scholarly journals Identification and Abundance of Fruit Fly Species Responsible for Fruit Drop of Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) in Benue State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 7-13
Author(s):  
S. O. Atanu ◽  
B. C. Echezona ◽  
K. I. Ugwuoke
Keyword(s):  
Ceratitis Capitata ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Fruit Drop ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Washington Navel ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Bactrocera Invadens

Background and Objective: Citrus is one of the most important and among the top ten widely cultivated fruits in Nigeria. It is produced more in the Guinea and Sudan Savanna zones of the country with Benue State having the highest annual production. In the South of Savanna region of Africa, particularly in Nigeria; despite the economic, nutritional and health benefits of citrus, limited research work has been carried out on the identification and control of fruit flies of economic importance to the crop. The objectives of this study are to identify and determine the abundance of the fruit fly species responsible for fruit drop of citrus in Benue State, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Fruit fly identification was done through fruit culture experiment carried out in the College of Agronomy Teaching and Research Farm, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi in October 2014 and October 2015.The experiment was a 2 x 3 factorial in a completely randomized design with four replications. The two factors were Zones (Zone A and B) and Varieties (Ibadan Sweet, Valencia and Washington Navel). Ten naturally infested orange fruits from four randomly selected citrus trees of each variety in each zone were weighed and placed in each plastic rearing box with dimension 39 x 27 x 26 cm containing sterilized moist soil securely covered with 1 mm mesh net for pupation and adult insect emergence. Emerged adults were killed using Mobil insecticide (Cyphenothrin), counted, sexed and stored in specimen bottles with 70% alcohol for preservation and later identification. Results: Fruit fly species identified from citrus fruit culture were: Bactrocera invadens (Drew), Ceratitis capitata (Weid) and Dacus bivittata (Biggot).  Bactrocera invadens were the most abundant species and accounted for 63.70% in Washington navel and 63.10% in Valencia in 2014 and 2015 respectively. The varieties showed no significant differences (p>0.05) on the abundance of Ceratitis capitata and Dacus bivittata in 2014. In 2015 however, Ibadan Sweet variety showed significant difference (p < 0.05) on the abundance of Ceratitis capitata (28.30%) when compared with other varieties (15.8%) each. Conclusion: Fruit fly species responsible for citrus fruit drop in Benue State were Bactrocera invadens (Drew), Ceratitis capitata (Weid) and Dacus bivittata (Biggot) with Bactrocera invadens (Drew) recorded as the most abundant species.

Toxicity of Different Dilutions of Spinosad Bait against Two Fruit-fly Species (Diptera: Tephritidae)

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Adalton Raga ◽  
Fernando Berton Baldo ◽  
Sara Braga E Silva ◽  
Larissa Ketlin da Silva Ferreira ◽  
Leonardo Tambones Galdino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ceratitis Capitata ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Fruit Flies ◽  
Wide Area ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Significant Difference

Toxic bait is an alternative to manage fruit flies (Tephritidae) in orchards and in wide-area programmes. The mortality caused by different dilutions of spinosad baits on adults of Ceratitis capitata (Wied.) and Anastrepha grandis (Macquart) (Tephritidae) were compared with a hydrolysed protein (BioAnastrepha) and water in laboratory. Females and males of C. capitata and A. grandis were exposed to Success® 0.02CB (GF-120 NF Naturalyte fruit-fly, 0.02% spinosad) diluted in distilled water (v/v) at 1:1.5; 1:4.5; 1:9.0 and 1:18.0. Spinosad dilutions at 1: 1.5 and 1: 4.5 showed similar effects and provided 100% adult mortality 24 hours after exposure to the baits. Anastrepha grandis was more susceptible to spinosad baits than C. capitata. Females of C. capitata were less susceptible to spinosad diluted at 1: 1.5, 1: 4.5 and 1: 90, than C. capitata males and both sexes of A. grandis. The values of lethal times (LT50) varied for the different dilutions of spinosad for both fruit-fly species; however, with different patterns for each species. The LT50 values of the two highest concentrations (1: 1.5, 1: 4.5) of spinosad bait were similar for fruit flies of both sexes of each species, but a significant difference was observed between species, with higher LT50 values for C. capitata. In general, the cumulative mortalities of spinosad baits increased at 240, 360, 480 minutes and 24 hours after exposure. BioAnastrepha was shown to be toxic to both species, especially for A. grandis, killing 82% of females and 72% of males at 24 hours after exposure. Spinosad bait may be used in different dilutions to manage C. capitata and A. grandis, with similar toxicity for the two highest spinosad concentrations.

Fumigation Trials with Ethylene Dibromide for the Control of Eggs and Larvae of Ceratitis capitata (Wied.) in Citrus Fruit

1956 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 803-811
Author(s):  
A. Grunberg ◽  
K. Polac'ek ◽  
J. Peleg
Keyword(s):  
Exposure Time ◽  
Ceratitis Capitata ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Ripe Fruit ◽  
Ethylene Dibromide ◽  
Gas Leakage ◽  
Fumigation Chamber ◽  
Maximum Tolerance ◽  
Eggs And Larvae

Experiments in the treatment of Citrus fruit by fumigation with ethylene dibromide for the control of the damage caused by the Mediterranean Fruit-fly (Ceratitis capitata (Wied.)) were conducted during 1951–52 and 1952–53.Jaffa and Valencia oranges were found to tolerate a concentration of 18 gm./m.3 at approximately 20°C. and exposure time of 2½ hours.Grapefruit was found to tolerate a concentration of 15 gm./m.3 at approximately 20°C. for 2½ hours' exposure. When the exposure time is prolonged to 6 hours the maximum tolerance is 8 gm./m.3A kill of 75 per cent. of the larvae of Ceratitis inside the Citrus fruits was obtained by exposure for 2½ hours at a concentration of 15 gm./m.3Citrus fruit for export from Israel is normally fumigated with Decco (NC13) against certain fungus diseases. The exposure in this case is 6 hours. The possibility of combining the treatment with Decco and ethylene dibromide was examined. It was found that the treatments were compatible and that, at an exposure of 6 hours, a dosage of 6 gm./m.3 of ethylene dibromide gave a kill of up to 93·5 to 96·4 per cent.Fumigation of fruit for export, in batches of 3,000 cases at a time, showed that 6 gm./m.3 of ethylene dibromide (all other conditions being equal) killed up to 98·5 per cent. of Ceratitis larvae (provided no gas leakage occurred in the fumigation chamber). This concentration did not cause injury to Jaffa and Valencia oranges. In the case of grapefruit, slight damage occurred—especially in over-ripe fruit (during the second half of April) which was not intended for shipping.

Improving the Lifetime Efficiency of Trimedlure-Dispensing System in Trapping the Fruit Fly Ceratitis capitata Using Polyethylene Matrix

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed H Bayoumy ◽  
Mostafa M El-Metwally ◽  
Refaat A El-Adly ◽  
Tamsin M O Majerus
Keyword(s):  
Ceratitis Capitata ◽  
Emission Rate ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Effective Field ◽  
Release Rates ◽  
Polyethylene Matrix ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Fruit Orchards ◽  
Male Specific ◽  
Cotton Wick

Abstract Detection of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), is highly reliant on traps loaded with trimedlure (TML), a male-specific attractant. The successful application of attractants requires that constituents are placed in a suitable dispensing system to reduce volatilization and increase the effective field longevity of the attractant. A series of trials were conducted in different fruit orchards to test 1) the efficiency of a polyethylene-matrix plug in regulating the emission rate of TML 2) and the lifetime attractiveness of the plug compared to the cotton wick dispenser. Cotton dispensers containing the recommended dose of TML (0.75 cm3) and with a double dose (1.5 cm3) remained active for 6 and 8 wk, respectively. The increase in TML dose from 0.75 cm3 to 1.5 cm3 led to an increase in the longevity of the cotton dispenser, but there was no significant difference between the doses in biological activity. In all trials, TML-polyethylene matrix dispensers were more efficient under field conditions as they attracted more males for up to 12 wk and prolonged the release of TML more than the cotton wick dispensers. The TML-loaded polyethylene matrix dispensers might be useful in 1) minimizing the losses of the liquid TML from cotton wicks, 2) avoiding the damage that occurs when using other dispensers, 3) prolonging the TML lifetime in the field through regulating its release rates, 4) potentially minimizing the adverse effect of high temperatures on release rate, and, finally, 5) minimizing the costs of using large amounts of expensive TML solutions.

Reduction of chilling injury in grapefruit and oranges stored at 1°C by prestorage hot dip treatments, curing, and wax application

1993 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 495 ◽  
Author(s):  
BL Wild
Keyword(s):  
Chilling Injury ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Washington Navel

Chilling injury in Marsh grapefruit during storage at 1�C was reduced 61% by dipping in hot water(50�C) for 2 min before storage. The fungicide thiabendazole (TBZ) at 1000 mg/L applied as a cold dip(14�C) reduced the susceptibility of these fruit to chilling injury by 28% over an 8-week storage period. Susceptibility of Washington navel oranges to chilling injury was reduced 65% after dipping in hot TBZ (50�C) for 2 min. Wax application and prestorage curing for 1 week at 20�C also reduced chilling injury damage. Where there is a risk of chilling injury in fruit to be disinfected against fruit fly, the risk can be reduced by dipping in a hot TBZ suspension at 50�C. A thorough application of wax has also been shown to reduce the I susceptibility of citrus fruit to chilling injury.

scholarly journals Spinosad combined with entomopathogenic nematode for biocontrol of the Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata [Wiedemann]) on citrus

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Atef S. Abdel-Razek ◽  
Mahfouz M. M. Abd-Elgawad
Keyword(s):  
Ceratitis Capitata ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematode ◽  
Laboratory Strain ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Mediterranean Fruit Fly ◽  
Field Strain ◽  
Bacterial Fermentation ◽  
Holistic Management ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mediterranean

Abstract Background Cultivation of citrus (Sapindales: Rutaceae) crops is continuously expanding in Egypt given the favorable ingredients of citriculture. Notwithstanding the Egyptian rank as the world's largest orange exporter, the Mediterranean fruit fly (Medfly), Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is one of the major pests that considerably reduces the quality of citrus crops. Contrary to hazardous organophosphate insecticides that are commonly used to control the Medfly, biologically-based C. capitata control tactics were tried herein. The effect of spinosad as a bacterial fermentation product and the nematode Steinernema riobrave as biological insecticides applied singly or in combination on laboratory and field strains of Medfly were investigated. Results A significant difference in LC50 values was observed between laboratory strain (4.78 PPM) and field strain (8.12 PPM) of C. capitata larvae exposed to spinosad. A 1.7 fold decrease in susceptibility of field strain was recorded after treatment with spinosad. In a field experiment, a reduction in Medfly population by 80, 37, and 92% for spinosad, S. riobrave, and spinosad + nematode treatments was recorded, respectively. Conclusions Utilization of spinosad-S. riobrave combination in citrus fields, as a novel alternative for unhealthy chemical insecticides to control C. capitata in Egypt can be suggested. Use of this combination should be incorporated into a holistic management package that can be economically feasible and environmentally sustainable for Egyptian agriculture.

scholarly journals Effect of dam parity on the reproductive performance of Nigeria indigenous sows and progeny survivability rates in Enugu State, South Eastern Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Commercial Breeding ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Enugu State

The effects of parity on the reproductive performance of Nigerian indigenous sow breed, progeny survivability and mortality in a commercial breeding farm in Enugu State Nigeria were investigated in this study. One hundred apparently healthy third trimester pregnant sows were randomly assigned to four treatment groups of twenty five sows per group in a completely randomized design (CRD) according to their reproductive parities as groups I, II, III and IV representing the first (P1), second (P2), third (P3) and fourth (P4) parities respectively. This study lasted for two years. The mean number of piglets born alive (NBA) of P1 (6.00±0.71 Head) and P2 (6.00±0.71 Head) were significantly decreased when compared to P4 (8.50±0.65 Head) but showed no significant difference when compared to P3 (7.50±0.50 Head). Second parity sows recorded the highest number of piglets’ deaths after birth while P1 and P3 litters recorded the lowest deaths after birth. Mean pre-weaning survival of progenies was highest in P3 (91.43±5.09 %) and lowest in P2 (84.38±11.83 %) while mean piglet mortality was highest in P2 (15.63±11.83 %) but lowest in P3 (8.57±5.09 %). It can be concluded from this research work that PIII sows provided adequate requirements necessary for their litter nourishment, growth and survival more than the other parities. Therefore progeny growth performance was best at third parity of reproduction.

scholarly journals 719 PB 429 EFFECT OF GIBBERELLIC ACID ON CERTAIN PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF GRAPEFRUIT PEEL

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 536b-536
Author(s):  
Roy E. McDonald ◽  
Philip E. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Taste Preference ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Juice Quality ◽  
Citrus Paradisi ◽  
Control Fruit ◽  
Significant Difference

Preharvest gibberellic acid (GA) applications at 10 ppm in 0.1% L-77 (v/v) surfactant or 20 ppm in 0.05% L-77 (v/v) caused `Marsh' grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) to be significantly more resistant to puncture and significantly delayed yellow color development. There was no difference between the two GA rates and applications in July were not found to be as effective as August or September applications. There was an overall significant increase in peel oil content in flavedo tissue as a result of GA treatment, but no significant difference between GA treatments. Limonin contents in GA-treated grapefruit albedo tissue were generally higher at both GA levels than in control fruit. GA treatments had no effect on juice quality characteristics and there was no difference in taste preference between GA-treated and control fruit. Because citrus fruit are resistant to attack by tephritid fruit flies prior to the occurrence of peel senescence and GA delays peel senescence, GA treatment should provide a biorational addition to existing fruit fly control strategies.

CONCENTRADO PROTEICO OBTIDO DAS FOLHAS DE MANDIOCA (Manihot esculenta Crantz) DE TRÊS VARIEDADES COMERCIAIS.

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Izabel Aparecida Soares ◽  
Mauro Sérgio Téo ◽  
Carlise DEBASTIANI ◽  
Suzymeire BARONI ◽  
Vanessa Silva RETUCI
Keyword(s):  
Manihot Esculenta ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Hydrocyanic Acid ◽  
Protein Concentrate ◽  
Manihot Esculenta Crantz ◽  
White Variety ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean

O trabalho teve por objetivo verificar diferenças entre rendimento do concentrado proteico e proteína bruta da folha da mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz), obtidos a partir de três variedades comerciais: branca, cascuda e vermelha. As manivas foram plantadas seguindo o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com três repetições. Nas comparações entre as variedades, considerou coletas escalonadas pós-plantio, realizadas aos 12, 14 e 16 meses. O concentrado proteico foi obtido a partir da farinha das folhas inteiras e submetido ao método de termo - coagulação ácido e a proteína bruta pelo método padrão AOAC. Os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância e comparados pelo teste de Tukey - 5% de probabilidade. Os resultados não indicaram diferença significativa entre as médias obtidas para rendimento de concentrado proteico. Para a variável porcentagem de proteína bruta a variedade Branca foi a que apresentou maior valor, com média de 46,25%, seguida pela Cascuda e Vermelha, 44,52% e 37,30%, sucessivamente. Conclui-se que outros estudos devem avaliar condições que possam influenciar no teor de proteína foliar, como clima e solo, e, avaliar os níveis de ácido cianídrico de cada variedade, indicando qual das três é a melhor para a extração do concentrado proteico das folhas. Palavras chaves: Manihot esculenta Crantz, variedades comerciais, concentrado proteico, proteína bruta. ABSTRACT: The study aimed to assess the differences between income protein concentrate, crude protein of cassava leaf (Manihot esculenta Crantz), obtained from three commercial varieties: white, red and cascuda. The cuttings were planted following the completely randomized design with three replications. Comparisons between the varieties considered after planting staggered collections, held on 12, 14 and 16 months. The protein concentrate was obtained from flour of whole sheets and subjected to the term method - acid coagulation and crude protein by AOAC standard method. The data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey test - 5% probability. The results indicated no significant difference between the mean values obtained for protein concentrate income. For the variable percentage of crude protein White variety showed the highest, with an average of 46.25%, followed by cascuda and Red, 44.52% and 37.30%, successively. We conclude that further studies should evaluate conditions that may affect the leaf protein content, such as climate and soil, and evaluate the hydrocyanic acid levels of each variety, indicating which of the three is the best for the extraction of protein concentrate from leaves Key words: Manihot esculenta Crantz, commercial varieties, protein concentrate, crude protein.

Effect of planting date and density on calendula and peppermint herbs

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-29
Author(s):  
Rahim Mohammadian ◽  
Behnam Tahmasebpour ◽  
Peyvand Samimifar
Keyword(s):  
Mutual Effect ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Mass Reduction ◽  
Flower Number ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Total Maximum

A factorial experiment was conducted with a completely randomized design to evaluate the effects of planting date and density on calendula herbs and peppermint. It had 3 replicates and was done in Khosroshahr research farm, Tabriz in 2006. Under studied factors were: 3 planting dates (10 May, 25 May and 10 June) in 4 densities (25, 35, 45, 55) of the plant in square meters. The results of variance a nalysis showed that there was 1% probability significant difference between the effects of planting date and bush density on the leave number, bush height and the bush dry weight. But the mutual effect of the plant date in mentioned traits density was insignificant. Regarding the traits mean comparison, the total maximum dry weight was about the 55 bush density in mm. Also, the bush high density in mm causes the bush growth and its mass reduction. When there is the density grain, the flower number will increase due to bush grain in surface unit. Overall, we can conclude that 10 June planting and 45 bush density in mm is the most suitable items and results in favored production with high essence for these crops.

Aktivitas Antifungi Air Perasan Bawang Merah (Allium ascalonicum L.) Terhadap Candida albicans Secara In Vitro

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Nurhasanah Nurhasanah ◽  
Fauzia Andrini ◽  
Yulis Hamidy
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Allium Sativum ◽  
Fungicidal Activity ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

Shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) has been known as traditional medicine. Shallot which has same genus with garlic(Allium sativum L.) contains allicin that is also found in garlic and has been suspected has fungicidal activity toCandida albicans. It is supported by several researches. Therefore, shallot is suspected has antifungal activity too.The aim of this research was to know antifungal activity of shallot’s water extortion againsts Candida albicans invitro. This was a laboratory experimental research which used completely randomized design, with diffusion method.Shallot’s water extortion was devided into three concentrations, there were 50%, 100% and 200%. Ketoconazole 2%was positive control and aquadest was negative control. The result of this research based on analysis of varians(Anova), there was significant difference between several treatments and was confirmed with Duncan New MultipleRange Test (DNMRT) p<0,05, there was significant difference between 100% shallot’s water extortion with othertreatments, but there was no significant difference between 50% shallot’s water extortion with 200% shallot’s. Theconclusion was shallot’s water extortion had antifungal activity againsts Candida albicans with the best concentration100%, but it was lower than ketoconazole 2%.

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