scholarly journals SCAT Delineation of Oiling, Cleanup Verification, Chemical Sampling, Coring, and Mangrove Test Planting, Bodo, Eastern Niger Delta, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ogonnaya I. Iroakasi ◽  
Erich R. Gundlach ◽  
Kabari G. Visigah ◽  
Matthijs Bonte ◽  
Ferdinand D. Giadom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Niger Delta ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Surface Sediments ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
First Year ◽  
Sampling Program ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Water Saturated ◽  
Oil Penetration ◽  
Very High

Abstract The Shoreline Cleanup Assessment Technique (SCAT) was effectively applied from 2015 to 2019 during the first stage (Phase 1) of assessment and cleanup of 1000 ha (2471 acres) of intertidal dead mangroves and oiled shorelines in Bodo, Eastern Niger Delta. New SCAT methods and Phase 1 cleanup criteria were developed to delineate oil levels very soft intertidal mud and to monitor clean up efforts. The end goal of Phase 1 was to reduce subsurface oiling less than 35% as visually observed on the water infilling a pit 25–40 cm deep. Oiling levels and cleanup status were documented at 1065 locations with heaviest oil concentrations found in soft muds lining the intertidal channels (2 m tide range). A large-scale chemical sampling program provided contemporaneous pit observations and measured hydrocarbons at 0–5 cm and 15–25 cm depths at 322 sites. There was poor conformance between hydrocarbon analyses and SCAT observations for surface sediments, but better conformance with subsurface chemistry as black and / or brown oil was clearly visible in the pits. Results of SCAT observations and chemical sampling show very high variations throughout the spill affected area and over short distances (5–10 m). A coring study at 30 sites to 2–3 m depths with chemical sampling indicated that oiling is primarily restricted to the upper 40 cm due to water saturated compact deeper sediments inhibiting oil penetration with depth. Lastly, SCAT developed and monitored a mangrove planting program. In spite of high oil levels (TPH over 40,000 at 6 of 7 sites), results from the first year show plant survival at 82% with 46% height growth of the surviving plants. The SCAT Phase 1 findings enabled the definition of the wider scope for remediation and revegetation of the former mangrove areas and will run through the life-cycle of the clean-up project. However, re-pollution remains a challenge to be managed to achieve success.

scholarly journals Improved definition of gas sand using elastic impedance attribute on an avo data over an x field, Nigerian Niger delta

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 104
Author(s):  
Ohakwere-Eze M.C ◽  
Igboekwe M. U. ◽  
Chukwu G.U
Keyword(s):  
Niger Delta ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Angle Of Incidence ◽  
Gas Reservoirs ◽  
Geophysical Interpretation ◽  
Average Porosity ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Elastic Impedance ◽  
Very High ◽  
Total Resistivity

Elastic impedance (EI) inversion is considered one of the newest methods being used today in geophysical interpretation. Preliminary interpretation carried on the well logs revealed a hydrocarbon bearing sand from 8780 to 8900 ft. The average porosity value is 39% which suggest good porosity values for oil and excellent for gas reservoirs. The matched total resistivity values are likewise very high at about 90 Ωm with a very low density at that depth. The logs were modelled by creating the EI near and EI far logs from the input Vp, Vs and density logs at a defined angle of incidence of 2.5 for near angle and 45.0 for far angle. The EI Far log is lower than the EI Near log in the interpreted depth but higher in the rest of the log. This is further revealed in the crossplot showing the mapped gas sand at depth between 8780 and 8900ft. Two Range limited stack were created from the seismic gathers with the first/near offset stack at 64m and second/far offset stack at 196m. From each stack, a model each was created to get the near EI model and far EI model respectively from which inversion was done to generate the near and far inversion results. There is an improved definition of the gas sand on the far angle inversion with a stronger contrast represented by low values at the mapped seismic time window which corresponds to the mapped gas sand at same depth. This was further revealed on the crossplot. Inserting the crossplot on the near-Inversion volume with the mapped zone, the visible top of gas on the zone of interest was noticed. This zone confirmed where the elastic impedance at far-offsets is lower than the elastic impedance at near-offsets moreover agreed with the Elastic Impedance results on the logs. The Elastic Impedance attribute and its inversion technique has shown it is a strong and suitable tool in exploitation of gas zones as it has optimized the area of the gas zone approved by well logging process.  

CONCEPT OF THE IMPROVEMENT OF A KEY PUBLIC SPACE (USING THE EXAMPLE OF «ALLEY OF ARCHITECTS», VORONEZH)

2020 ◽  
pp. 97-109
Author(s):  
С. Л. Подвальный ◽  
О. А. Сотникова ◽  
Я. А. Золотухина
Keyword(s):  
Urban Environment ◽  
Public Space ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Ecological Condition ◽  
Territory Design ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The City ◽  
Modern Technologies ◽  
Intensive Growth

Постановка задачи. В настоящее время формирование современной комфортной городской среды приобретает особое социально-экономическое значение и выдвигается в число приоритетных государственных масштабных программ. В связи с этим необходимо разработать концепцию благоустройства ключевого общественного пространства, а именно: определить основные и сопутствующие функции данной территории, создать эскизное предложение проекта благоустройства с учетом всех необходимых норм и стандартов, внедрить современные технологии. Результаты. Выполнен эскизный дизайн-проект «Аллеи архитекторов» по ул. Орджоникидзе г. Воронеж, включающий в себя основные элементы по зонированию территории, проектированию акцентных объектов и внедрению инновационных технологий «умного города», позволяющих повысить уровень комфорта горожан. Выводы. Благоустройство населенных мест приобретает особое значение в условиях дискомфорта среды. С выполнением комплекса мероприятий, направленных на благоустройство, и с внедрением современных технологий значительно улучшается экологическое состояние, внешний облик города. Оздоровление и модернизация среды, которая окружает человека в городе, благотворно влияет на психофизическое состояние, что особенно важно в период интенсивного роста городов. Statement of the problem. Currently the formation of the modern comfortable urban environment is gaining a special social and economic value and moving forward in the priorities of state large-scale programs. The purpose of development of the concept of improvement of public space is definition of the main and accompanying functions of this territory, design of the outline offer of the project of improvement considering all necessary norms and standards and implementation of modern technologies. Results. The conceptual project of “Alley of Architects” includes the basic elements of territory zoning, design of accent objects and implementation of technologies of a “smart-city”. These elements allow one to increase the level of comfort of inhabitants. Conclusions. Improvement of the inhabited places is of particular importance in the conditions of discomfort of the environment. Carrying out a complex of the actions directed to gardening and improvement, introducing modern technologies, the ecological condition, the physical appearance of the city considerably improves. Improvement and modernization of the environment which surrounds the person in the city influences a psychophysical state well that especially important during intensive growth of the cities.

Bottlenecks in the Implementation of On-Site Wastewater Treatment Plants on a Large Scale in The Netherlands

1990 ◽  
Vol 22 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 291-298
Author(s):  
Frits A. Fastenau ◽  
Jaap H. J. M. van der Graaf ◽  
Gerard Martijnse
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Housing Stock ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Definition Of

More than 95 % of the total housing stock in the Netherlands is connected to central sewerage systems and in most cases the wastewater is treated biologically. As connection to central sewerage systems has reached its economic limits, interest in on-site treatment of the domestic wastewater of the remaining premises is increasing. A large scale research programme into on-site wastewater treatment up to population equivalents of 200 persons has therefore been initiated by the Dutch Ministry of Housing, Physical Planning and Environment. Intensive field-research work did establish that the technological features of most on-site biological treatment systems were satisfactory. A large scale implementation of these systems is however obstructed in different extents by problems of an organisational, financial and/or juridical nature and management difficulties. At present research is carried out to identify these bottlenecks and to analyse possible solutions. Some preliminary results are given which involve the following ‘bottlenecks':-legislation: absence of co-ordination and absence of a definition of ‘surface water';-absence of subsidies;-ownership: divisions in task-setting of Municipalities and Waterboards; divisions involved with cost-sharing;-inspection; operational control and maintenance; organisation of management;-discharge permits;-pollution levy;-sludge disposal. Final decisions and practical elaboration of policies towards on-site treatment will have to be formulated in a broad discussion with all the authorities and interest groups involved.

Random graphs

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Newman
Keyword(s):  
Random Graph ◽  
Random Graphs ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Random Network ◽  
Graph Model ◽  
Clustering Coefficient ◽  
Giant Component ◽  
Random Graph Model ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Average Size

An introduction to the mathematics of the Poisson random graph, the simplest model of a random network. The chapter starts with a definition of the model, followed by derivations of basic properties like the mean degree, degree distribution, and clustering coefficient. This is followed with a detailed derivation of the large-scale structural properties of random graphs, including the position of the phase transition at which a giant component appears, the size of the giant component, the average size of the small components, and the expected diameter of the network. The chapter ends with a discussion of some of the shortcomings of the random graph model.

Research on Hyperpaths in the Urban Rail Transit Network

2014 ◽  
Vol 488-489 ◽  
pp. 1439-1443
Author(s):  
Jin Hai Li ◽  
Jian Feng Liu
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Urban Rail Transit ◽  
Rail Transit ◽  
Transit Network ◽  
Travel Costs ◽  
Urban Rail ◽  
Distinctive Structure ◽  
Feasible Path ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Urban Rail Transit Network

Hyperpaths enumeration is one of the basic procedures in many traffic planning issues. As a result of its distinctive structure, hyperpaths in Urban Rail Transit Network (URTN) are different from those in road network. Typically, one may never visit a station more than once and would never transfer from one line to another that has been visited in a loopless URTN, meaning that stations a hyperpath traversed cannot be repeated, neither do lines in loopless networks. This paper studies the relationships between feasible path and the shortest path in terms of travel costs. In this paper, a new definition of hyperpath in URTN is proposed and a new algorithm based on the breadth first searching (BFS) method is presented to enumerate the hyperpaths. The algorithm can safely avoid hyperpath omission and can even be applied in networks containing loops as well. The influence of parameters on hyperpaths is studied by experimentally finding hyperpaths in the subway network in Beijing. A group of suggested parameter pairs are then given. Finally, a numerical experiment is used to illustrate the validity of the proposed algorithm. The results imply the significance of the convergence of the BFS algorithm which can be used to search hyperpaths in large scale URTN even with loop.

scholarly journals Characteristics of Models of Farms in the European Union

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 4772
Author(s):  
Hanna Klikocka ◽  
Aneta Zakrzewska ◽  
Piotr Chojnacki
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Minimum Wage ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Family Farms ◽  
Agricultural Income ◽  
Commercial Farms ◽  
Standard Output ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Eu

The article describes and sets the definition of different farm models under the categories of being family, small, and large-scale commercial farms. The distinction was based on the structure of the workforce and the relationship between agricultural income and the minimum wage. Family farms were dominated by the farming family providing the labour and their income per capita exceeded the net minimum wage in the country. The larger commercial farms feature a predominance of hired labour. Based on surveys, it was found that in 2016 in the EU-28 there were 10,467,000 farms (EU-13—57.3%, EU-15—42.7%). They carried out agricultural activities on an area of 173,338,000 ha (EU-13—28.5%, EU-15—71.5%). Countries of the EU-28 generated a standard output (SO) amounting to EUR 364,118,827,100 (EU-13—17.2% and EU-15—82.8%). After the delimitation, it was shown that small farming (70.8%) was the predominant form of management in the European Union (EU-13—88.2% and EU-15—79.8%) compared to family farming (18.4%) (EU-13—10.5% and EU-15—29%). In most EU countries the largest share of land resources pertains to small farms (35.6%) and family farms (38.6%) (UAA—utilised agricultural area of farms).

scholarly journals Shell-crossing in a ΛCDM Universe

2020 ◽  
Vol 501 (1) ◽  
pp. L71-L75
Author(s):  
Cornelius Rampf ◽  
Oliver Hahn
Keyword(s):  
Dark Matter ◽  
Perturbation Theory ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cold Dark Matter ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Random Initial Data ◽  
Recursion Relations ◽  
Indispensable Tool ◽  
First Time ◽  
Very High

ABSTRACT Perturbation theory is an indispensable tool for studying the cosmic large-scale structure, and establishing its limits is therefore of utmost importance. One crucial limitation of perturbation theory is shell-crossing, which is the instance when cold-dark-matter trajectories intersect for the first time. We investigate Lagrangian perturbation theory (LPT) at very high orders in the vicinity of the first shell-crossing for random initial data in a realistic three-dimensional Universe. For this, we have numerically implemented the all-order recursion relations for the matter trajectories, from which the convergence of the LPT series at shell-crossing is established. Convergence studies performed at large orders reveal the nature of the convergence-limiting singularities. These singularities are not the well-known density singularities at shell-crossing but occur at later times when LPT already ceased to provide physically meaningful results.

scholarly journals Assessing Annual Actual Evapotranspiration Based on Climate, Topography and Soil in Natural and Agricultural Ecosystems

Climate ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Kleoniki Demertzi ◽  
Vassilios Pisinaras ◽  
Emanuel Lekakis ◽  
Evangelos Tziritis ◽  
Konstantinos Babakos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Hydrological Model ◽  
Actual Evapotranspiration ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Loading Effects ◽  
Very High ◽  
Of Greece

Simple formulas for estimating annual actual evapotranspiration (AET) based on annual climate data are widely used in large scale applications. Such formulas do not have distinct compartments related to topography, soil and irrigation, and for this reason may be limited in basins with high slopes, where runoff is the dominant water balance component, and in basins where irrigated agriculture is dominant. Thus, a simplistic method for assessing AET in both natural ecosystems and agricultural systems considering the aforementioned elements is proposed in this study. The method solves AET through water balance based on a set of formulas that estimate runoff and percolation. These formulas are calibrated by the results of the deterministic hydrological model GLEAMS (Groundwater Loading Effects of Agricultural Management Systems) for a reference surface. The proposed methodology is applied to the country of Greece and compared with the widely used climate-based methods of Oldekop, Coutagne and Turk. The results show that the proposed methodology agrees very well with the method of Turk for the lowland regions but presents significant differences in places where runoff is expected to be very high (sloppy areas and areas of high rainfall, especially during December–February), suggesting that the proposed method performs better due to its runoff compartment. The method can also be applied in a single application considering irrigation only for the irrigated lands to more accurately estimate AET in basins with a high percentage of irrigated agriculture.

scholarly journals Development of Efficient and Selective Processes for the Synthesis of Commercially Important Chlorinated Phenols

Organics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 142-160
Author(s):  
Keith Smith ◽  
Gamal A. El-Hiti
Keyword(s):  
Lewis Acid ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Commercial Application ◽  
Chlorinated Phenols ◽  
Sulphur Compounds ◽  
Inorganic Solids ◽  
Solvent Free Conditions ◽  
Commercially Important ◽  
Ortho Cresol ◽  
Very High

para-Selective processes for the chlorination of phenols using sulphuryl chloride in the presence of various sulphur-containing catalysts have been successfully developed. Several chlorinated phenols, especially those derived by para-chlorination of phenol, ortho-cresol, meta-cresol, and meta-xylenol, are of significant commercial importance, but chlorination reactions of such phenols are not always as regioselective as would be desirable. We, therefore, undertook the challenge of developing suitable catalysts that might promote greater regioselectivity under conditions that might still be applicable for the commercial manufacture of products on a large scale. In this review, we chart our progress in this endeavour from early studies involving inorganic solids as potential catalysts, through the use of simple dialkyl sulphides, which were effective but unsuitable for commercial application, and through a variety of other types of sulphur compounds, to the eventual identification of particular poly(alkylene sulphide)s as very useful catalysts. When used in conjunction with a Lewis acid such as aluminium or ferric chloride as an activator, and with sulphuryl chloride as the reagent, quantitative yields of chlorophenols can be obtained with very high regioselectivity in the presence of tiny amounts of the polymeric sulphides, usually in solvent-free conditions (unless the phenol starting material is solid at temperatures even above about 50 °C). Notably, poly(alkylene sulphide)s containing longer spacer groups are particularly para-selective in the chlorination of m-cresol and m-xylenol, while, ones with shorter spacers are particularly para-selective in the chlorination of phenol, 2-chlorophenol, and o-cresol. Such chlorination processes result in some of the highest para/ortho ratios reported for the chlorination of phenols.

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