scholarly journals The level of oil spill risk in Northwest Pacific and regional cooperation activities of NOWPAP MERRAC on marine pollution preparedness and response.

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Seong-Gil Kang ◽  
Tae Hwan Joung ◽  
Siyeon Lee ◽  
Joung-Yun Lee ◽  
Young You
Keyword(s):  
Marine Pollution ◽  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
National Level ◽  
Northwest Pacific ◽  
Member States ◽  
Risk Levels ◽  
Exchange Of Information ◽  
Exchange Information ◽  
Actual Response ◽  
Cooperation System

1. ABSTRACT The Northwest Pacific region, covering the four member states namely, People's Republic of China, Japan, Republic of Korea and Russian Federation, has been severely exposed to oil and HNS spills due to its high shipping density and high levels of industrial and economic growth and became a hotspot worldwide. Since member states are geographically close to each other, it is possible to cause transboundary issue affecting neighboring countries when oil and HNS spill incidents occur. In accordance with the need, the NOWPAP member states adopted the Regional oil and HNS spill Contingency Plan (RCP) in 2008, which provides the technical and operational framework for regional cooperation on major spill accidents, is a major achievements among the various regional cooperation activities. This was the first agenda actually adopted in the NOWPAP region and shows a national level of cooperation to protect the marine and coastal environment of the region. Particularly, to enhance the response capacities under the RCP, since 2006, member states jointly conduct oil and HNS spill response exercises (DELTA exercise) biannually, mobilizing actual response resources from the member states in a rotational basis. The 7th NOWPAP DELTA exercise was organized by Japan and Russia in Maizuru city, Japan (Oct. 2018). In addition to this, 19 communication exercises (BRAVO exercise) have also been implemented to test joint operational response procedures and associated communication tools in case of major spills. To further facilitate the exchange of information on marine pollution and preparedness in the region, MERRAC developed and operates the online pollution reporting system (POLREP) since 2015, which enables real-time exchange of information not only with the emails and fax but also through personal mobile phones of competent national authorities of member states. During the Sanchi spill incident (Jan 2018), the member states and MERRAC exchanged almost 300 notifications through POLREP concerning the location and trajectory of the spill and response operations. Furthermore, Member states exchange information on their national policies and response resources and has been building regional cooperation to strengthen its capabilities. In order to establish and maintain such regional cooperation system, MERRAC has been holding Focal Points meetings every year and Expert meetings every two years to exchange information on oil and HNS spill preparedness and response and implement Specific projects for various purposes by the national experts from the member states. In this presentation, we will review the oil and HNS risk levels in the NOWPAP region and examine the various cooperative activities and achievements and discuss the future prospects which MERRAC should go in through.

scholarly journals The Status of Oiled Wildlife Preparedness and Response in the NOWPAP Region

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Seong-Gil Kang ◽  
Tae-Hwan Joung ◽  
Joung-Yun Lee ◽  
Siyeon Lee ◽  
Young You
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Preparedness ◽  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Marine Pollution ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Northwest Pacific ◽  
Member States ◽  
Regional Activity ◽  
The Status ◽  
High Level

Abstract and introduction The Marine Environmental Emergency Preparedness and Response Regional Activity Centre (MERRAC) is one of four Regional Activity Centres of the Northwest Pacific Action Plan (NOWPAP). It was adopted in 1994 as a Regional Seas Programme of UNEP by the People's Republic of China, Japan, Republic of Korea and Russian Federation and is responsible for regional co-operation on marine pollution preparedness and response in the NOWPAP region. The shipping density has been growing greatly in the NOWPAP region due to the high level of industrial and economic development of the NOWPAP member states and consequently, the region has been severely exposed to oil spills. Oil spill incidents were identified as one of the threatening elements to the marine environment and coastal biota, especially, birds and marine mammals that live mostly near the coast. Objective: We collected existing data on oiled wildlife including relevant response techniques for rescuing, relevant national laws/policies and guidelines concerning response of the oiled wildlife from the NOWPAP Member States to mitigate the damage on the oiled wildlife. Based upon the reviews, we be identified weaknesses and challenges on oiled wildlife issues in the region, suggesting the possible future action plan to taken by NOWPAP members.

Adapting the European System of Financial Supervision (ESFS) to the EEA Two-Pillar Structure – A Workable Solution?

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 557-591
Author(s):  
Andri Fannar Bergþórsson
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
National Level ◽  
Financial Supervision ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
European System ◽  
Pillar Structure ◽  
The Global Financial Crisis ◽  
The Eu

In response to the global financial crisis, the European System of Financial Supervision (ESFS) was created in 2010. Supranational bodies were established for different financial sectors to act as supervisors of sorts for national-level supervisors in EU Member States. This article focuses on how the system was adapted to three EFTA States that are not part of the EU but form the internal market along with EU Member States through the EEA Agreement – Iceland, Norway and Lichtenstein (EEA EFTA States). The aim is to clarify how ESFS has been incorporated into the EEA agreement and to discuss whether this a workable solution for the EEA EFTA States that have not transferred their sovereignty by name in the same manner as the EU Member States. One issue is whether the adaptation has gone beyond the limits of the two-pillar structure, as all initiative and work stem from the EU supranational bodies and not the EFTA pillar.

scholarly journals The Role of Spatio-Temporal Information to Govern the COVID-19 Pandemic: A European Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 166
Author(s):  
Hartmut Müller ◽  
Marije Louwsma
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
National Level ◽  
Temporal Information ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Heavy Burden ◽  
Spatio Temporal

The Covid-19 pandemic put a heavy burden on member states in the European Union. To govern the pandemic, having access to reliable geo-information is key for monitoring the spatial distribution of the outbreak over time. This study aims to analyze the role of spatio-temporal information in governing the pandemic in the European Union and its member states. The European Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS) system and selected national dashboards from member states were assessed to analyze which spatio-temporal information was used, how the information was visualized and whether this changed over the course of the pandemic. Initially, member states focused on their own jurisdiction by creating national dashboards to monitor the pandemic. Information between member states was not aligned. Producing reliable data and timeliness reporting was problematic, just like selecting indictors to monitor the spatial distribution and intensity of the outbreak. Over the course of the pandemic, with more knowledge about the virus and its characteristics, interventions of member states to govern the outbreak were better aligned at the European level. However, further integration and alignment of public health data, statistical data and spatio-temporal data could provide even better information for governments and actors involved in managing the outbreak, both at national and supra-national level. The Infrastructure for Spatial Information in Europe (INSPIRE) initiative and the NUTS system provide a framework to guide future integration and extension of existing systems.

Regional Policy in the European Community: Its Impact on Regional Policies and Public Administration in the Mediterranean Member States

1987 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Tömmel
Keyword(s):  
Regional Development ◽  
European Community ◽  
Regional Policy ◽  
National Level ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
Economic Incentive ◽  
Market Mechanism ◽  
Member States ◽  
Regional Policies ◽  
First Time

When the European Community (EC) created the European Fund for Regional Development (EFRD) in 1975, regional policy was established at an international level for the first time ever. Because of the chosen instruments and the ‘additive’ mechanism of implementation—via the administrative bodies of the member states—this policy seemed at first to mean little more than a reinforcement of regional policies at a national level. Since then, the EC has considerably intensified its regional policy and diversified its instruments. However, the recent reforms of the Community's regional policy serve not only to achieve (certain) development effects with respect to the economic structure of less-developed areas, but also as a means of reorganizing governmental (planning) bodies and regional development policies in the member states, that is, as a means of inducing modernization and differentiation of state intervention in the countries concerned. Thus, the EC intervenes’ in the affairs of the member states: Not in the shape of more or less authoritarian intervention by a superior body—EC powers do not permit this—but via the indirect effect of market mechanism. Subsidies are the economic incentive to collaborate.

27 Years of Regional Cooperation for Limited Area Modelling in Central Europe

2018 ◽  
Vol 99 (7) ◽  
pp. 1415-1432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Wang ◽  
Martin Belluš ◽  
Andrea Ehrlich ◽  
Máté Mile ◽  
Neva Pristov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Assimilation ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
Weather Prediction ◽  
Ensemble Forecasting ◽  
Limited Area ◽  
Member States ◽  
Limited Area Model ◽  
Area Model ◽  
Common System

AbstractThis paper describes 27 years of scientific and operational achievement of Regional Cooperation for Limited Area Modelling in Central Europe (RC LACE), which is supported by the national (hydro-) meteorological services of Austria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia. The principal objectives of RC LACE are to 1) develop and operate the state-of-the-art limited-area model and data assimilation system in the member states and 2) conduct joint scientific and technical research to improve the quality of the forecasts.In the last 27 years, RC LACE has contributed to the limited-area Aire Limitée Adaptation Dynamique Développement International (ALADIN) system in the areas of preprocessing of observations, data assimilation, model dynamics, physical parameterizations, mesoscale and convection-permitting ensemble forecasting, and verification. It has developed strong collaborations with numerical weather prediction (NWP) consortia ALADIN, the High Resolution Limited Area Model (HIRLAM) group, and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). RC LACE member states exchange their national observations in real time and operate a common system that provides member states with the preprocessed observations for data assimilation and verification. RC LACE runs operationally a common mesoscale ensemble system, ALADIN–Limited Area Ensemble Forecasting (ALADIN-LAEF), over all of Europe for early warning of severe weather.RC LACE has established an extensive regional scientific and technical collaboration in the field of operational NWP for weather research, forecasting, and applications. Its 27 years of experience have demonstrated the value of regional cooperation among small- and medium-sized countries for success in the development of a modern forecasting system, knowledge transfer, and capacity building.

In the Search of an Appropriate Legal Framework to Prevent Environmental Risks Caused by Navigation in the Black Sea

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 194-230
Author(s):  
Gabriela A. Oanta
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Marine Pollution ◽  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Environmental Risks ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
International Responsibility ◽  
The One

This article addresses the legal framework pertaining to navigation in the Black Sea (including the Turkish Straits System) – which is currently one of the busiest trade routes globally – and its implications for the protection and preservation of the marine environment in this region. This framework is a comprehensive and complex system that is based, on the one hand, upon norms established by different global diplomatic conferences and international organizations that are therefore also applicable to the Black Sea and its coastal States; on the other hand, the regional cooperation fora for the Black Sea have also created specific standards for the region. In addition, the implications of the delimitation of maritime areas in the Black Sea and the international responsibility of States in the field of marine pollution caused by navigation will also be examined.

The politics of European integration: A European labour movement in the making?

2002 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 39-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham Taylor ◽  
Andy Mathers
Keyword(s):  
European Integration ◽  
National Level ◽  
European Level ◽  
Member States ◽  
Labour Movement ◽  
The Social ◽  
National Boundaries

This paper explores the logical and historical determinants of European integration and reflects on the potential and dangers this presents for labour movement renewal. Through the principle of ‘subsidiarity’ a regulatory gap has been established between political mobilisation at the national level and neo-liberal regulation at the European level. The historical determination of this form is traced through an exploration of the social struggles against neo-liberalism that have developed within member states and transnational mobilizations that bridge this regulatory gap by linking resistance across national boundaries.

scholarly journals Corruption and the agricultural production efficiency of the European countries during the recent economic crisis

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 427-437
Author(s):  
Mohammad Monirul Hasan ◽  
József Tóth
Keyword(s):  
Technical Efficiency ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
National Level ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Economic Downturn ◽  
Member States ◽  
Control Of Corruption

This paper examines the association between controls of corruption and the agricultural production efficiency of 23 European Union Member States during the recent economic crisis. Production efficiency, measured in terms of technical efficiency, is the effectiveness of a given set of inputs that is used to produce an output. Owing to climate and geographical location agriculture in European countries is diverse. The economic downturn led by the financial crisis which started in mid-2007, is still prevailing across European countries. Control of corruption along with the existing economic crisis of the member states are affecting agriculture production efficiency. This study used the national level production data for the period of 2003-2009. It shows that the technical efficiency of most Member States have declined over the years and that it was significantly lower in austere economic crisis time 2007-09 than 2003-06 for all countries. It is also found that the declining trend of technical efficiency is significantly lower for central and eastern European countries than for the western European countries. Study finds that the control of corruption in the presence of high government effectiveness, decreases the technical efficiency of agricultural production in the Member States.Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.2(3): 427-437, December 2015

scholarly journals Analisis Teori Fungsionalisme pada Integrasi Kawasan Asia Selatan (Studi Kasus Konflik India-Pakistan di wilayah Kashmir)

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-195
Author(s):  
Tri Shinta
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Regional Integration ◽  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
The South ◽  
Member States ◽  
The Real ◽  
Complex Region ◽  
Good Relation

South Asia is a complex region. It is marked with the emergence and continuity of the conflict. India-Pakistan conflict is one of them. This conflict begun on 1947 and the biggest of conflict divided into three conflicts. Functionalism according to David Mitrany in “A Working Peace System” believes that Region Integration is trusted to make the conflict lower and good relation among state. This perception applied on 1985 in South Asia, which known with SAARC (The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation). The fact, this conflict still continues till today. However, this paper seeks for the analysis of how’s functionalism theory explain the conflict of India-Pakistan on the regional integration: is that the conflict form an ideal integration of Sout Asia and decline the conflict, or conversely. Furthermore, the result of this research describes that Functionalism is not success on explaining South Asia integration, which means the India-Pakistan conflict still exist and the real integration among member states still not exist yet.

Representation of citizens by the EP

2004 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jörg Gerkrath
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
Parliamentary Democracy ◽  
European Level ◽  
Member States ◽  
Democratic Representation ◽  
Constitutional Principle ◽  
Union Democracy ◽  
The People ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Political Decisions

As it is obviously impossible for the modern ‘demos’ to assemble in order to take political decisions, democratic representation is an inevitable tool in large democracies. Representatives have to stand for and to act for the people as a whole. Accordingly, the principle of representative or parliamentary democracy is a fundamental constitutional principle shared by all the Member States of the Union. Democracy doubtlessly works on the national level; the Member States' decisional powers, however, are fading with the constant transfer of competences towards the European level. This leads to a system of European ‘multi-level governance’ with wide consequences for the linkage between the represented peoples of the Member States and their representatives on both national and European levels.

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