes

Under a copper-deficient regimen, pancreatic cells in the adult rat can be found to undergo differentiation into hepatocytes. Pancreatic hepatocytes induced in male and female rats were examined for the expression of the androgen-inducible hepatic protein, alpha 2u-globulin. Alpha 2u-Globulin protein was demonstrable by immunoperoxidase method in all the pancreatic hepatocytes of male rats. Northern blot analysis confirmed the presence of 1.3 kb alpha 2u-globulin mRNA transcript in the pancreas of male rats with hepatocytes. Orchiectomy resulted in marked decrease of alpha 2u-globulin protein and its mRNA. Administration of dihydrotestosterone to castrated rats resulted in increased levels of alpha 2u-globulin mRNA and the amount of alpha 2u-globulin protein in the pancreatic hepatocytes. Unlike normal males, in intact and ovariectomized females alpha 2u-globulin was not detectable in pancreatic hepatocytes. These results indicate that similar to hepatic parenchymal cells pancreatic hepatocytes synthesize alpha 2u-globulin under androgenic regulation. Furthermore, unlike in liver where it is expressed predominantly in perivenular and midlobular hepatocytes, there is no localized difference in the expression of this gene in the transdifferentiated pancreatic hepatocytes.

scholarly journals Effect of Linseed Oil Dietary Supplementation on Fatty Acid Composition and Gene Expression in Adipose Tissue of Growing Goats

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ebrahimi ◽  
M. A. Rajion ◽  
Y. M. Goh ◽  
A. Q. Sazili ◽  
J. T. Schonewille
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose

This study was conducted to determine the effects of feeding oil palm frond silage based diets with added linseed oil (LO) containing highα-linolenic acid (C18:3n-3), namely, high LO (HLO), low LO (LLO), and without LO as the control group (CON) on the fatty acid (FA) composition of subcutaneous adipose tissue and the gene expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α, PPAR-γ, and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) in Boer goats. The proportion of C18:3n-3 in subcutaneous adipose tissue was increased (P<0.01) by increasing the LO in the diet, suggesting that the FA from HLO might have escaped ruminal biohydrogenation. Animals fed HLO diets had lower proportions of C18:1 trans-11, C18:2n-6, CLA cis-9 trans-11, and C20:4n-6 and higher proportions of C18:3n-3, C22:5n-3, and C22:6n-3 in the subcutaneous adipose tissue than animals fed the CON diets, resulting in a decreased n-6:n-3 fatty acid ratio (FAR) in the tissue. In addition, feeding the HLO diet upregulated the expression of PPAR-γ(P<0.05) but downregulated the expression of SCD (P<0.05) in the adipose tissue. The results of the present study show that LO can be safely incorporated in the diets of goats to enrich goat meat with potential health beneficial FA (i.e., n-3 FA).

scholarly journals Chronic dietary supplementation of proanthocyanidins corrects the mitochondrial dysfunction of brown adipose tissue caused by diet-induced obesity in Wistar rats

2011 ◽  
Vol 107 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Pajuelo ◽  
Helena Quesada ◽  
Sabina Díaz ◽  
Anabel Fernández-Iglesias ◽  
Anna Arola-Arnal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Mitochondrial Dysfunction ◽  
Mitochondrial Function ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Sirtuin 1 ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Diet Induced Obesity ◽  
Brown Adipose

The present study aims to determine the effects of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) on brown adipose tissue (BAT) mitochondrial function in a state of obesity induced by diet. Wistar male rats were fed with a cafeteria diet (Cd) for 4 months; during the last 21 d, two groups were treated with doses of 25 and 50 mg GSPE/kg body weight. In the BAT, enzymatic activities of citrate synthase, cytochrome c oxidase (COX) and ATPase were determined and gene expression was analysed by real-time PCR. The mitochondrial function of BAT was determined in fresh mitochondria by high-resolution respirometry using both pyruvate and carnitine–palmitoyl-CoA as substrates. The results show that the Cd causes an important decrease in the gene expression of sirtuin 1, nuclear respiratory factor 1, isocitrate dehydrogenase 3γ and COX5α and, what is more telling, decreases the levels of mitochondrial respiration both with pyruvate and canitine–palmitoyl-CoA. Most of these parameters, which are indicative of mitochondrial dysfunction due to diet-induced obesity, are improved by chronic supplementation of GSPE. The beneficial effects caused by the administration of GSPE are exhibited as a protection against weight gain, in spite of the Cd the rats were fed. These data indicate that chronic consumption of a moderate dose of GSPE can correct an energy imbalance in a situation of diet-induced obesity, thereby improving the mitochondrial function and thermogenic capacity of the BAT.

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