scholarly journals Assessment of Physicochemical and Microbiological Characteristics of Water Samples of Okomu National Park, Edo State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 7-17
Author(s):  
A. O. Omonona ◽  
A. T. Adetuga ◽  
T. V. Solotan
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
National Park ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Permissible Limit ◽  
Grab Sampling ◽  
Microbiological Characteristics ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Edo State

Water is very crucial for the survival and maintenance of most living organisms. The quality of water available for plant, animal or human use cannot therefore be compromised. This study therefore examined the physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of water samples in Okomu National Park, Edo State, Nigeria. Water samples were collected from four waterholes (three rivers and one stream) for two seasons (dry and wet) using grab sampling technique. These water samples were analysed for physicochemical [temperature, pH, total dissolved solid, electrical conductivity, total suspended solids, dissolved oxygen (DO), nitrate, chloride, phosphate, sulphate, biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD)] and microbiological (total coliform and fungal counts) analyses using standard methods. Data collected were subjected to descriptive statistics and T-test at α0.05 and compared with WHO permissible limits. The result showed that the mean COD (both seasons) and BOD (dry season) were above the comparable WHO permissible limit while there was no significant difference in the values of all the physicochemical parameters across the seasons of sampling. Salmonella / Shigella and Staphylococcus aureus were observed to be absent while the total coliform and fungi counts were observed to be higher than the WHO permissible limit for drinking water. The detection of Escherichia coli in the water samples (except Arakhuan stream) is an indication of faecal contamination either of animal or human origin. There was significant difference in total heterotrophic bacteria (t=-4.936) and total coliform counts (t=-2.417) in the waters sampled. Constant monitoring of the waterholes and intensified sensitization of the surrounding communities on ecosystem conservation is needed to protect the park’s ecosystems.

scholarly journals Physicochemistry and Heavy Metal Characteristics of Waste Products from Abattoir Activities in Port Harcourt, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Azuonwu, Testimonies Chikanka ◽  
David N. Ogbonna ◽  
John Onwuteaka
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Aquatic Life ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Faecal Matter ◽  
Port Harcourt ◽  
Service Water ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Wastewater Samples

The upsurge of abattoir operations as a result of the rise in demand for meat protein has led to a corresponding increase in waste generation. These wastes are often channelled into nearby streams with little or no treatment which exposes aquatic organisms to the resultant consequences of this waste deposition. This study was thus aimed at determining the physicochemical quality of some abattoir samples in Port Harcourt city. Soil, faecal matter, wastewater, waste blood and service water samples from the Iwofe, Rumuodomaya and Trans-Amadi abattoirs were collected within a  period of one year and the pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), sulphate, chloride, temperature, nitrate, ammonia and heavy metals quantities including chromium, lead, zinc, cobalt, copper and cadmium were determined using standard techniques. The study recorded high BOD5 and COD values from the blood, faecal matter, soil and wastewater samples while service water samples had values within the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality limits. Seasonal variations in the physicochemical parameters of the samples collected both in the wet and dry seasons were observed. The pH values ranged from 6.2-8.5, BOD5 of blood, faecal matter soil and wastewater ranged from 2124-4349 mg/l while the COD ranged from 2715-8820 mg/l. In Rumuodomaya, the BOD5 and COD ranged from 2276-2727 mg/l and 2583-3245 mg/l respectively while samples from Trans-Amadi abattoir had values for BOD5 and COD ranging from 2253-4330 mg/l and 2931-4597 mg/l, respectively. Nitrate, chromium, cadmium, zinc, cobalt, lead and copper contents in the different locations varied statistically at α-0.05 while no significant difference was observed for pH, ammonia, temperature, COD, BOD5, sulphate and chloride contents at α=0.05. The BOD5 and COD of waste blood, wastewater, soil and faecal matter recorded values that were above permissible limits for service water and therefore raises concern for the aquatic life being threatened by these effluents as the amount of dissolved oxygen available for them will be reduced as a pollution of the immediate environment, if these generated wastes are not treated before disposal.    

scholarly journals Seasonal Dynamics of the Microbial and Physicochemical Characteristics of Streams and Boreholes in Uzuakoli, Eastern Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Okezie Onyemaechi ◽  
Nwachukwu Ejikeme
Keyword(s):  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Physicochemical Parameters ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Enterobacter Aerogenes ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Potassium Nitrate ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Dry And Rainy Seasons

Water samples from twenty water sources (fifteen boreholes and five streams) in Uzuakoli, Nigeria were collected for the period of 6 months covering the dry and rainy seasons to assess the level of contamination. The Microbiological characteristics including heterotrophic counts, coliform counts and physicochemical parameters includes pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, calcium, potassium, nitrate, magnesium and phosphate were evaluated using standard methods. The total Heterotrophic counts for the borehole during the dry and rainy season were 8.3 x 103 cfu/ ml and 10.8 x 104 cfu/ ml. The Heterotrophic counts for the stream were 12.7 x 104 cfu/ ml and 17.8x 106 cfu/ ml. The frequency of occurrence of the isolates are Staphylococcus aureus 63% in borehole and 85% in streams, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 49% in boreholes and 95% in streams, Proteus sp 52% in boreholes and 97% in streams, Streptococcus sp 46% in boreholes and 53% in streams, Enterobacter aerogenes 33% in boreholes and 63% in streams, Escherichia coli 16% in boreholes and 53% in streams and Salmonella sp no percentage in boreholes and 40% in streams. The result shows a significant difference at (P≤0.05) for the bacterial isolates. The physicochemical parameters of the borehole and stream water samples during the dry and rainy seasons were determined. The temperature ranged from 25oC 32oC; pH ranged from 5.3 8.1; turbidity ranged 0.03 3.23; dissolved oxygen ranged from 3.45–7.40mg/l; biochemical oxygen demand ranged from 1.20–4.32mg/l; chemical oxygen demand ranged from 2.50–5.21mg/l; Calcium ranged from 0.81–5.64mg/l; potassium ranged from 1.01–4.22mg/l; Nitrate ranged from 1.49–4.02mg/l; magnesium ranged from 0.13–2.20mg/l; phosphate ranged from 0.51–2.01mg/l. The water samples were all within the WHO limits apart from sample from Iyi Agbozu that had temperature of 32oC.

Microbiological water and effluent sample preservation

1980 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 921-929 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Dutka ◽  
A. El-Shaarawi
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Storage Temperature ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Microbiological Analyses ◽  
Crushed Ice ◽  
Original Water

A study, using four types of water samples ranging from relatively pure stream water to water containing industrial and domestic effluents, was carried out to investigate the effect of storage temperature on four bacterial parameters: total coliform, fecal coliform, fecal streptococcus, and heterotrophic bacteria. In the study, each water sample was cooled immediately after collection to approximately 1.5 °C by storage in crushed ice. At 2-, 24-, 30-, and 48-h intervals, the sample was mixed, and a subsample was removed and tested. Three separate analyses for each parameter were made on each subsample. The data available for statistical analyses contained, in some cases, the values obtained for the three subsamples and, in others, the means of the three values. The data were analysed as replicated data and as part of the entire set. The analysed data indicated (i) that with the exception of heterotrophic populations, more than 75% of the samples were microbiologically stable for at least 24 h, (ii) that at least 50% of samples tested for heterotrophic densities were stable for a minimum period of 24 h, (iii) that the original water temperature and bacterial load do not appear to be consistent factors in the preservation of samples for microbiological analysis, and (iv) that nutrient levels, also, do not seem to be consistent factors in the preservation of water samples for microbiological analyses.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Physicochemical Parameters and Microbiological Quality of Water Samples Obtained from Mbiaso River and Enang Stream in Ikot Ekpene Metropolis

2021 ◽  
pp. 18-27
Author(s):  
Ekanem, Jonathan Okokon ◽  
Akpan, Nyaknoabasi Ime ◽  
Zorbari, Glory Msubaritoma
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Physicochemical Parameters ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Coliform Count ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Sampling Points ◽  
Who Standards

The physicochemical, microbiological and heavy metal studies of water samples obtained from Mbiaso River and Enang Stream were investigated. Water samples were collected from two locations with two sampling points from each location along the course of the water body based on their use by the community and analysed using standard procedures. The results obtained were compared with WHO standards for drinking and recreational water. Aside titratable acidity, titratable alkalinity and BOD, all other physicochemical parameters were within the permissible standards. All the heavy metals concentrations were above the permissible limits except for Lead (Pb) that ranged between 0.01mg/l to 0.05 mg/l for all the sampling points. All the water samples were found to harbor coliforms organisms in numbers greater than the required WHO standards for water except for Enang river that lacked the presence of Vibrio spp. The total viable counts for all the water samples were generally high exceeding the standard limit of 1.0 x 102 cfu/ml for water. The total heterotrophic bacteria count, total coliform count, faecal coliform count and total fungal count ranged between 1.9x104 - 52x104 cfu/ml, 2.3x104 -38 x104 cfu/ml, 1.7x104 - 30x104 cfu/ml and 2.5x104 - 5.3x104 cfu/ml respectively. The total salmonella-shigella counts and total staphylococcus counts were in the range of 0.2 x102-0.4 x102 cfu/ml and 0.3 x102 -0.6 x104 cfu/ml respectively. From the study, it is suggested that some regulations measures be put in place to control pollution of the water while the water be properly treated before use for domestic, potable or recreational purposes.

scholarly journals Bacteriological quality of water in private wells and boreholes in Makurdi Metropolis, Benue State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Adi Agyo ◽  
Raph Agbo Ofukwu ◽  
Anthony Ekle J. Okoh ◽  
Charity A. Agada
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
World Health ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Coliform Count ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Private Wells

Aim: This study aimed at examined the presence of coliform bacteria in private wells and boreholes (BH) in peri-urban areas of Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria, using the approaches of most probable number (MPN) index and coliform count. Materials and Methods: Seven hundred and sixty-eight water samples were randomly collected during a 1-year period from non-cased wells, burn brick cased wells (BBW), concrete cased wells, and BH in four locations; A, B, C, and D during the wet and dry seasons. One liter of water was obtained from each well at every visit to the four sites, and eight water samples were collected from each visit. The samples were analyzed using multiple tube fermentation methods and pour plate techniques to determine the MPN of coliform/100 ml of water, reading from the MPN statistics table. Results: One-way analysis of variance statistics was applied using Duncan's new multiple range test to separate the means where there was a significant difference. The result revealed that the MPN index and total coliform counts in all the wells in the locations were above the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limit for potable water. The highest MPN index of 54.807 was recorded in Location A and followed by 42.679 in Location B. The MPN index in Locations C and D was 36.740 and 30.943, respectively. There was significantly (p=0.000) higher total coliform count in the wet season (41.48±7.09) than in the dry season (38.33±2.83). Conclusion: This study shows the presence of coliform bacteria isolates in all the wells and BH that exceeded the WHO permissible limits for drinking water. The water from these sources is unsafe for drinking except after dosing with appropriate germicides. Sensitization of the population on the actions they can take to make the water safe for domestic use is suggested.

scholarly journals Analisis Pencemaran Kromium (VI) berdasarkan Kadar Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) pada Hulu Sungai Citarum di Kecamatan Majalaya Kabupaten Bandung Provinsi Jawa Barat 2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 144-151
Author(s):  
Arif Sumantri ◽  
Rifqi Zakiya Rahmani
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Grab Sampling ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
River Waters ◽  
Chromium Vi ◽  
Sample Testing

Latar Belakang: Limbah industri tekstil menghasilkan limbah logam berat kromium (VI)) untuk digunakan dalam proses produksi. Kromium (VI) yang masuk ke dalam air bisa menjadi masalah kesehatan baik jangka pendek maupun panjang. Salah satu wilayah industri yang banyak berkembang terdapat di sektor hulu Sungai Citarum terdapat di Kecamatan Majalaya, Kabupaten Bandung sebagai kawasan zona industri.Terdapat sekitar 1500 industri dengan potensi jumlah limbah yang dibuang mencapai 2.800 ton per hari  yang sekaligus sebagai sumber pencemaran paling dominan.Metode: Instrumen penelitian ini adalah observasi dan pengujian sampel di laboratorium.Sampel diambil selama 3 hari berturut-turut di 7 stasiun di setiap lokasi. Variabel yang diuji yaitu, kromium (VI), COD, DO, dan pH. Metode pengambilan yang digunakan adalah grab sampel dengan teknik purposive sampling. Waktu untuk mengambil sampel air dilakukan pada malam hari. Sampel air diawetkan dengan cara pengasaman dan pendinginan sesuai dengan SNI 6989.57: 2008. Hasil penelitian ini dianalisis dengan membandingkan dengan Peraturan Pemerintah No.82 Tahun 2001.Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukan konsentrasi kromium (VI)di stasiun A1 adalah 0,042 mg/l, stasiun A2 0,44 mg/l, di stasiun A3 adalah 0,075 mg/l dan stasiun A4 adalah 0,093 mg/l. Selain itu, di stasiun B1, B2, dan B3 konsentrasi di bawah 0,04 mg/l (batas alat minimum). Kadar kromium (VI) A3 dan A4 tidak memenuhi persyaratan menurut PP No.82 tahun 2001 standar kualitas kromium (VI)di badan air kelas II adalah 0,05 mg/l.Simpulan: Air Sungai Citarum di Kabupaten Majalaya telah tercemar oleh kromium (VI). Dari hasil, kromium (VI)telah melebihi perairan sungai dari stasiun A3 dan A4 dengan kadar 0,075 mg/l dan 0,093 mg/l. ABSTRACTTitle: Analysis of Chromium IV pollution based on Chemical Oxygen Demand at Citarum River, Majalaya District, Bandung Regency, West JavaBackground: Textile industrial waste produces heavy metal waste chromium (VI) for use in the production process. Chromium (VI) that gets into water can be a health problem both in the short and long term. One of the most developed industrial areas is in the upstream sector of the Citarum River in Majalaya District, Bandung Regency as an industrial zone. There are around 1500 industries with the potential for the amount of waste disposed of up to 2,800 tons per day which is also the most dominant source of pollution.Methods: The research instrument was observation and sample testing in the laboratory. Samples were taken for 3 consecutive days at 7 stations in each location. The variables tested were chromium (VI), COD, DO, and pH. The method used is grab sampling with purposive sampling technique. Time to take water samples is done at night. The water samples were preserved by means of acidification (HNO3 and H2SO4) and cooling according to SNI 6989.57: 2008. The results of this study were analyzed by comparing with PP No.82 of 2001.Results: The results showed that the chromium (VI) concentration at station A1 was 0.042 mg / l, station A2 was 0.44 mg / l, at station A3 was 0.075 mg / l and station A4 was 0.093 mg / l. In addition, at stations B1, B2, and B3 the concentration was below 0.04 mg / l (minimum equipment limit). Chromium (VI) A3 and A4 levels do not meet the requirements according to PP No. 82 of 2001 the quality standard for chromium (VI) in class II water bodies is 0.05 mg / l.Conclusion: Citarum River water in Majalaya Regency has been polluted by chromium (VI). From the results, chromium (VI) has exceeded the river waters of stations A3 and A4 with levels of 0.075 mg / l and 0.093 mg / l. 

scholarly journals Influence of discharged industrial effluents on the parameters of surface water in Onitsha urban area, southeastern Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 136-142
Author(s):  
Michael C. Obeta ◽  
Uchenna P. Okafor ◽  
Cletus F. Nwankwo
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
World Health ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Southeastern Nigeria ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
Microbiological Characteristics

Abstract Chemical industries in Onitsha urban area of southeastern Nigeria have been discharging large quantities of effluents into surface streams. These streams are the primary sources of water used by poor households for domestic purposes. This study examines the effects of effluents on the physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of the recipient streams. This objective was achieved by collecting eight effluents and twenty-two water samples from control points, discharge locations and exit chutes of the effluents for analysis. The results of the study characterised the effluents and their effects on the recipient streams. The effluents cause gross pollution of the streams as most of the parameters including pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity, biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), Mg, NO3, Fe, Cu, Pb, Cr, total heterotrophic count (THC) and total coliform group (TCG) returned high values that exceeded the World Health Organisation’s (WHO) benchmark from 2011 for drinking water quality. Only dissolved oxygen (DO), Na, Zn, Ca, and Na returned values lower than the WHO guideline. E. coli was found in all the samples; TCG was also high. This paper, therefore, recommends that the effluent generating industries should treat their effluents before disposal.

scholarly journals Effects of Chronic Use of Herbicides on Soil Physicochemical and Microbiological Characteristics

2020 ◽  
pp. 9-19
Author(s):  
L. E. Tudararo-Aherobo ◽  
T. L. Ataikiru
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Total Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Nitrate Content ◽  
Microbial Counts ◽  
Microbiological Characteristics ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Farm Soils

Introduction: Herbicide application is a vital strategy of weed control. The effects of these chemicals on the non-target soil microorganisms are very intense; have adverse impact on physicochemical parameters of the soil, which in turn affect soil fertility and plant growth. Research Gap: There are insufficient literatures on extensive monitoring of the effects of prolonged herbicides use. Existing literatures concerning analysis of effect of prolonged herbicides application on soil are not comprehensive with respect to number of soil characteristics analyzed. Aim: This study assessed the effects of Atrazine and Glyphosate on physicochemical properties and microbial population of carrot and maize farm soils, exposed to prolonged use at Songhai Delta. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in Songhai Delta farms and the Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, Federal University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun, from April to July, 2019. Methodology: These pesticides were applied according to the manufacturers’ instructions at sublethal concentrations. Their effects on soil pH, cation exchange capacity, total organic carbon, nitrates, phosphates, sulphates and microbial populations at two depths (0-15 and 15-30 cm) were assessed using standard methods. Microbial counts were carried out for total heterotrophic bacteria and fungi using the pour plate method. Results: There were variations in the different properties of the carrot and maize farm soils. Soil pH was higher in maize farm (5.91±0.10) than in carrot farm (5.88±0.06) at the depth of 15-30 cm. The pH, total organic carbon, nitrate content had no significant difference while phosphate and microbial counts were significantly different at P=.05. Conclusion: This assessment has shown that the herbicides had no influence on pH, total organic carbon, nitrate but a negative one on bacterial and fungal populations with prolonged use. A modification in physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of soil could be used to predict the fertility and health status of soils.

scholarly journals Investigations on Bacteriological Quality of Tap Water Sources within the University of Port Harcourt

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
H. O. Stanley ◽  
C. J. Ugboma ◽  
P. C. Uzoaru
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Filtration Method ◽  
Port Harcourt ◽  
The University

In this study, the sanitary quality of tap water sources within the University of Port Harcourt was investigated in order to determine its suitability for drinking and other domestic applications. Eight composite samples of tap water were collected from Eight different locations within the three campuses of the University of Port Harcourt using 300 ml-capacity sterile containers. These locations included NDDC Hostel, Sports Hostel, Medical Hostel, NUH Hostel, Dan Etete Hostel, Delta A Hostel, Delta B Hostel and Choba Campus. After collection, water samples were taken to the laboratory for enumeration and identification of Total heterotrophic bacteria (THB), Total coliform (TC) and Faecal coliform (FC) using the membrane filtration method. Result showed that the average THB, TC and FC counts recorded in the tap water samples across the eight locations ranged from 12.4 CFU to 36.7 CFU, 4.3 CFU to 10.1 CFU and 2.8 CFU to 5.2 CFU per 100ml respectively. Bacterial isolates were identified as probably belonging to genera such as Bacillus spp., Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp., Staphylococcus spp., Proteus spp., Citrobacter spp., Serratia spp. and Escherichia spp., respectively. Samples from Delta B hostel and Choba campus recorded the lowest and highest THB, TC and FC counts respectively. According to WHO standard, the result of THB, TC and FC counts indicated that the tap water in all eight locations were above the limit acceptable for drinking but within acceptable limit for other domestic use such as bathing and washing.

scholarly journals Bacteriological Quality of Groundwater in Imiringi Town, Bayelsa State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 34-40
Author(s):  
Enetimi Idah Seiyaboh ◽  
Felix Okponanabofa Youkparigha ◽  
Sylvester Chibueze Izah ◽  
Ikpilavi Deborah Daniels
Keyword(s):  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
World Health ◽  
Aeromonas Species ◽  
Public Health Importance ◽  
Klebsiella Species ◽  
Allowable Limit ◽  
Bacteriological Quality ◽  
Significant Difference

This study evaluated the bacteriological quality of groundwater from Imiringi in Ogbia Local government area of Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Groundwater samples were obtained in triplicates from four locations in the study area and analyzed for the bacteria quality using standard protocols. Results showed that the microbial density ranged from 2.97 – 6.03 x 104 cfu/ml (for total heterotrophic bacteria counts), 4.17 – 5.43 x 102 cfu/ml (for Enterobacteriaceae bacteria counts) and 0.00 – 1.48 x 102 cfu/ml (for Salmonella-Shigella counts). Statistically, there was no significant difference (p>0.05) across the various locations for each of the parameters. The density observed were higher than the allowable limit of 1.0 x 102 cfu/ml for drinking water as recommended by World Health Organization/Food and Agricultural Organization, and maximum permissible level of 10cfu/ml for total coliform as specified by Standard Organization of Nigeria. The prevalence of bacteria isolated in the water samples were Aeromonas species (8.00%), Citrobacter species (7.50%), Escherichiacoli (20.75%), Klebsiella species (5.50%), Pseudomonas species (12.00%), Salmonella species (2.25%), Shigella species (3.25%) and Staphylococcus species (40.75%). From the bacteria density and diversity, the water is not potable. Some of the bacterial found are of public health importance. Hence, there is a need to adequately treat the water using chlorination and boiling techniques before drinking.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document