scholarly journals Identification of an ancestral haplotype in the mitochondrial phylogeny of the ovine haplogroup B

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e7895 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Mereu ◽  
Monica Pirastru ◽  
Mario Barbato ◽  
Valentina Satta ◽  
Eleftherios Hadjisterkotis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Recent Common Ancestor ◽  
Domestic Sheep ◽  
Network Methods ◽  
Fertile Crescent ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Sheep Domestication ◽  
B Lineage ◽  
Mitochondrial Phylogeny ◽  
Complete Mtdna

Background European mouflon (Ovis orientalis musimon) has been reintroduced in mainland Europe since the 18th-century sourcing from the Sardinian and Corsican autochthonous mouflon populations. The European mouflon is currently considered the feral descendent of the Asian mouflon (O. orientalis), and the result of first wave of sheep domestication occurred 11,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent, and brought to Corsica and Sardinia ca. 6,000 years ago, where they still live as autochthonous populations. However, this phylogeny is based on mitogenome sequences of European mouflon individuals exclusively. Methods We sequenced the first complete mtDNA of the long-time isolated Sardinian mouflon and compared it with several ovine homologous sequences, including mouflon from mainland Europe and samples representative of the five known mitochondrial domestic sheep haplogroups. We applied Bayesian inference, Maximum Likelihood and Integer Neighbour-Joining network methods and provided a robust, fully-resolved phylogeny with strong statistical support for all nodes. Results We identified an early split (110,000 years ago) of the Sardinian mouflon haplotype from both sheep and mainland European mouflon belonging to haplogroup B, the latter two sharing a more recent common ancestor (80,000 years ago). Further, the Sardinian mouflon sequence we generated had the largest genetic distance from domestic sheep haplogroups (0.0136 ± 0.004) among mouflon species. Our results suggest the Sardinian mouflon haplotype as the most ancestral in the HPG-B lineage, hence partially redrawing the known phylogeny of the genus Ovis.

scholarly journals Sexuality and Affection in the Time of Technological Innovation: Artificial Partners in the Japanese Context

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 296
Author(s):  
Beatriz Yumi Aoki ◽  
Takeshi Kimura
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Human Sexuality ◽  
Sexual Intimacy ◽  
Ancient History ◽  
Human Relationships ◽  
Living Things ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

Recent years have witnessed an increase in the number of academic studies on the impact of technological advancements on human life, including possible transformations and changes in human sexuality following the development of sex-related devices, such as sex robots. In this context, terms such as posthuman sexuality, digisexuality, and techno-sexuality have emerged, signaling possible new understandings of sexual, intimacy, and emotional practices. It is important to note that ancient history shows that humankind has for a long time been fascinated with their relationship to non-living things, mostly human-like figures, such as dolls. The Ningyo (人形, the Japanese term for doll) has a long history of usage, and has deep religious and animistic significance in the Japanese context—there are records of sexual use as early as the 18th century. With this context in mind, this paper focuses on three Japanese examples, aiming to shine a light on beyond-human relationships, which include a Japanese man’s marriage to a digital character, sex dolls, and communicative robots, from both a sexual and emotional perspective. In a new horizon of sexual and romantic possibilities, how will humans respond, and what can emerge from these interactions?

scholarly journals Three Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of Orestes guangxiensis, Peruphasma schultei, and Phryganistria guangxiensis (Insecta: Phasmatodea) and Their Phylogeny

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 779 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ke-Ke Xu ◽  
Qing-Ping Chen ◽  
Sam Pedro Galilee Ayivi ◽  
Jia-Yin Guan ◽  
Kenneth B. Storey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sister Group ◽  
Recent Common Ancestor ◽  
Mitochondrial Genomes ◽  
Sister Group Relationship ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Most Recent Common Ancestor ◽  
Stick Insects ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Complete Mitochondrial Genomes

Insects of the order Phasmatodea are mainly distributed in the tropics and subtropics and are best known for their remarkable camouflage as plants. In this study, we sequenced three complete mitochondrial genomes from three different families: Orestes guangxiensis, Peruphasma schultei, and Phryganistria guangxiensis. The lengths of the three mitochondrial genomes were 15,896 bp, 16,869 bp, and 17,005 bp, respectively, and the gene composition and structure of the three stick insects were identical to those of the most recent common ancestor of insects. The phylogenetic relationships among stick insects have been chaotic for a long time. In order to discuss the intra- and inter-ordinal relationship of Phasmatodea, we used the 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs) of 85 species for maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) analyses. Results showed that the internal topological structure of Phasmatodea had a few differences in both ML and BI trees and long-branch attraction (LBA) appeared between Embioptera and Zoraptera, which led to a non-monophyletic Phasmatodea. Consequently, after removal of the Embioptera and Zoraptera species, we re-performed ML and BI analyses with the remaining 81 species, which showed identical topology except for the position of Tectarchus ovobessus (Phasmatodea). We recovered the monophyly of Phasmatodea and the sister-group relationship between Phasmatodea and Mantophasmatodea. Our analyses also recovered the monophyly of Heteropterygidae and the paraphyly of Diapheromeridae, Phasmatidae, Lonchodidae, Lonchodinae, and Clitumninae. In this study, Peruphasma schultei (Pseudophasmatidae), Phraortes sp. YW-2014 (Lonchodidae), and species of Diapheromeridae clustered into the clade of Phasmatidae. Within Heteropterygidae, O. guangxiensis was the sister clade to O. mouhotii belonging to Dataminae, and the relationship of (Heteropteryginae + (Dataminae + Obriminae)) was recovered.

scholarly journals 'Krojenje' in Serbian chant: Application of cognitive structural models of improvisation

New Sound ◽  
2015 ◽  
pp. 29-44
Author(s):  
Marina Marković ◽  
Blanka Bogunović
Keyword(s):  
Oral Tradition ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Structural Models ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Musical Work ◽  
Oral Transmission ◽  
Inherent Feature ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
Long Time

Serbian chant, which was formed on the territory of the Metropolitanate of Karlovci in the late 18th century, has been transmitted primarily by oral tradition for a long time, despite numerous attempts to make church melodies available for liturgical use by producing miscellaneous collections. In the process of the oral transmission of the melodies belonging to the so-called short chant (i. e. less melismatic chant), hymns of the Osmoglasnik (Octoechos) serve as a basis for krojenje (literally: tailoring), which means the adaptation of the melody to a text. Since the procedure of krojenje involves simultaneously detaching Osmoglasnik melodies from their original texts and attaching them to the texts from other liturgical books without notation and realized orally, improvisation is an inherent feature of the krojenje process. Improvisation is an integral part of the creative procedure during the act of performing, even in cases when the musical work is not altogether created by improvisation, as is the case with hymns of contemporary Serbian chant. The relation between krojenje and certain levels of creation, initiated our interdisciplinary - musicological and psychological - research, with the aim of determining the structure of the improvisational process in shaping the melodies in Serbian chant, based on the analysis and application of musical-cognitive structural models.

scholarly journals Negative constructions with “Hem” (no) influencing the choice of the genitive form of nouns

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 ◽  
pp. 00086
Author(s):  
Lydia Ogorodnikova ◽  
Yulia Ryndina
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Double Negation ◽  
Structural Types ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
Russian Literary ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Russian Language ◽  
Genitive Case

The article presents a further study of the genitive case variant inflection distribution in inanimate masculine nouns, found in fiction and journalistic texts of the second half of the 18th century. The focus is on the double negation in impersonal-predicative constructions with the word “no”. The relevance of the study is due to the persistent ambiguity of the choice of the genitive case form of words. The novelty is due to the literary sources created during the norm-establishing phase of the Russian literary language development. The article describes forms of the genitive case that have existed in the Russian language for a long time. The authors interpret the mechanism for choosing the genitive case by the authors of fiction and journalistic texts. The authors argue that a negative construct as a syntactic factor has little effect on the choice of the genitive case. The article discusses results of the comparative analysis of noun forms with A- and y-endings. In all types of negative constructions, the A-ending predominates, whereas the y-ending is observed in adverbial constructions and emphatic negations. A classification of structural types of negative sentences with genitive forms was developed.

scholarly journals Studies of assisted reproductive technology in the 19th and 20th centuries

2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (06) ◽  
pp. 6411-2020
Author(s):  
JAROSŁAW SOBOLEWSKI
Keyword(s):  
Embryo Culture ◽  
Artificial Insemination ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Culture In Vitro ◽  
Preservation Technology ◽  
Individual Traits ◽  
Artificial Breeding ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Semen Preservation

Artificial breeding technology has been an important subject of research from the very beginning of medicine and veterinary sciences. Several main directions should be distinguished within these methods: artificial insemination (including cryogenic semen preservation technology), transplantation (embryo transfer) and embryo culture in vitro. The first experiments in this field date back to the late 18th century, when Lazarro Spallanzani performed such experiments on animals. The late 19th and the early 20th centuries saw the development of artificial insemination, which became a routine procedure, significantly facilitating breeding. The first successful experiments in embryo transplantation were also carried out in 1890. The high potential of this method was recognized related to the intensification of breeding for specific individual traits without limitations imposed by breeding physiology. These procedures were limited for a long time to scientific experiments and were not introduced into medical practice until the early 1970s. Embryo culture in vitro was a separate problem and an even greater challenge for researchers. Significant experimental research in this field started only in 1949 and has been continued ever since. In the 1990s, the biotechnology of in vitro embryo culture was improved to the point of becoming one of the most promising fields of veterinary and zootechnical sciences.

scholarly journals Jean-Honoré Fragonard’s Work and the Theatre Culture of the 18th Century

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 406-417
Author(s):  
Elena E. Agratina
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Fine Arts ◽  
Constant Attention ◽  
Decorative Art ◽  
Street Theater ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Opera Productions

The article, for the first time, exami­nes the work of the master of the 18th century Jean-Honoré Fragonard (1732—1806) within the context of the theatre culture of that time. Being a student of François Boucher (1703—1770), who was working as a theater decorator for a long time, Fra­gonard from his youth had the opportunity to join the world of theater. The painter’s passion for the stage greatly influenced the thema­tic and figu­rative composition of his works. Early histo­rical pain­tings of Fragonard, such as “Jeroboam Sacrifi­cing to Idols” (1752, School of Fine Arts, Paris), were crea­ted under the influence of Baroque thea­ter and decorative art and opera productions. Undoubtedly, Fragonard’s familiarity with theatre was promoted by his long stay in Italy, where the famous families of theater decorators Bibiena and Galliari was wor­king at that time. The article pays special attention to the process of planning and execution of the painting “The High Priest Coresus Sacrificing Himself to Save Callirhoe” (1765, Louvre), made not without regard to the opera “Callirhoe”, popular in Paris in the 18th century. It was theater that inspired the master to create his famous costume series of “Fantasy Portraits”, one of which depicted Marie-Madeleine Guimard (1743—1816), who not only had posed for the artist, but also ordered him to design her own mansion conceived as a temple of Terpsichore, the Muse of dance. In addition, Fragonard was the author of several panoramic genre paintings conveying the atmosphere of the then popular street theater. Works of this brilliant master exem­plify the relationship of arts that determined the nature of the cultural environment of that era and requires constant attention from modern researchers.

scholarly journals Comprehensive evolution and molecular characteristics of a large number of SARS-CoV-2 genomes revealed its epidemic trend and possible origins

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunmeng Bai ◽  
Dawei Jiang ◽  
Jerome R Lon ◽  
Xiaoshi Chen ◽  
Meiling Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Neutral Evolution ◽  
Recent Common Ancestor ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Major Haplotype ◽  
Most Recent Common Ancestor ◽  
Evolution Analysis ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Time ◽  
New Perspective

AbstractObjectivesTo reveal epidemic trend and possible origins of SARS-CoV-2 by exploring its evolution and molecular characteristics based on a large number of genomes since it has infected millions of people and spread quickly all over the world.MethodsVarious evolution analysis methods were employed.ResultsThe estimated Ka/Ks ratio of SARS-CoV-2 is 1.008 or 1.094 based on 622 or 3624 SARS-CoV-2 genomes, and the time to the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) was inferred in late September 2019. Further 9 key specific sites of highly linkage and four major haplotypes H1, H2, H3 and H4 were found. The Ka/Ks, detected population size and development trends of each major haplotype showed H3 and H4 subgroups were going through a purify evolution and almost disappeared after detection, indicating H3 and H4 might have existed for a long time, while H1 and H2 subgroups were going through a near neutral or neutral evolution and globally increased with time. Notably the frequency of H1 was generally high in Europe and correlated to death rate (r>0.37).ConclusionsIn this study, the evolution and molecular characteristics of more than 16000 genomic sequences provided a new perspective for revealing epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2.

The Salaries of Service Tatars in the 18th Century

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 112-126
Author(s):  
Zaytuna A. Tychinskikh
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
General Trend ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
State Support ◽  
Military Organization ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Military

State support was an important factor in the relations between the authorities and the serving population, including such a special category as the serving Tatars. This article discusses how the system of service Tatars came into life in the 18th century. Due to the poor knowledge of the subject, the question of salaries is one of the key elements in identifying the place and role of service Tatars in the system of military corporations in Siberia. The study has revealed that the changes in the salary system that took place during the 17th-18th centuries served as an indicator of the degree of incorporation of service Tatars into the structure of the military organization of the Russian state. Despite the general trend of the 18th century to the unification of the state support of irregular troops, the service Tatars retained their own hierarchy in the distribution of wages for a long time. The reason is to be found in the peculiarities of the management system and corporate isolation, determined by the confessional affiliation of the service Tatars. Another peculiarity was that the serving Tatars, unlike other categories of serving people, practically did not receive any bread allowance — it was replaced by “arable land”. In 1725 and 1737, staff schedules were introduced, which influenced both further unification of employees of various categories and the gradual equation in system of the allowance.

scholarly journals FROM UNIVERSALS OF HETMANS AND COLONELS OF 17 CENTURY

2019 ◽  
pp. 79-85
Author(s):  
Yurii Mytsyk
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Historical Source ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Original Part ◽  
The Town

CENTURYThe article analyses a copy book (“а book-archive”) of the period of the 17th – beginning of the 18th centuries, written and owned by Mgarsky Monastery of the Transfiguration of the Savior, which is near the town of Lubny. The copy book is the valuable historical source. The original part of the book, which contains documents of Hetmans and colonels of the Hetmanate, is carefully considered. Some of them, of the 18th century, which was remained unpublished for a long time after the book discovery, now are published in the article (these are the universals of Hetmans Bohdan and Yuri Khmelnytsky, Pavel Teteria, as well as of Colonel of Lubny Maksym Illyashenko).

MONUMENTS OF RUSSIAN ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE: EXPERIENCE OF TYPOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION

2021 ◽  
pp. 245-256
Author(s):  
Daria A. Edakina ◽  
◽  
Eduard I. Chernyak ◽  
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Order System ◽  
Architectural Heritage ◽  
Architectural Style ◽  
Cultural Experience ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Surrounding Space ◽  
Architectural Tradition

The article highlights the almost unexplored issue of the classification of architectural heritage sites. The authors define architectural heritage as a complex of buildings and structures that form the surrounding space and reflect the art of creating these buildings and structures. Pursuing the goal to create a regulating system of Russian architecture monuments, the authors of the article use the architectural style as the main sign of monuments. Reliance on scientific research, written and visual sources allows identifying and characterizing large typological groups of monuments. The first group includes monuments of Russian architectural tradition, created in the period of 11th and 17th centuries on Byzantine and Italian architectural basis. The Baroque style was introduced into Russian architecture in the 18th century. It is characterizes by the magnificence and decorativeness of the details, includes columns, pilasters, sculptural decorations. About a century later, the Baroque was replaced by a style of Classicism. An obligatory element of Classicism monuments is a triangular gable, which rests on columns. Such compositional components as bays, risalitas, and balconies characterize the style. Monuments of classicism form architectural ensembles in Russian cities. The most famous of them is Palace Square in St. Petersburg. Since the mid-19th century, architectural monuments of the Eclectic style have been created. It combines elements of Gothic, Classicism, and folk Russian architecture. Wooden monuments of eclecticism, richly decorated with carvings, make the main pride of Tomsk. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, modern architectural monuments with their characteristic asymmetry of the layout, plant decor in the design of facades are created. Under the influence of the changes brought by the Revolution of 1917, the style of Constructivism spreads in Russian architecture. In the early 1930s, the laconic Constructivism was rejected, the order system returned to the composition of the buildings. They are decorated with stucco moldings and sculptural images. For a long time unnamed, now this style is known as Soviet Neoclassicism. In the late 1950s, monuments of Soviet Neoclassicism were accused of unjustified pomp and parade. In the second half of the 20th century, the trends of Neo-Functionalism and Postmodernism prevail in Russian architecture. The regulating system of architectural monuments proposed in the article allows to characterize objects of architectural heritage, provides continuity of cultural experience.

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