scholarly journals Characteristics of Effluent from Formic Acid and Sodium Hydroxide Pulping of Kenaf Stem

Author(s):  
Jane Adamma Chukwudebelu ◽  
Jonah Agunwamba

The pulp and paper industry is considered as one of the major potential sources of pollution in the environment and a consumer of wood. Environmental effects have been attributed to chemicals introduced during the manufacturing process. This paper investigated the influence of cooking chemicals, concentration and time on the properties of effluent generated during pulping of agricultural residue. A stem of kenaf which is an agricultural residue was pulped with 20%, 60% and 90% concentrations of formic acid and sodium hydroxide at 1 hour, 2 hours and 3 hours intervals to determine the characteristics of their effluents. The lowest Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) obtained from formic acid effluent for the 3 hours cooking at 20%, 60% and 90% concentrations was 324mg/l at 60% concentration after cooking for 2 hours while sodium hydroxide effluent has 3050mg/l at 20% concentration after 1hour cooking as its lowest. Formic acid effluent showed lowest Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) of 10.63mg/l at 60% concentration after cooking for 2 hours while sodium hydroxide has 13.75mg/l at 90% after 1 hour cooking. The value of Total Solid (TS) from formic acid effluent was lowest (16890mg/l) at 60% concentration after cooking for 2 hours while sodium hydroxide lowest value (15524mg/l) was recorded at 20% after 3 hours cooking. Sodium hydroxide effluent has lowest Total Suspended Solid (TSS) of 3165mg/l while formic acid has 2245mg/l both at 90% concentrations after 2 and 3 hours cooking.

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 827-834
Author(s):  
Muhammad Towhid Moula ◽  
Ranjit K. Nath ◽  
Mh. Mosfeka Chowdhury ◽  
Md. Abu Bakar Siddique

Halda is an important river of Bangladesh, is now polluted in different ways through industrial, agricultural, domestic and sewage disposal. Increased anthropogenic activities have increased the potential pollution of the river and excessive pollutants may be toxic to humans and aquatic fauna. Presence of heavy metals in the river water causes perilous impact on the aquatic organisms. Hence, regular monitoring of pollution levels in the river is indispensable. In this study, we discuss about physico-chemical assessments of water quality parameters viz. pH, dissolve oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total solid (TS), total suspended solid (TSS), total dissolved substance (TDS), total alkalinity, turbidity, salinity, electrical conductivity (EC), hardness, chloride and heavy metals in the water of Halda river during rainy and winter seasons, at different points; sources of pollutants in water and their effects given starting from the early research until the current research.


2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-37
Author(s):  
Fristyana Sosanty Lubis, Irvan ◽  
Dedy Anwar ◽  
Basril Amirza Harahap ◽  
Bambang Trisakti

The objective of this study is to design an organic liquid fertilizer manufacturing process from palm oil mill effluent (POME) at pilot scale. Materials used were effluent from further processing of biogas fermentation from POME and starter (mixture of molasses, yeast and effective microorganism). Variables measured were total solid (TS), volatile solid (VS), total suspended solid (TSS), volatile suspended solid (VSS), and chemical oxygen demand (COD), in addition, analysis content of liquid fertilizers was performed. The research consisted of production of starters and fermentation process. Loading rate was started from hydraulic retention time (HRT) 2,500 days and bioreactor performance was observed at HRT 100, 90 and 80 days. The results showed that COD concentration of bioreactor effluent decreased from 8,600 to 1,580 mg/l and from analysis content, liquid fertilizers are composed of nitrogen 0.14%, P2O5 0.05%, K2O 0.07%, MgO 0.01%, CaO 0.001mg/l, C-Organic 0,12%, and C/N Ratio 0.86.


2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Temesgen Oljira ◽  
Diriba Muleta ◽  
Mulissa Jida

Biological wastewater treatment is economically feasible and ecofriendly. This study was aimed at isolating bacteria from brewery wastes and evaluating their bioremediation potential as individual isolate and/or their consortium in reducing the pollutants of brewery effluents. A total of 40 bacterial isolates were recovered and of these the three best isolates were selected. The selected bacteria were identified to genus level by using morphological and biochemical characteristics. Accordingly, the isolates were identified as Aeromonas sp., Pseudomonas sp., and Bacillus sp. After 12 days of incubation, the removal efficiency of these three isolates and their combinations for biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand varied from 73.55% to 94.85% and 76.78% to 93.25%, respectively. Total nitrogen and phosphorus removal was within the range of 54.43% to 77.21% and 41.80% to 78.18%, respectively. Total suspended solid, total solid, and total dissolved solids removal ranged from 66.74% to 90.3%, 54.69% to 88.5%, and 53.02% to 88.2%, respectively. The pH and electrical conductivity values ranged from 6.81 to 8.65 and 3.31 mS/cm to 3.67 mS/cm, respectively. The treated effluent increased Beta vulgaris seeds germination from 80% to 100%, with mean germination time of 3.1 to 5.2 days and seedlings length of 2.3 cm to 6.3 cm. Therefore, the development of this finding into a large scale offers an attractive technology for brewery waste treatment.


2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 70-77
Author(s):  
J.D Bala ◽  
F. A Kuta ◽  
N.U Adabara ◽  
O.P Abioye ◽  
H.S Auta ◽  
...  

Water used for washing carcasses of slaughtered animals and slaughter house is referred to as abattoir wastewater. This study was designed to investigate the microorganisms associated with abattoir wastewater and to establish the biodegradation potential of abattoir wastewater microbiota. Isolation of the microbes was carried out using pour plate technique. The total viable count for the microbes’ ranges from 2.5×104 - 4.6×105 cfu/mL. Results revealed that all the physicochemical parameters exceeded the permissible limits (total dissolved solid (TDS) 1748mg/L, total suspended solid (TSS) 176mg/L, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) 91 mg/L and chemical oxygen demand (COD) 227 mg/L). Microorganisms isolated include Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus anthracis, Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, Mucor sp, Trichophyton quickeanum and Penicillium sp. Some of the microbes were observed to have biodegradation potential by their ability to grow on mineral salt media (MSM) incorporated with starch, cellulose, crude oil, kerosene and diesel as the sole source of carbon and energy. This study suggests that abattoir wastewater harbors microorganisms that could be hazardous to public health when discharged into the environment untreated hence the need for strict monitoring. These microbes isolated could be employed as agent of bioremediation of wastewaters. Key words: Abattoir; Biodegredation; Isolation; Microbiota; Wastewater


Jurnal Ecolab ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-109
Author(s):  
Dewi Ratnaningsih ◽  
◽  
Retno Puji Lestari ◽  
Ernawita Nazir

Kualitas air di suatu wilayah yang merupakan salah satu indikator lingkungan dapat dievaluasi menggunakan parameter fisika, kimia, dan biologi. Indeks Kualitas Air Indonesia (IKA-INA) dapat digunakan untuk menilai kondisi kualitas air secara menyeluruh pada lokasi dan waktu tertentu. IKA-INA dihitung dengan menggunakan sepuluh (10) parameter yaitu pH, Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), Total Suspended Solid (TSS), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), NO3, NH3, Total Phosphate (TP) dan fecal coliform. IKA-INA tersebut merupakan indeks kualitas air yang dapat memberikan informasi secara sederhana. Dalam pemanfaatannya, tidak semua data parameter dalam IKA-INA tersebut dapat terpenuhi karena adanya data tidak valid atau data yang hilang. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk memberi alternatif rumusan IKA-INA dengan parameter yang tidak lengkap atau jika tidak semua data dalam parameters tersebut tersedia. Metode yang digunakan dalam menyusun rumusan adalah dengan melakukan koreksi faktor bobot parameter IKA-INA terhadap parameter yang hilang dan nilai Q (nilai sub-indeks). Setelah itu dilakukan uji coba pada nilai baku mutu air dalam Peraturan Pemerintah No. 22/2021 Lampiran VI serta pada data kualitas air sungai yang mewakili kualitas baik dan buruk. Hasil uji coba menunjukkan bahwa bobot parameter terkoreksi dapat digunakan untuk penanganan parameter yang hilang dalam penilaian kualitas air dengan metode IKA-INA. Hasil IKA-INA dengan parameter hilang yang menggunakan bobot terkoreksi dan hasil IKA-INA dengan parameter lengkap mayoritas memberikan status IKA yang tidak berbeda, kecuali untuk parameter fecal coli dan parameter yang mempunyai kadar jauh berbeda terhadap kondisi air secara keseluruhan.


2018 ◽  
Vol 67 ◽  
pp. 04006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irfan Aditya ◽  
Sutrasno Kartohardjono

Wastewater generated from the tofu industry usually still contains high organic pollutants that can contaminate the surface water. Therefore, it should be treated properly before it can be disposed to the environment. This study aims to evaluate the combination of coagulationflocculation and ultrafiltration methods in treating the wastewater from tofu industry. Based on the preliminary tests, the wastewater from tofu industry have pH, total dissolved solid (TDS), total suspended solid (TSS), turbidity and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 3.4, 870 - 1080 mg/L, 370 mg/L, 446 FAU and 7954 mg/L, respectively. The coagulant and membrane used in this study were Poly aluminum chloride (PAC) and the ceramic membrane, respectively. Experimental results showed that the best pH for coagulation-flocculation process is at pH of 7.0, and this pH was then used for ultrafiltration process. The flux of the ultrafiltration membrane increased with increasing the trans membrane pressure due to increasing driving force. The observed parameters such as TSS and turbidity of wastewater decreased drastically after experiencing ultrafiltration process and met the National Environmental Quality Standard. However, the COD of water produced in the ultrafiltration process was still high and did not meet the National Environmental Quality Standard.


2012 ◽  
Vol 610-613 ◽  
pp. 363-367
Author(s):  
Tipakorn Suwannarat ◽  
Nipon Pisutpaisal ◽  
Siriorn Boonyawanich

The purpose of current study was to examine the ability of electrocoagulation in decreasing chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solid (TSS) constituted in palm oil mill effluent. Bench-scale batch reactor containing two aluminum or steel plates (10 cm width × 30 cm height with 0.1 cm thickness) serving as electrodes with the interval distance of 3 cm was set up. The wastewater with COD concentration of 68,425 mg L-1 was treated in the reactor under the varied direct currents (0.3-1.3 A) and contact time (30-120 min). Sodium chloride was added to the wastewater to obtain the final concentration of 2 g L-1 (conductivity of 10 ms) prior to being fed into the reactor. The results showed that higher treatment efficiency when the aluminum was used as electrodes compared to the steel. COD removal efficiency was directly proportional to the contact time. The maximum COD and TSS removal observed at 1.3 A current input and 60 min contact time are 74.1 and 77.0%, respectively.


2020 ◽  
Vol 997 ◽  
pp. 139-149
Author(s):  
Yong Yin Sia ◽  
Ivy Ai Wei Tan ◽  
Mohammad Omar Abdullah

Palm oil processing is a multi-stage operation which generates large amount of palm oil mill effluent (POME). Due to its potential to cause environmental pollution, POME must be treated prior to discharge. Electrocoagulation (EC), adsorption (AD), combined EC and AD, and EC integrated with AD have demonstrated great potential to remove various organic and inorganic pollutants from wastewater. Up to date, no study has been found on POME treatment using EC-AD hybrid process. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the feasibility of applying EC-AD hybrid process as an alternative treatment for POME. The EC-AD hybrid process achieved higher removal of total suspended solid (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and colour as compared to EC and AD stand-alone processes. The EC-AD hybrid process reduced 79% of TSS, 44% of COD and 89% of colour from POME. The adsorption kinetics of TSS, COD and colour were best interpreted using pseudo-second-order model, which indicated that the adsorption rate was mainly controlled by chemisorption. Overall, the EC-AD hybrid process could be recommended as an alternative treatment for POME.


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