scholarly journals Effects of Chronic Use of Herbicides on Soil Physicochemical and Microbiological Characteristics

2020 ◽  
pp. 9-19
Author(s):  
L. E. Tudararo-Aherobo ◽  
T. L. Ataikiru
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Total Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Nitrate Content ◽  
Microbial Counts ◽  
Microbiological Characteristics ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Farm Soils

Introduction: Herbicide application is a vital strategy of weed control. The effects of these chemicals on the non-target soil microorganisms are very intense; have adverse impact on physicochemical parameters of the soil, which in turn affect soil fertility and plant growth. Research Gap: There are insufficient literatures on extensive monitoring of the effects of prolonged herbicides use. Existing literatures concerning analysis of effect of prolonged herbicides application on soil are not comprehensive with respect to number of soil characteristics analyzed. Aim: This study assessed the effects of Atrazine and Glyphosate on physicochemical properties and microbial population of carrot and maize farm soils, exposed to prolonged use at Songhai Delta. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in Songhai Delta farms and the Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, Federal University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun, from April to July, 2019. Methodology: These pesticides were applied according to the manufacturers’ instructions at sublethal concentrations. Their effects on soil pH, cation exchange capacity, total organic carbon, nitrates, phosphates, sulphates and microbial populations at two depths (0-15 and 15-30 cm) were assessed using standard methods. Microbial counts were carried out for total heterotrophic bacteria and fungi using the pour plate method. Results: There were variations in the different properties of the carrot and maize farm soils. Soil pH was higher in maize farm (5.91±0.10) than in carrot farm (5.88±0.06) at the depth of 15-30 cm. The pH, total organic carbon, nitrate content had no significant difference while phosphate and microbial counts were significantly different at P=.05. Conclusion: This assessment has shown that the herbicides had no influence on pH, total organic carbon, nitrate but a negative one on bacterial and fungal populations with prolonged use. A modification in physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of soil could be used to predict the fertility and health status of soils.

scholarly journals Total Organic Carbon Assessment in Soils Cultivated with Agave tequilana Weber in Jalisco, Mexico

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 208
Author(s):  
Celia De La Mora-Orozco ◽  
José G. Flores-Garnica ◽  
Lucia M. Vega-Ramírez ◽  
Irma J. González-Acuña ◽  
Juan Nápoles-Armenta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Total Organic Carbon ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Water Saturation ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Information Criterion ◽  
Agave Tequilana ◽  
Tukey Test ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Agriculture Management

The Agave tequilana Weber is an important commercial crop in the State of Jalisco, Mexico. However, the agave cultivation generates significant soil loss. For that reason, knowledge about the implementation of the agriculture management practices, such as manure application and the combination of inorganic fertilizers and manure, are relevant. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of agricultural management practices on the total organic carbon (TOC) in the soil in three study locations: Arandas, Tepatitlán, and Acatic in the Altos Sur region of Jalisco. A random sampling was carried out in each study location, 12 samples were obtained for each location at 0–30 cm deep, and a total of 36 samples were analyzed. The evaluated parameters were the potential hydrogen (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), bulk density (BD), soil-water saturation (SWS), total nitrogen (TN), and total organic carbon (TOC). Basic statistics and correlations between parameters were generated. In addition, to estimate TOC from a multivariate analysis, models were developed based on the lowest Akaike information criterion (AIC) and of the classification and regression trees (CART). ANOVA and Tukey test were determined. Results demonstrated a significant difference in the TOC percentages between the study locations. The Tukey test showed that there is no difference in TOC content between the Tepatitlán and Arandas sites, but there is a difference between these two sites and the Acatic. The latter resulted with the lowest values of TOC. Long-term studies are recommended to develop crop management strategies.

scholarly journals Effect of Oxytetracycline and Chlortetracycline on Bacterial Community Growth in Agricultural Soils

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanesa Santás-Miguel ◽  
Manuel Arias-Estévez ◽  
Montserrat Díaz-Raviña ◽  
María José Fernández-Sanjurjo ◽  
Esperanza Álvarez-Rodríguez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Total Organic Carbon ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Leucine Incorporation ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Input Variables ◽  
Community Growth

Toxicity on soil bacterial community growth caused by the antibiotics oxytetracycline (OTC) and chlortetracycline (CTC) was studied in 22 agricultural soils after 1, 8 and 42 incubation days. The leucine incorporation method was used with this aim, estimating the concentration of each antibiotic which caused an inhibition of 50% in bacterial community growth (log IC50). For OTC, the mean log IC50 was 2.70, 2.81, 2.84 for each of the three incubation times, while the values were 2.05, 2.22 and 2.47 for CTC, meaning that the magnitude of OTC toxicity was similar over time, whereas it decreased significantly for CTC with incubation time. In addition, results showed that the toxicity on bacterial community growth due to CTC is significantly higher than when due to OTC. Moreover, the toxicity on bacterial community growth due to both antibiotics is dependent on soil properties. Specifically, an increase in soil pH and silt content resulted in higher toxicity of both antibiotics, while increases in total organic carbon and clay contents caused decreases in OTC and CTC toxicities. The results also show that OTC toxicity can be well predicted by means of specific equations, using the values of pH measured in KCl and those of effective cation exchange capacity as input variables. CTC toxicity may be predicted (but with low precision) using pH measured in KCl and total organic carbon. These equations may help to predict the negative effects caused by OTC and CTC on soil bacteria using easily measurable soil parameters.

scholarly journals Assessment of Physicochemical and Microbiological Characteristics of Water Samples of Okomu National Park, Edo State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 7-17
Author(s):  
A. O. Omonona ◽  
A. T. Adetuga ◽  
T. V. Solotan
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
National Park ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Permissible Limit ◽  
Grab Sampling ◽  
Microbiological Characteristics ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Edo State

Water is very crucial for the survival and maintenance of most living organisms. The quality of water available for plant, animal or human use cannot therefore be compromised. This study therefore examined the physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of water samples in Okomu National Park, Edo State, Nigeria. Water samples were collected from four waterholes (three rivers and one stream) for two seasons (dry and wet) using grab sampling technique. These water samples were analysed for physicochemical [temperature, pH, total dissolved solid, electrical conductivity, total suspended solids, dissolved oxygen (DO), nitrate, chloride, phosphate, sulphate, biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD)] and microbiological (total coliform and fungal counts) analyses using standard methods. Data collected were subjected to descriptive statistics and T-test at α0.05 and compared with WHO permissible limits. The result showed that the mean COD (both seasons) and BOD (dry season) were above the comparable WHO permissible limit while there was no significant difference in the values of all the physicochemical parameters across the seasons of sampling. Salmonella / Shigella and Staphylococcus aureus were observed to be absent while the total coliform and fungi counts were observed to be higher than the WHO permissible limit for drinking water. The detection of Escherichia coli in the water samples (except Arakhuan stream) is an indication of faecal contamination either of animal or human origin. There was significant difference in total heterotrophic bacteria (t=-4.936) and total coliform counts (t=-2.417) in the waters sampled. Constant monitoring of the waterholes and intensified sensitization of the surrounding communities on ecosystem conservation is needed to protect the park’s ecosystems.

scholarly journals Bacterioneuston in Lake Baikal: Abundance, Spatial and Temporal Distribution

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. 2587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnia Galachyants ◽  
Irina Tomberg ◽  
Elena Sukhanova ◽  
Yulia Shtykova ◽  
Maria Suslova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Total Organic Carbon ◽  
Lake Baikal ◽  
Direct Relationship ◽  
Bacterial Abundance ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Surface Microlayer ◽  
Suspended Particulate ◽  
Total Bacterial Abundance

An aquatic surface microlayer covers more than 70% of the world’s surface. Our knowledge about the biology of the surface microlayer of Lake Baikal, the most ancient lake on Earth with a surface area of 31,500 km2, is still scarce. The total bacterial abundance, the number of cultured heterotrophic temporal bacteria, and the spatial distribution of bacteria in the surface microlayer and underlying waters of Lake Baikal were studied. For the first time, the chemical composition of the surface microlayer of Lake Baikal was determined. There were significant differences and a direct relationship between the total bacterial abundance in the surface microlayer and underlying waters of Lake Baikal, as well as between the number of cultured heterotrophic bacteria in studied water layers in the period of summer stratification. In the surface microlayer, the share of cultured heterotrophic bacteria was higher than in the underlying waters. The surface microlayer was characterized by enrichment with PO43−, total organic carbon and suspended particulate matter compared to underlying waters. A direct relationship was found between the number of bacteria in the surface microlayer and environmental factors, including temperature, total organic carbon and suspended particulate matter concentration.

scholarly journals Cation exchange capacities of upland soils in eastern Canada

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 393-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. L. Meyer ◽  
P. A. Arp ◽  
M. Marsh
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Soil Horizons ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Upland Soils

Relationships between cation exchange capacity (CEC), clay and organic carbon contents and soil pH were analyzed by way of multiple regressions for upland soils in eastern Canada (mostly Ontario, with additional data for New Brunswick). This was done by vegetation type in an attempt to explain some of the otherwise unexplained CEC variations. Data were taken from about 2000 soil horizons (organic L, F, and H horizons as well as A, B, and C mineral soil horizons) under broadleaves (mostly maples, beech, birch or aspen as dominant species), conifers (mostly fir, spruces and/or pines), and grass vegetation. For the organic forest floor horizons (or L, F, and H horizons), both organic carbon content (%) and pH were highly significant for predicting CEC, i.e.,CEC (L, F, and H of broadleaves) = −38 + 0.71 × org. C (%) + 10.3 × pH (R2 = 0.69), andCEC (L, F and H of conifers) = −31 + 0.34 × org. C (%) + 12.1 × pH (R2 = 0.58).For the mineral soil, clay and organic carbon contents (%) and pH were highly significant for predicting CEC. Soils with forest vegetation were found to have lower contributions of organic matter to CEC than grassland soils, i.e.,CEC (forest soils) = −7.0 + 0.29 × clay (%) + 0.82 × org. C (%) + 1.4 × pH (R2 = 0.72),CEC (wooded grasslands) = −6.0 + 0.31 × clay (%) + 1.31 × org. C (%) + 1.0 pH (R2 = 0.74), andCEC (grasslands) = −8.3 + 0.24 × clay (%) + 2.14 × org. C (%) + 1.3 × pH (R2 = 0.79).Relationships that were developed from Ontario data for specific vegetational types (maple sites, strongly podzolized conifer sites, grasslands/croplands) were tested by comparing CEC predictions with reported values for similar sites in New Brunswick and Quebec. The predictions were consistent with the general trends for maple sites and grasslands/croplands, but CEC values were strongly overpredicted for Podzolic subsoils on conifer sites.Literature information of the CEC dependency on in situ pH is sparse. Existing information that is based on buffering grassland/cropland soil samples from pH 2.5 to 8 appears to mimic this dependency quite well. Key words: Cation exchange capacity, clay, organic carbon, soil pH, forests, grasslands

scholarly journals Effect of Organic Manures on Soil Properties and Yield of Finger Millet (Eleusine Coracana) Gaertn

2005 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-95
Author(s):  
C. Vijaya Kumar ◽  
G. N. Gajanana ◽  
B. Basavaraj
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Npk Fertilizers ◽  
Available N ◽  
Organic Manures ◽  
Significant Difference

Pot experiment was conducted during 1993 on ragi grown on a sandy clay loam soil to know the periodic changes in 0-15 cm soil depth on pH, organic carbon(O.C.),available N,P and K due to application of organic manure in conjunction with fertilizer. Application of organic manures alone or in combination with fertilizer increased the soil pH, organic carbon(O.C.),available N,P and K and grain yield when compared to NPK alone. The addition of FYM compared to green leaf manure and vermicompost increased soil pH significantly. The organic carbon(O.C.)content of GLM treated soil significantly superior to VC treatment but was at par with FYM treatment at all stages of plant growth. At all stages organic manures in combination with fertilizer were superior in influencing available N,P and K compared to NPK(fertilizers) alone. There was no significant difference in the grain yield due to application of organic manures individually or in combination with fertilizers compared to NPK but maximum yield was noticed on adding 50% fertilizer N as GLM + 50% N + P + K.

scholarly journals Impact of Pesticides on Microbial Diversity and Enzymes in Soil

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. L. Ataikiru ◽  
G. S. C. Okpokwasili ◽  
P. O. Okerentugba
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Quality ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Field Application ◽  
Nitrifying Bacteria ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Microbial Counts

Introduction: The presence of pesticides in soils could result in alterations in microbial activities (enzyme activities, microbial populations), soil physical and chemical properties. Research gap/Challenges: Insufficient literatures on extensive monitoring of soil quality through enzyme activity, during pesticides application. Existing literatures concerning analysis of effect of pesticide application on soil enzyme activity are not comprehensive with respect to number of soil enzymes analysed. Aim/Objective: The study was conducted to investigate the effect of carbofuran and paraquat on soil biochemical characteristics on certain soils in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Methodology: These pesticides were applied at recommended doses, their effects on soil organic carbon, enzymes activity and microbial populations were assessed using standard methods. The enzymes monitored were amylase, invertase, protease, urease, phosphatase and dehydrogenase. Microbial counts were carried out for total heterotrophic bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, nitrifying bacteria and phosphate solubilizers using the spread plate method. Results: There were variations in the different enzyme activities in carbofuran – and paraquat - treated soil during this research. Dehydrogenase activity increased in treated soils. Also, urease activity was lower compared to other enzyme activities. As the study progressed, variations in values of soil organic carbon were observed.  There was a gradual increase in microbial counts and can be traceable to their ability to temporarily mineralize and use the pesticides as carbon and energy source. The soil organic carbon, enzymes and microbial counts values were significantly different at P=0.05. Conclusion: This research revealed that the pesticides cause temporal impact on microbial populations and enzyme activities, associated with the pesticide type at recommended field application rates. A change in numbers, activity and diversity of soil microorganisms may act as indicators of soil fertility and reflect the soil quality.

scholarly journals Effects of Tree Forest Plantations on Soil Physicochemical Properties in the Arboretumof Ruhande,Southern Province of Rwanda

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nsengimana Venuste
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Soil Physicochemical Properties

Different tree speciesare blamed to have negative effects on soil ecosystems by changing soil physicochemical properties, and hence soil quality. However, few researches to verify this statement were done in Rwanda. This study provides prior information on the effects of planted forest tree species on soil physicochemical properties. It was conducted in the Arboretum of Ruhande, in southern Rwanda. Soil cores were collected in plots of exotic, native and agroforestry tree species. Collected soils were analysed for soil pH, total nitrogen, organic carbon, available phosphorus,  aggregate stability, bulk density, soil humidity, cation exchange capacity, and soil texture. Soils sampled under exotic tree species were acidic, richin soil organic carbon, and in soil available phosphorus. Native and agroforestry tree species offer better conditions in soil pH, soil water content, cation exchange capacity, clay and silt. Less variations in soil total nitrogen and soil bulk density were found in soils sampled under all studied forest types. Research concluded that studiedtree species have different effects on soil physicochemical parameters. It recommended further studies to generalize these findings. Key words: soil, exotic, native, agroforestry, soil properties

scholarly journals The physico-chemical characteristics of fresh and old pig dungs collected from three pig farmsin Port Harcourt Metropolis

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 013-018
Author(s):  
Nkem Juliet Anigbo ◽  
GC Okpokwasili ◽  
CJ Ogugbue
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Total Organic Carbon ◽  
Organic Substrate ◽  
Nitrate Content ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Port Harcourt ◽  
High Fibre ◽  
Bioenergy Generation ◽  
High Fibre Content ◽  
Chemical Attributes

The need to source for alternative use of pigs dung to reduce environmental challenges arising from its application as farm manure prompted the study into the physico-chemical attributes of both the fresh and old pig dung in three pig farms(A,R,U) in Port-Harcourt metropolis. The study examined the pH levels, exchangeable nitrate, extractable phosphate, the total organic carbon and the sulphate using methods described by the pH meter, APHA-4500-O3-B, ASTM D515, Walkley black and ASTM D516 respectively. The results indicated that the dung were alkaline ranging from pH 9-12, the nitrate content was high in fresh dung (16.03-19.40) but considerably low in the dry dung (2.36-2.92), the phosphate values were between 7.59-20.81, the sulphate level falls within 1.84-3.79 whereas the total organic carbon were between 2.36-2.92. The result obtained have showed that the fresh dung could be supplemented with other organic substrate to initiate bioremediation of crude oil polluted soil due to its high nitrate content and the dry dung used as feedstuffs for animal nutrients or feedstock for bioenergy generation because of its high fibre content which will help in reducing the ecosystem contamination by pig waste through recycling.

Mechanical site preparation impacts on soil properties and vegetation communities in the Northwest Territories

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (8) ◽  
pp. 1381-1392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D Bock ◽  
Ken CJ Van Rees
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Total Organic Carbon ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Northwest Territories ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Understory Vegetation ◽  
Mechanical Site Preparation ◽  
Exchangeable Calcium

Greater utilization of hardwood species and societal concerns over maintenance of ecological integrity have provided impetus for forest managers to consider alternative silvicultural practices in boreal mixedwood forests. The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of five mechanical site preparation (MSP) treatments on soil properties and understory vegetation of mixedwood stands in the Northwest Territories (NWT). Soil and understory vegetation conditions in treatments (3 years post-MSP treatment) and adjacent uncut forest controls were sampled. Significant Shearblade – Grizz R-ex and Shearblade treatment soil property effects were consistently found. Increases in bulk density (307%) and decreases for total organic carbon (92%); total nitrogen (86%); cation exchange capacity (74%); and exchangeable calcium (72%), magnesium (67%), and potassium (75%) in the soil surface (0–12.8 cm) were observed. Increases in mineral soil pH (1.0 units), total organic carbon (94%), cation exchange capacity (20%), and exchangeable calcium (35%) and magnesium (56%) were also found. Dissimilarity of the understory community with that of the uncut forest increased as follows: uncut forest < harvested only < Meri–Crusher = Grizz R-ex < Shearblade – Meri-Crusher < Shearblade – Grizz R-ex < Shearblade. This research suggests that winter shearblading should be utilized only where it is necessary to achieve specific management objectives.

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