Water-In-Oil Emulsification: A Physicochemical Study

1991 ◽  
Vol 1991 (1) ◽  
pp. 483-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Bobra
Keyword(s):  
Physical State ◽  
Basic Mechanism ◽  
Submicron Particles ◽  
Precipitation Behavior ◽  
Wetting Properties ◽  
Emulsifying Agent ◽  
Aromatic Components ◽  
Scatchard Equation ◽  
Solubility Model ◽  
Oil Emulsions

ABSTRACT This paper summarizes the results of a study that examined the basic mechanism by which asphaltenes, resins, and waxes stabilize water-in-oil emulsions. Experiments were conducted on the emulsification behavior of model oils that contained alkane and aromatic components and emulsifying agents. Results clearly demonstrate the importance that the physical state of an emulsifying agent has upon its ability to stabilize emulsions. It was found that, to be effective, emulsifiers, asphaltenes, resins, and waxes must be in the form of finely divided, submicron particles. In addition, it was shown that the solvency strength of an oil, which is determined by its alkane and aromatic components, controls the solubility/precipitation behavior of these emulsifiers. The chemical composition of the oil determines not only the amount and size of precipitated particles, but also the composition and wetting properties of the particles. All these factors were shown to influence emulsification. The use of a solubility model, using the Hildebrand-Scatchard equation, to predict the physicochemical conditions that favor water-in-oil emulsification, is discussed.

scholarly journals An Oligoimide Particle as a Pickering Emulsion Stabilizer

Polymers ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1071 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Jin Cho ◽  
Dong-Min Kim ◽  
In-Ho Song ◽  
Ju-Young Choi ◽  
Seung-Won Jin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Concentration ◽  
Pickering Emulsion ◽  
Pickering Emulsions ◽  
Step Method ◽  
Wetting Properties ◽  
Emulsion Droplets ◽  
Step Procedure ◽  
Oil In Water ◽  
One Step ◽  
Oil Emulsions

A pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) and 4,4′-oxydianiline (ODA)-based oligoimide (PMDA-ODA) was synthesized by a one-step procedure using water as a solvent. The PMDA-ODA particles showed excellent partial wetting properties and were stably dispersed in both water and oil phases. A stable dispersion was not obtained with comparison PMDA-ODA particles that were synthesized by a conventional two-step method using an organic solvent. Both oil-in-water and water-in-oil Pickering emulsions were prepared using the oligoimide particles synthesized in water, and the size of the emulsion droplet was controlled based on the oligoimide particle concentration. The oligoimide particles were tested to prepare Pickering emulsions using various kinds of oils. The oil-in-water Pickering emulsions were successfully applied to prepare microcapsules of the emulsion droplets. Our new Pickering emulsion stabilizer has the advantages of easy synthesis, no need for surface modification, and the capability of stabilizing both oil-in-water and water-in-oil emulsions.

scholarly journals Some Properties of Oil Emulsions Influencing Insecticidal Efficiency

1928 ◽  
Vol 17 (1-12) ◽  
pp. 235-259
Author(s):  
L. L. English
Keyword(s):  
Good Reason ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Emulsifying Agent ◽  
Oil Emulsions ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

It is very difficult to isolate any one property of an emulsion and determine separately its action on insects. The physical and chemical properties of the oil, the kind and amount of emulsifying agent, and the stability of the emulsion are all so closely interlocked that one property usually cannot be varied without changing the others. There is good reason for believing that no two emulsions—and, very likely, no two lots of an emulsion made by the same formula—are exactly alike.

scholarly journals The Effect of Weighting Materials on the Rheological Properties of Iraqi and Commercial Bentonite in Direct Emulsion

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (1F) ◽  
pp. 110-121
Author(s):  
Amel Habeeb Assi
Keyword(s):  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Oil Shale ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Methyl Cellulose ◽  
Stable Emulsion ◽  
Emulsifying Agent ◽  
Oil Emulsions ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Filtration Properties

Numerous drilling additives and materials are used continuously because they are necessary to support and give the required properties of the drilling fluid so that to ensure the stability of the borehole. This paper aspires to evaluate the rheological properties of bentonite (montmorillonite) Trefawey as an alternative to using commercial bentonite. Monitoring and evaluating of the rheological and filtration properties were prepared. This exertion aims to focus on the effect of hematite, and barite on the rheological properties of the three aforementioned bentonite types. An improvement in the rheological properties of bentonite (montmorillonite). Trefawey was observed after adding the previous heavy materials. Hematite has by some means better ability to improve rheological properties compared to other heavy materials. The emulsifying agent used was Carboxyl Methyl Cellulose (HOCH2COONA), as it has provided excellent results parallel to the lignite. The rheological properties of bentonite (montmorillonite) Trefawey are enhanced by doubling the amount of carboxyl methyl cellulose (HOCH2COONA). The results have proved that the use of weighting materials and emulsifying agent affected the rheological properties of bentonite (montmorillonite) Trefawey in a direct emulsion. The results have shown that it is more appropriate to use carboxyl methyl cellulose as an emulsifying agent to prepare a direct emulsion than bentonite (montmorillonite) Trefawey due to its excellent effect in improving the rheological properties of bentonite (montmorillonite) Trefawey. And it can be said that this effort has succeeded in studying two effects simultaneously. In other words, both heavy substances and emulsifying agent have effects on bentonite (montmorillonite) Trefawey, in order to obtain a stable emulsion and a clearer view of the behavior of Iraqi bentonite. The above effort has focused on making bentonite (montmorillonite) Trefawey suitable for the nature of geological layers such as oil shale, limestone and sandstone. This means preparing drilling fluid using bentonite (montmorillonite) Trefawey to drill the above structures. The study has concluded that it is better to use bentonite (montmorillonite) Trefawey in preparing direct oil emulsions as a stable and successful alternative of imported bentonite.

Pool Boiling Heat Transfer to Emulsions

1978 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 613-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. H. Mori ◽  
E. Inui ◽  
K. Komotori
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Boiling Heat Transfer ◽  
Ultrasonic Method ◽  
Pool Boiling ◽  
Pool Boiling Heat Transfer ◽  
Boiling Points ◽  
Oil In Water ◽  
Emulsifying Agent ◽  
Oil Emulsions ◽  
Horizontal Wire

The characteristics of steady pool boiling heat transfer from a horizontal wire to various emulsions were obtained experimentally. Sample emulsions were prepared by an ultrasonic method with water, oils whose boiling points are higher than that of water, and emulsifying agents. The kind of emulsifying agent affected remarkably the characteristics of heat transfer to oil-in-water emulsions. The kind of oil affected little the heat transfer to oil-in-water emulsions but strongly that to water-in-oil emulsions.

Precipitation in Al-Li-Cu Alloys

1981 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 44-45
Author(s):  
J. E. O'Neal ◽  
K. K. Sankaran
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Age Hardening ◽  
Precipitation Behavior ◽  
Zone Formation ◽  
Specific Strength ◽  
Hardening Behavior ◽  
Cu Alloys ◽  
High Specific Strength ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Structural Applications

Al-Li-Cu alloys combine high specific strength and high specific modulus and are potential candidates for aircraft structural applications. As part of an effort to optimize Al-Li-Cu alloys for specific applications, precipitation in these alloys was studied for a range of compositions, and the mechanical behavior was correlated with the microstructures.Alloys with nominal compositions of Al-4Cu-2Li-0.2Zr, Al-2.5Cu-2.5Li-0.2Zr, and Al-l.5Cu-2.5Li-0.5Mn were argon-atomized into powder at solidification rates ≈ 103°C/s. Powders were consolidated into bar stock by vacuum pressing and extruding at 400°C. Alloy specimens were solution annealed at 530°C and aged at temperatures up to 250°C, and the resultant precipitation was studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM).The low-temperature (≲100°C) precipitation behavior of the Al-4Cu-2Li-0.2Zr alloy is a combination of the separate precipitation behaviors of Al-Cu and Al-Li alloys. The age-hardening behavior at these temperatures is characteristic of Guinier-Preston (GP) zone formation, with additional strengthening resulting from the coherent precipitation of δ’ (Al3Li, Ll2 structure), the presence of which is revealed by the selected-area diffraction pattern (SADP) shown in Figure la.

The coprecipitation of Cr3P and Cr in Cu

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 764-765
Author(s):  
M.J. Witcomb ◽  
U. Dahmen ◽  
K.H. Westmacott
Keyword(s):  
Orientation Relationship ◽  
Interface Structure ◽  
Model System ◽  
Relative Orientation ◽  
Age Hardening ◽  
Precipitation Behavior ◽  
Solution Treated ◽  
Small Needle ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Interface Structures

Cu-Cr age-hardening alloys are of interest as a model system for the investigation of fcc/bcc interface structures. Several past studies have investigated the morphology and interface structure of Cr precipitates in a Cu matrix (1-3) and good success has been achieved in understanding the crystallography and strain contrast of small needle-shaped precipitates. The present study investigates the effect of small amounts of phosphorous on the precipitation behavior of Cu-Cr alloys.The same Cu-0.3% Cr alloy as was used in earlier work was rolled to a thickness of 150 μm, solution treated in vacuum at 1050°C for 1h followed by quenching and annealing for various times at 820 and 863°C.Two laths and their corresponding diffraction patterns in an alloy aged 2h at 820°C are shown in correct relative orientation in Fig. 1. To within the limit of accuracy of the diffraction patterns the orientation relationship was that of Kurdjumov-Sachs (KS), i.e. parallel close-packed planes and directions.

HREM observation of NiO growth on submicron spheres of pure nickel

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 548-549
Author(s):  
C.M. Teng ◽  
T.F. Kelly ◽  
J.P. Zhang ◽  
H.M. Lin ◽  
Y.W. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Nickel Oxide ◽  
Grain Boundaries ◽  
Pure Nickel ◽  
Submicron Particles ◽  
Crystal Formation ◽  
Nickel Wire ◽  
Liquid Droplets ◽  
Oxide Interface ◽  
Nickel Chromium ◽  
Chromium Alloys

Spherical submicron particles of materials produced by electrohydrodynamic (EHD) atomization have been used to study a variety of materials processes including nucleation of alternative crystallization phases in iron-nickel and nickel-chromium alloys, amorphous solidification in submicron droplets of pure metals, and quasi-crystal formation in nickel-chromium alloys. Some experiments on pure nickel, nickel oxide single crystals, the nickel/nickel(II) oxide interface, and grain boundaries in nickel monoxide have been performed by STEM. For these latter studies, HREM is the most direct approach to obtain particle crystal structures at the atomic level. Grain boundaries in nickel oxide have also been investigated by HREM. In this paper, we present preliminary results of HREM observations of NiO growth on submicron spheres of pure nickel.Small particles of pure nickel were prepared by EHD atomization. For the study of pure nickel, 0.5 mm diameter pure nickel wire (99.9975%) is sprayed directly in the EHD process. The liquid droplets solidify in free-flight through a vacuum chamber operated at about 10-7 torr.

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