scholarly journals Isolation and identification of pathogenic fungi and oomycetes associated with beans and cowpea root diseases in Oman

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e6064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asma Al-Jaradi ◽  
Issa Al-Mahmooli ◽  
Rhonda Janke ◽  
Sajeewa Maharachchikumbura ◽  
Nadiya Al-Saady ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Vicia Faba ◽  
Vigna Unguiculata ◽  
Alternaria Alternata ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
Root Diseases

The purpose of this study was to characterize fungal and oomycete species associated with root diseases of Phaseolus vulgaris, Vigna unguiculata, V. radiata and Vicia faba in Oman. Root samples were collected from plants suffering from weakened growth and yellowing symptoms. Fungal species were isolated on 2.5% potato dextrose agar amended with 10 mg l−1 rifampicin and 200 mg l−1 of ampicillin and identification was based on sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region of the ribosomal RNA gene (ITS rRNA), glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH), translation elongation factor-1 alpha (TEF), beta-tubulin (TUB), calmodulin (CMD), actin (ACT). Isolations yielded 204 fungal isolates belonging to nine different genera, with most isolates belonging to Alternaria and Fusarium. Molecular identification revealed that the isolates belong to 20 fungal species, the most dominant of which was Alternaria alternata. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on each plant species. The inoculations on P. vulgaris revealed that Pythium aphanidermatum induced rotting, damping-off and wilt symptoms while Fusarium equiseti induced yellowing symptoms on the leaves. Rhizoctonia solani produced lesions and root rot on Vigna unguiculata while Curvularia muehlenbeckiae and Curvularia caricae-papayae produced root lesions on the roots of V. unguiculata and V. radiata, respectively. Alternaria alternata produced brown symptoms on the tap root of Vicia faba. P. aphanidermatum resulted in a significant reduction in the fresh weight, dry weight and shoot length of Phaseolus vulgaris. The study shows that several fungal species can be found associated with the roots of beans and Vigna unguiculata in Oman and can result in varying disease symptoms. This is the first report of root lesions produced by Curvularia muehlenbeckiae on the roots of V. unguiculata and by C. caricae-papayae on V. radiata worldwide.

Exotic pulse beetles intercepted in imported legume germplasm

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kavita Gupta ◽  
Shashi Bhalla ◽  
S. P. Singh ◽  
D. S. Meena
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Vicia Faba ◽  
Vigna Unguiculata ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Callosobruchus Rhodesianus ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Lathyrus Odoratus ◽  
Bruchidius Atrolineatus

Quarantine examination of 13,29,901 imported seed samples of various crops during 1999- 2014 revealed presence of exotic bruchids commonly called seed or pulse beetles in 2,819 samples which were detected by X-ray radiography. Thirteen exotic bruchid species viz., Acanthoscelides desmanthi in Desmanths spp. from Colombia, A. obtectus in Phaseolus vulgaris from Argentina, Colombia Mexico, Peru; Bruchidius atrolineatus in Vigna unguiculata from Nigeria; Bruchus affinis in Vicia faba from Afghanistan; B. dentipes in Vicia spp. from Afghanistan, ICARDA (Syria) and Syria; B. ervi in Lens spp. from Afghanistan, Chile, Cyprus, Ethiopia, Germany, Greece, ICARDA (Syria), Iran, Iraq, Italy, Jordan, Lebanon, Mexico, Morocco, Russian Federation, Syria and Turkey; B. nubilis in V. faba from Ukraine; B. rufimanus in V. faba from Afghanistan, Canada, Spain and Syria; B. signaticornis in L. culinaris from ICARDA (Syria); B. tristis in Lathyrus odoratus from ICARDA (Syria); B. tristiculus in V. narborensis from Portugal; Callosobruchus rhodesianus in Vigna unguiculata from Nigeria and C. subinnotatus in V. subterranea from Ghana were intercepted. Many of the pulse beetles were intercepted repeatedly from the same/ different source(s) year after year. All the infested samples were salvaged using suitable disinfestation treatments. None of the intercepted beetles are yet reported from India, and are therefore, of high quarantine significance.

Responses of Rhizobium-inoculated and nitrogen-supplied Phaseolus vulgaris and Vigna unguiculata plants to root volume restriction

1999 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 613 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Luisa Izaguirre-Mayoral ◽  
Margarita Sicardi de Mallorca
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Vigna Unguiculata ◽  
Chlorophyll Concentration ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Volume ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll ◽  
Fold Reduction ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Leaf Relative Water Content ◽  
Total Reducing Sugars

Present investigation was undertaken to analyse the effect of root volume restriction on the physiological performance of Rhizobium-inoculated (R+ ) and nitrogen-supplied (N+) cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. var. Tuy.) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. Montalbán.) plants. Restriction of root volume (RRV) was imposed via an 8-fold reduction in the rooting space. Plants were grown under controlled conditions and an unlimited availability of water and nutrients. For both plant species, RRV reduced the dry weight of roots, shoots and nodules, retarded the rate of leaf initiation and development, and increased the leaf chlorophyll concentration, regardless of the source of nitrogen. In contrast, RRV did not alter the shoot/root, leaf/root and nodule/root ratios, the concentration of total reducing sugars in shoots, roots and nodules, the leaf relative water content or the concentration of Rubisco in mature leaves of R+ and N+ bean and cowpea plants. Concentration of ureide and α-amino-N in shoots and nodules of R+ plants as well as of α-amino-N in shoots of N+ plants were also not affected by RRV, and abscission of trifoliolated leaves was not recorded in any of the treatment combinations. We conclude that dwarfism of RRV plants was not due to water stress, decreased rates of assimilation, increased abscisic acid, sink/source alterations, or to a reduction on the effectiveness of the symbiotic process or of nitrogen uptake in R+ and N+ plants, respectively.

Prevalence of Aero-Allergenic Micro Fungi in Extra & Intramural Environments of a Saw Mill in Pondicherry City, India

2013 ◽  
Vol 760 ◽  
pp. 53-60
Author(s):  
B.K. Nayak ◽  
S. Suresh Kumar ◽  
Anima Nanda
Keyword(s):  
Alternaria Alternata ◽  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Period Effect ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Seasonal Periodicity ◽  
Spore Mass ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Spore Load

Prevalence of airborne fungal spores with their seasonal periodicity in the extra and intramural environments of a saw mill of Pondicherry region was carried out by gravitation method from January 2011 to December 2011. Composition and concentration of fungal spores considerably varied from indoors to outdoors as well as from season to season. Indoor air harbored maximum fungal spores (61%) in comparison to outdoor air (39%). Occurrence of fungal species was predominated with more number of propagules during mid winter (December) and early rainy (July) periods in comparison to other months. Quantitatively, Cladosporium was found with the highest frequency and had four members i.e., C. cladosporioides, C. herbarum, C. resinae, C. sphaerospermum but qualitatively, Penicilli and aspegilii were isolated highest in its contribution to total CFUs. Out of the 32 isolated fungal taxa, Aspergillus fumigatus, A. niger, Rhizopus stolonifer and Alternaria alternata were the predominant aeroallergens which cause different types of respiratory/lung diseases in atopic human beings were isolated. In seasonal periodicity, winter contributed the maximum spore load (41%) followed by rainy (33%), summer was found with the least (26%) in harboring the spore mass in the indoors and outdoors. Alternaria alternata, which is accounted as a human allergen for sporosis inducer and an agent for hay fever and other pathologies, was also intermittently recorded. A few plant pathogenic fungi like Helmithosporium sp. & Fusarium spp, saprophytic, field and storage fungi were also recorded during the study period. Effect of meteorological parameters on the fungal spores in the saw mill atmosphere was significantly assessed by Pearsons correlation coefficient analysis.

scholarly journals Isolation and Identification of Ssome Lactobacillus Spp. Bacteria and Evaluation Their Efficacy in The Management of Damping off Disease on Peas

2021 ◽  
Vol 910 (1) ◽  
pp. 012106
Author(s):  
Duha Faisal Ajaj ◽  
Abdullah Abdulkarim Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Local Cultivar ◽  
Lactobacillus Spp ◽  
Significant Superiority

Abstract Twenty-eight isolates of Lactobacillus bacteria were isolated from the rhizosphere of pea plants grown in the fields of five districts in Salah al-Din, which included: Tikrit, Al-Alam, Al-Sharqat, Samarra and Baiji, diagnosed according to phenotypic and biochemical tests. Results showed the effect of L. paralimentarius 1081 on vegetative growth characteristics. Treatment of (bacterial filtrate + Ridomil in the presence of pathogenic fungi) was recording the highest values in dry weight of the vegetative and root systems, was 3.91 and 1.23 g respectively in the local cultivar, compared with the lowest values was 2.60 g and 0.76 g respectively in the Syrian cultivar. All treatments inducing plant resistance compared with healthy plants, and the highest activity of the Peroxidase and Polyphenol oxides in the treatment of (Bacterial filtrate + ridomil in the presence of pathogenic fungi), were 1.08 and 1.33 units/ml in the local cultivar, compared to the Syrian cultivar were 0.015 and 0.013, respectively. Results showed a significant decrease in the severity of infection for all treatments compared to the pathogenic fungus treatment, and the lowest infection severity of the vegetative and root systems was recorded in the treatment of (Bacterial filtrate + ridomil in the presence of pathogenic fungi), which was 14.11 and 12.47% in the local cultivar. There was a significant superiority of all treatments in productivity parameters of pea compared to the treatment of pathogenic fungi only, the highest of those parameters including weight of pods and grains weight/plant were recorded in the treatment (Bacterial filtrate + ridomil in the presence of pathogenic fungi) for the local cultivar was 18.07 g and 14.04 g compared to 10.43 g and 8.20 g in the treatment of the Syrian cultivar with pathogenic fungi only.

scholarly journals UJI KESESUAIAN EMPAT ISOLAT TRICHODERMA SPP. DAN DAYA HAMBAT IN VITRO TERHADAP BEBERAPA PATOGEN TANAMAN

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loekas Soesanto ◽  
Endang Mugiastuti ◽  
Ruth Feti Rahayuniati ◽  
Ratna Stia Dewi
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Nematode Mortality ◽  
Inhibition Ability

Compatibility test of four Trichoderma spp. Isolates and in vitro inhibition ability on several plant pathogens. In vitro descriptive compatibility research was carried out to know the compatibility among Trichoderma spp. isolates and their inhibition ability toward several plant pathogens. Four Trichoderma spp. isolates used were ginger, shallot, banana, and pineapple isolates; while the pathogens used were pathogenic fungi (Fusarium, Colletotrichum, Phytophthora, and Sclerotium), bacteria (Ralstonia), and nematode (Meloidogyne dan Globodera). Observation was done toward inhibition zone between Trichoderma spp. isolates, colony radial growth, mycelial dry weight, and nematode mortality. Result of the research indicated that the four Trichoderma spp. isolates were compatible and no growth inhibition was observed. The inhibition ability of all Trichoderma spp. isolates varied and the ginger isolate had the highest inhibition ability and mortality on all fungal species and the nematodes, while on the pathogenic bacteria there was no inhibition.

Incidence and molecular characterization of fungi and yeast isolated from cultured catfish and Nile tilapia

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 61-66
Author(s):  
Ola Hashem ◽  
Viola Zaki ◽  
Rawia Adawy
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Characterization ◽  
Oreochromis Niloticus ◽  
Nile Tilapia ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Fish Farms ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Penicillium Spp

Objective: To study the incidence and seasonal dynamics of different fungi affected freshwater fishes in Lake Manzala with molecular identification of the isolated fungi. Animals: 300 Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and 300 catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Design: Descriptive study. Procedures: Random samples of Oreochromis niloticus (O. niloticus) and Clarias gariepinus (C. gariepinus) were collected from Manzala fish farms. Clinical and postmortem examination of fish was applied. Isolation and identification of different fungi were performed by conventional methods. Furthermore, the molecular characterization of isolated fungi was carried out. Results: C. gariepinus had a higher rate of infection with different fungal species than O. niloticus. Aspergillus spp. (Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus) were the most fungal isolated from the examined fishes, followed by Penicillium spp. and Candida albicans. Aspergillus spp were detected in all seasons with a higher rate in summer and spring. A. flavus, A. niger, Penicillium spp. and C.albicans isolates were amplified from both C. gariepinus and O. niloticus at the specified molecular weight using PCR. Conclusion and clinical relevance: Fungal infection affected the fish showing different external and internal lesions, all species of Aspergillus were found in all seasons with a high rate in, hot seasons, summer and spring. The Prevalence of Penicillium and C. albicans were also reported. All fungal isolates were identified on the phenotypic and molecular bases.

scholarly journals GERMINATION AND VIGOUR IN SEEDS OF THE COWPEA IN RESPONSE TO SALT AND HEAT STRESS

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luma Rayane de Lima Nunes ◽  
Paloma Rayane Pinheiro ◽  
Charles Lobo Pinheiro ◽  
Kelly Andressa Peres Lima ◽  
Alek Sandro Dutra
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Vigna Unguiculata ◽  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Different Temperatures

ABSTRACT Salinity is prejudicial to plant development, causing different types of damage to species, or even between genotypes of the same species, with the effects being aggravated when combined with other types of stress, such as heat stress. The aim of this study was to evaluate the tolerance of cowpea genotypes (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) to salt stress at different temperatures. Seeds of the Pujante, Epace 10 and Marataoã genotypes were placed on paper rolls (Germitest®) moistened with different salt concentrations of 0.0 (control), 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0 dS m-1, and placed in a germination chamber (BOD) at temperatures of 20, 25, 30 and 35°C. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomised design, in a 3 × 4 × 5 scheme of subdivided plots, with four replications per treatment. The variables under analysis were germination percentage, first germination count, shoot and root length, and total seedling dry weight. At temperatures of 30 and 35°C, increases in the salt concentration were more damaging to germination in the Epace 10 and Pujante genotypes, while for the Marataoã genotype, damage occurred at the temperature of 20°C. At 25°C, germination and vigour in the genotypes were higher, with the Pujante genotype proving to be more tolerant to salt stress, whereas Epace 10 and Marataoã were more tolerant to high temperatures. Germination in the cowpea genotypes was more sensitive to salt stress when subjected to heat stress caused by the low temperature of 20°C or high temperature of 35°C.

scholarly journals The Role of Fungi in the Cocoa Production Chain and the Challenge of Climate Change

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 202
Author(s):  
Johannes Delgado-Ospina ◽  
Junior Bernardo Molina-Hernández ◽  
Clemencia Chaves-López ◽  
Gianfranco Romanazzi ◽  
Antonello Paparella
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Cocoa Production

Background: The role of fungi in cocoa crops is mainly associated with plant diseases and contamination of harvest with unwanted metabolites such as mycotoxins that can reach the final consumer. However, in recent years there has been interest in discovering other existing interactions in the environment that may be beneficial, such as antagonism, commensalism, and the production of specific enzymes, among others. Scope and approach: This review summarizes the different fungi species involved in cocoa production and the cocoa supply chain. In particular, it examines the presence of fungal species during cultivation, harvest, fermentation, drying, and storage, emphasizing the factors that possibly influence their prevalence in the different stages of production and the health risks associated with the production of mycotoxins in the light of recent literature. Key findings and conclusion: Fungi associated with the cocoa production chain have many different roles. They have evolved in a varied range of ecosystems in close association with plants and various habitats, affecting nearly all the cocoa chain steps. Reports of the isolation of 60 genera of fungi were found, of which only 19 were involved in several stages. Although endophytic fungi can help control some diseases caused by pathogenic fungi, climate change, with increased rain and temperatures, together with intensified exchanges, can favour most of these fungal infections, and the presence of highly aggressive new fungal genotypes increasing the concern of mycotoxin production. For this reason, mitigation strategies need to be determined to prevent the spread of disease-causing fungi and preserve beneficial ones.

scholarly journals Improved strategies to efficiently isolate thermophilic, thermotolerant, and heat-resistant fungi from compost and soil

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-339
Author(s):  
Frederick Witfeld ◽  
Dominik Begerow ◽  
Marco Alexandre Guerreiro
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Dna Barcodes ◽  
Heat Shock Treatment ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Heat Resistant ◽  
Heat Stable ◽  
Promising Source ◽  
Culture Dependent ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractThermophilic, thermotolerant and heat-resistant fungi developed different physiological traits, enabling them to sustain or even flourish under elevated temperatures, which are life-hostile for most other eukaryotes. With the growing demand of heat-stable molecules in biotechnology and industry, the awareness of heat-adapted fungi as a promising source of respective enzymes and biomolecules is still increasing. The aim of this study was to test two different strategies for the efficient isolation and identification of distinctly heat-adapted fungi from easily accessible substrates and locations. Eight compost piles and ten soil sites were sampled in combination with different culture-dependent approaches to describe suitable strategies for the isolation and selection of thermophilous fungi. Additionally, an approach with a heat-shock treatment, but without elevated temperature incubation led to the isolation of heat-resistant mesophilic species. The cultures were identified based on morphology, DNA barcodes, and microsatellite fingerprinting. In total, 191 obtained isolates were assigned to 31 fungal species, from which half are truly thermophilic or thermotolerant, while the other half are heat-resistant fungi. A numerous amount of heat-adapted fungi was isolated from both compost and soil samples, indicating the suitability of the used approaches and that the richness and availability of those organisms in such environments are substantially high.

Homogenate Extraction of Dihydroartemisinin from Artemisia Hedinii and Its Antifungal Activity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cong You ◽  
Jun Yu ◽  
Guangjiong Qin ◽  
JinPeng Yang ◽  
Chunlei Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Crude Extract ◽  
Spore Germination ◽  
Alternaria Alternata ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Extraction Yield ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Extraction Technology ◽  
Homogenate Extraction

Abstract Background Artemisia hedinii is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine. It can be used to extract dihydroartemisinin (DHA). Objective The purpose of this study was to explore the optimal conditions for the homogenate extraction of DHA from A. hedinii and the antifungal activity of DHA. Methods In this study, single factor experiments and response surface method were used to determine the optimal extraction conditions of crude extract and DHA, the method of spore germination was used to study the antifungal activity of DHA to Alternaria alternata. Result The optimal conditions were found as fellow: ratio of liquid to material 22 mL/g; Extraction time 60 s; soaking time 34 min. Under these conditions, extraction yield of DHA was (1.76 ± 0.04%). When the concentration of crude extract were 0.5 and 8 mg/mL, the spore germination inhibition rates of Alternaria alternata were (17.00 ± 2.05%) and (92.56 ± 2.01%), which were 3.34 and 1.15 times that of DHA standard, respectively. Conclusion Homogenate extraction technology is a fast and efficient method to extract DHA from A. hedinii. The crude extract has significant antifungal activity against A. alternata with low cost, which provides a possibility for the use of DHA in the prevention and treatment of plant pathogenic fungi. Highlights The optimum conditions of the extraction of DHA from A. hedinii by homogenate extraction were obtained. DHA has antifungal activity against A. alternata. Compared with pure DHA, the crude extract has stronger antifungal activity against A. alternata.

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