scholarly journals Prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Its Rifampicin Resistance among Patients Attending General Hospital Mararaba as a Case Study

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
B. A. Ajide ◽  
M. M. Igbabul ◽  
O. I. Kanyi
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
General Hospital ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Informal Education ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Rifampicin Resistance ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Suspected Tuberculosis ◽  
Level 3

Aims: To determine the prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its Rifampicin resistance among patients attending General Hospital, Mararaba. Study Design: This was a descriptive health-based research that involved clinically suspected tuberculosis patients whose sputum samples were referred to General Hospital Mararaba for diagnosis. Place and Duration of Study: Department of tuberculosis, General Hospital Mararaba Nasarawa state between May to July 2019. Methodology: A total of 100 suspected TB patients of both male and female were included in the study. Two sputum samples from each patient were collected from these patients with sputum containers and samples were processed under level 3 biosafety cabinet by mixing with the reagent that was provided with the assay following manufacturer’s manual and thereafter, the cartridge containing this mixture was placed in the Gene Xpert machine. The processing of the sample is fully automated and takes less than two hours. Results: An overall prevalence of 21.5% was recorded for Mycobacterium tuberculosis with a rifampicin resistance rate of 65.11% among positive patients. The highest prevalence of infection was observed among the age group of above 40 years (40.0%), males (23.9%), self-employed people (25.6%), those living in a rural environment (31.8%) and those with informal education (35.7%). There was no statistically significant relationship between the prevalence of MTB to sex, marital status, education, employment and ethnicity (P>0.05). Environment factor was however significant (p<0.05). Highest frequency for rifampicin resistance was recorded in the age group 20-29(39.2%), (64.28%) in males, rural areas (57.14%), self-employed persons (57.14%) and single people (50.0%). Age about rifampicin resistance was significant (p<0.05) while sex, occupation, environment and rural areas were not significant (p>0.05). Conclusion: It was concluded that Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its Rif-resistance amongst patients attending General Hospital, Mararaba is comparatively high and indicative of the rate at which tuberculosis and drug resistance is still resilient despite various methods put in place to control it.

scholarly journals Trends of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis and Rifampicin resistance in Adigrat General Hospital, Eastern zone, Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Getachew Kahsu Abay ◽  
Bahlibi Hailay
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
General Hospital ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Rifampicin Resistance ◽  
Northern Ethiopia ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Eastern Zone ◽  
Previously Treated

Abstract Background: Tuberculosis is an infectious disease usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria. The global emergence of mono- or multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and extensively drug-resistant forms of tuberculosis poses a considerable challenge to tuberculosis control programs. There has been no reliable and organized data on trends and drug resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the study area. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the trends of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Rifampicin resistance in the Adigrat General Hospital, eastern zone, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia.Methods: A hospital-based retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at Adigrat General Hospital from January 2015 to 2018. Data were collected retrospectively from the GenexpertTM TB registration books using a data extraction format. Data was entered into Epi-Info 3.1 and subsequently exported and analyzed using SPSS Version 20. The results were summarized using descriptive statistics, tables, and figures. P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.Result: A total of 5,944 Mycobacterium tuberculosis presumptive patients were included in the study. The majority of the study participants were male (58.1%) with participants’ median age of 40.0 (IQR 57, 26) years, the majority were 30-44 years. The overall positive cases of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was 24.3% (1446) with a total of 132 (9.1%) found to be resistant to rifampicin. Within the total Rifampicin resistant sub-group, 129/132 (97.7 %) were newly identified cases and the rest were previously treated, tuberculosis patients. Age, the reason for diagnosis, site of presumptive tuberculosis, and/or being HIV infected showed significant association with our dependent variable; however, only age and being HIV infected were associated with rifampicin resistance.Conclusion: In our study, the overall trends of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance were found to be high and gradually increasing. HIV co-infected and previously treated patients were more likely to develop rifampicin resistance. Therefore, maximizing early detection of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis and strengthening tuberculosis infection control activities are recommended to reduce the burden of this contagious and potentially deadly disease.

scholarly journals Trends of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis and rifampicin Resistance in Adigrat General Hospital, Eastern zone of Tigrai, North Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Getachew Kahsu Abay ◽  
Bahlibi Hailay
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
General Hospital ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Rifampicin Resistance ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Eastern Zone ◽  
Previously Treated

Abstract Background: Tuberculosis is an infectious disease usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria. The global emergence of mono- or multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and extensively drug-resistant forms of tuberculosis poses a considerable challenge to tuberculosis control programs. There has been no reliable and organized data on trends and drug Resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the study area. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the trends of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and rifampicin Resistance in the Adigrat General Hospital, eastern zone of Tigrai, North Ethiopia.Methods: A hospital-based retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at Adigrat General Hospital from January 2015 to 2018. Data were collected retrospectively from the GenexpertTM TB registration book using a data extraction format. Data was entered into Epi-Info 3.1 and subsequently exported and analyzed using SPSS Version 20. The results were summarized using descriptive statistics, tables, and figures. Bivariate and multi-variant regression analysis were employed to measure the association between dependent and independent variables. P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.Result: A total of 5,944 Mycobacterium tuberculosis presumptive patients were included in the study. The majority of the study participants were male (58.1%) with participants’ median age of 40.0 (IQR 26-57) years, the majority were 30-44 years. The overall positive cases of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was 24.3% (1446) with a total of 132 (9.1%) found to be resistant to Rifampicin. Within the total Rifampicin resistant sub-group, 129/1385 (9.3 %) were newly identified cases and the rest were previously treated, tuberculosis patients. Age, the reason for diagnosis, site of presumptive tuberculosis, and/or being HIV infected showed significant association with our dependent variable; however, only age and being HIV infected were associated with Rifampicin Resistance.Conclusion: In our study, the overall trends of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and rifampicin Resistance were found to be constant. HIV co-infected and previously treated patients were more likely to develop Rifampicin Resistance. Therefore, maximizing early detection of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis and strengthening tuberculosis infection control activities are recommended to reduce the burden of this contagious and potentially deadly disease.

scholarly journals HUBUNGAN PENURUNAN KADAR CD4 DENGAN POLA KEPEKAAN MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS TERHADAP RIFAMPISIN PADA PASIEN KO-INFEKSI TB-HIV DI RSUD DR. SOETOMO SURABAYA

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-9
Author(s):  
Firsta Wahono Febrianto ◽  
Deby Kusumaningrum ◽  
Arifa Mustika
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
General Hospital ◽  
Medical Record ◽  
Tuberculosis Patient ◽  
Rifampicin Resistance ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mdr Tb ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Case Rate

Abstrak. Latar belakang Mycobacterium tuberculosis banyak menimbulkan masalah kesehatan yang kompleks. Salah satu penyakit yang ditimbulkan adalah Tuberkulosis (TB). Obat untuk mengatasi Tuberkulosis disebut Obat Anti Tuberkulosis (OAT). Namun, sudah banyak Mycobacterium tuberculosis yang mengalami resistensi ganda terhadap obat lini pertama tersebut yang disebut MDR-TB (Multi-drug Resistant TB). Peningkatan kasus MDR-TB kemungkinan disebabkan oleh salah satu faktor risiko TB yaitu infeksi HIV (ko-infeksi TB-HIV). Sayangnya, ada tidaknya hubungan dari infeksi HIV, yang menurunkan kadar CD4, dengan pola kepekaan dari Mycobacterium tuberculosis terhadap Rifampisin di Indonesia belum diketahui secara pasti.Tujuan: Mengetahui hubungan penurunan kadar CD4 dengan pola kepekaan Mycobacterium tuberculosis terhadap Rifampisin pada pasien ko-infeksi TB-HIV di RSUD Dr. Soetomo SurabayaMetode Penelitian: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian analitik observasional menggunakan studi analitik dengan rancangan cross-sectional. Diperoleh 32 sampel dari rekam medis pasien ko-infeksi TB-HIV di RSUD Dr. Soetomo Surabaya periode 1 Januari - 31 Desember 2016. Data dianalisis dengan uji Chi Square menggunakan aplikasi SPSS.Hasil Penelitian dan Pembahasan: Hasil uji Chi Square antara penurunan kadar CD4 dan pola kepekaan Mycobacterium tuberculosis terhadap RIfampisin menunjukkan tidak adanya hubungan yang signifikan (p=0,544).Kesimpulan: Diperoleh hubungan yang tidak signifikan antara penurunan kadar CD4 (200 sel/mm3) dengan resistensi Mycobacterium tuberculosis terhadap Rifampisin pada pasien koinfeksi TB-HIV di RSUD Dr. Soetomo Surabaya periode Januari-Desember 2016.Kata Kunci: ko-infeksi TB-HIV, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, resisten Rifampisin, CD4. Abstract. Background: Rifampicin-resistance Tuberculosis (TB) case rate is increasing every year, particularly in Indonesia. It is probably caused by the infection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) on Tuberculosis patient, called TB-HIV co-infection. However, the association between HIV infection, which can cause decreasing of CD4, and Rifampicin-resistance Mycobacterium tuberculosis in TB-HIV co-infection patients is still not clearly yet. Objective: This study was undertaken to analyze the association between CD4 decreasing and Rifampicin resistance in TB-HIV co-infection patients of Dr. Soetomo General Hospital Surabaya.Methods: A retrospective research with cross-sectional method of TB-HIV co-infection patients’ medical record at Medical Record Center of Dr. Soetomo General Hospital Surabaya from 1 January to 31 December 2016 with 32 samples.Result: Chi Square test shows that there is no association (p=0,544) between CD4 decreasing and Rifampicin-resistance Mycobacterium tuberculosis in TB-HIV co-infection patients of Dr. Soetomo General Hospital Surabaya.Conclusion: There is no association between CD4 decreasing and Rifampicin-resistance Mycobacterium tuberculosis in TB-HIV co-infection patients.Keywords: TB-HIV co-infection, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Rifampicin resistance, CD4.

Comparative Study between Genexpert and Smear Microscopy for the Diagnosis of Tuberculosis in Samples of Patients Suspected of Pulmonary Tuberculosis – the Case Study of General Hospital, Awo-Omamma, Imo State, Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
General Hospital ◽  
Direct Detection ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Smear Microscopy ◽  
False Negatives ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Chronic Lung Diseases ◽  
Microscopy Method

Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, has remained a major scourge of humanity all over the world, with the greatest mortality occurrences noted, in developing countries. The cannot-be-over- emphasized burden of TB in Nigeria is among the highest in Africa. The study on hand was therefore aimed at comparing Cepheid GeneXpert MTB/ RIF assay for direct detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex (MTBC) and Rifampicin (RIF) resistance with the traditional smear microscopy method-the ZN technique. Sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic yields were high points of comparison. A carefullydesigned cross-sectional study was drawn and executed at the General Hospital, Awo-Omamma, covering patients’ inflow from August, 2016 to May 2017. Amongst the numerous patients presenting, a total of 120 samples were collected from patients with highest pulmonary concerns, having been assessed prognostically. Sixty-two patients (51.67%) were males, fifty-eight (48.33%) were females and all having mean ages of 42.2+16 years. Thirty patients (25%) had chronic lung diseases. Out of the 120 samples examined, 36 samples (30.00%) were MTBC positive by Smear microscopy while 42 (35.00%) were positive by GeneXpert. Placing both methods (GeneXpert and Smear microscopy) side-by-side, GeneXpert gave 85% sensitivity and 98.5% specificity GeneXpert indeed detected 6 (7.2%) additional positive cases as compared to Smear microscopy. Only 5 clinical isolates of the entire patients were resistant to Rifampicin. The study therefore conduced that GeneXpert was a better and more reliable diagnostic tool compared to Smear microscopy and can significantly reduce false-negatives and very interestingly, rules out the unnecessary delays often experienced hitherto with Smear microscopy in treatment initiation.

Who Cares for Poor? A Case Study on Beggars in India

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-192
Author(s):  
Dr. Menka Saini ◽  
Prof. Jabir Hasan Khan ◽  
Tarique Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Adult Age

The present empirical study aims to analyze the socio-economic characteristics of beggar population and to find out the causes of begging. The adverse effects of this profession on the health, incidence of bad habits among the beggars and the problems faced by them have been also taken into account. The study is based on primary source of data, collected through the field survey and direct questionnaire to the respondents in the Aligarh district of Uttar Pradesh during 2009. The study reveals that beggars are the most deprived section of the society who begged for sustaining their livelihood, living in abject poverty and on the mercy of people. It has been found that majority of beggars belongs to adult age-group (15-44), while, share of dependant population (particularly 0 to 15 years young age group) is higher in the rural areas of the district. The incidence of early marriages and big household size are very common among the beggars in the study area. Moreover, 86.5 per cent beggars’ population was illiterate and the average daily income of the beggars is  51-100 per day. The major causes which compelled them to engage themselves in begging are poverty, casteism and illiteracy. Majority of them suffer from tuberculosis, followed by anemia, weakness, leprosy etc. Poverty, low income, unemployment, low standard of housing and lack of civic amenities and facilities are their major problems

scholarly journals Molecular Epidemiology of Rifampicin Resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Using the GeneXpert MTB/RIF Assay from a Rural Setting in India

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raghuprakash Reddy ◽  
Gerardo Alvarez-Uria
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Molecular Epidemiology ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Setting ◽  
Rifampicin Resistance ◽  
Routine Diagnosis ◽  
Resource Limited ◽  
Frequent Mutations ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Xpert Assay

The Xpert MTB/RIF assay can detect mutations in rpoB gene that confer rifampicin resistance (RR) using five overlapping probes (A, B, C, D, and E). In this study, we described our experience with the Xpert assay in a rural setting in India. During the study period, 3250 samples were processed. The result was unsuccessful in 5.7% of cases. For extrapulmonary specimens, the risk of unsuccessful result was higher in tissue biopsy and stool samples. Among samples positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, rifampicin resistance was indeterminate in 1.2% of them. Our results and a review of the literature showed that the most frequent mutations conferring RR were located in the region of Probe E (63.6%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 56.26–70.94), followed by Probe B (15.02%; 95% CI 11.94–18.10), Probe D (13.35%; 95% CI 10.01–16.69), Probe A (4.73%; 95% CI 1.92–7.54), and Probe C (1.61%; 95% CI 0.67–2.54). Although the high cost of the cartridges precluded using the Xpert assay for routine diagnosis of tuberculosis, our results demonstrate that the assay can be used to diagnose RR-tuberculosis in rural areas with limited laboratory infrastructure and could be a convenient tool to investigate the molecular epidemiology of RR in resource-limited settings.

scholarly journals Role of cartridge-based nucleic acid amplification test to diagnose tuberculosis at tertiary care teaching hospital in Rajasthan, India

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 4243
Author(s):  
Rajendra Babu Mathur ◽  
Uma Shankar Shukla ◽  
Hemant Kumar Bindal
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Fluorescent Microscopy ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Health Care Facilities ◽  
Rifampicin Resistance ◽  
Smear Negative ◽  
Extra Pulmonary

Background: Tuberculosis is one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide as per the Global TB report 2017, the estimated incidence of TB in India was approximately 28,00,000 cases accounting for about a quarter of the world’s TB cases (10 million). It is of utmost important to diagnose early and treat it to reduce disease transmission. GeneXpert MTB/RIF, an automated cartridge-based molecular technique detects Mycobacterium Tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance within two hours, has been recommended by WHO for rapid diagnosis of TB.Methods: Author conducted a retrospective study in the Department of TB and Chest, of tertiary care center at Jhalawar Medical College (JMC), Jhalawar to evaluate and analyze the role of CBNAAT to diagnose tuberculosis from 1st January 2018 to 31st December 2018. Author included all patients who came to department of TB and Chest of JMC, Jhalawar either new/ relapsed/ defaulters/ referred cases from ART/ ICTC center, Pediatric Department; Gynaecology and Obstetrics Department, peripheral Government Health Care Facilities and Private Hospitals of Jhalawar District catering about 15.5 lac population were subjected to both ZN staining/ Fluorescent microscopy and CBNAAT in the study period.Results: A total of 3078 samples (pulmonary 2739+EP 339) were tested for ZN staining / Fluorescent microscopy and CBNAAT during the study period. Mean age of the study population was 36.5±10.3 years. 1873 tested were negative and 1205 samples were positive for CBNAAT. Of these 1205 positive samples, 1174 were sputum/ BAL samples and 31 were extra pulmonary samples. Authors found rifampicin resistance rate of 6.98% (82/1174) in pulmonary tuberculosis cases, 3 rifampicin resistance cases were detected in extra pulmonary samples. CBNAAT could identify 255 cases (14.01%) that were smear negative. Author found TB-HIV coinfection rate of 18.75%.Conclusions: Author found CBNAAT to be an important diagnostic modality especially in smear negative patients for early diagnosis and treatment. Author could detect Mycobacterium Tuberculosis in 14.01% of patients with negative smear microscopy for AFB. In PLHIV, CBNAAT detected Mycobacterium Tuberculosis in 18.75% (12/64) of patients. Author found rifampicin resistance rate of 6.98% (82/1174) in pulmonary tuberculosis cases.

scholarly journals Diagnostic yield of cartridge based nucleic acid amplification test in Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a tertiary care medical college and hospital of Southern Odisha, India

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 4460
Author(s):  
Dash Manoranjan ◽  
Satyajit Samal ◽  
Swain Trupti Rekha ◽  
Behera Bibhuprasad ◽  
Sahu Swapnasarit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Pleural Fluid ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Rifampicin Resistance ◽  
Pulmonary Medicine ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Extra Pulmonary

Background: Tuberculosis is the ninth leading cause of death worldwide. India contributes to about one fifth of global TB burden. It is very important to diagnose early and treat tuberculosis to cut down transmission of tuberculosis.Methods: Author conducted a retrospective study in Department of Pulmonary Medicine SLN Medical College, Koraput, Odisha to analyze the utility and yield of CBNAAT. Study period was from April 2018 to March 2019. Inclusion criteria was all patients whose samples were subjected to CBNAAT were included in our study.  Sputum samples from pulmonary tuberculosis patients, and extra pulmonary samples (pleural fluid, ascitic fluid, CSF, synovial fluid and gastric lavage etc. were included in our study population. Exclusion criteria was patients who were under anti tubercular therapy for pulmonary, extra pulmonary and MDR TB were excluded from this study. Data were collected from Pulmonary Medicine Department, ART center, DOTS center and CBNAAT center. Total number of samples tested for CBNAAT, different sample collection sites, age and sex distribution of patients, HIV status of all patients, result of smear microscopy for AFB and CBNAAT and Rifampicin resistance status were analyzed.The detail statistical analysis was done in tabulation form.Results: A total of 2621 samples were tested in CBNAAT during the study period. Mean age of the study population was 38.03 years. 1881 tested were negative and 740 samples were positive for CBNAAT. Of these 2621 samples, 2526 were pulmonary samples (sputum, pleural fluid samples) and 95 were extra pulmonary samples. Author found rifampicin resistance rate of 0.54% (4/740)) in pulmonary tuberculosis cases. There was no rifampicin resistance detected in extra pulmonary samples. CBNAAT could identify 536 cases (23.2%) that were smear negative. Author found TB- HIV co-infection rate of 6.22%.Conclusions: CBNAAT is an important diagnostic modality especially in sputum negative patients for early diagnosis and treatment. In our study it detected Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 23.2% of patients with negative smear for microscopy. Rifampicin resistance rate detected was very low compared to other studies.

scholarly journals Isolation and Immunological Detection of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis from HIV and Non-HIV Patients in Benue State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis Enenche Ejeh1 ◽  
Ann Undiandeye ◽  
Kenneth Okon ◽  
Haruna Moshud Kazeem ◽  
Ayuba Caleb Kudi
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Rifampicin Resistance ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection ◽  
Hiv Patients ◽  
Lowenstein Jensen

BACKGROUND: Immunological techniques are important tools for tuberculosis epidemiology; although its use is underutilized in Nigeria. In this study, we report the epidemiological outlook of Mycobacterium tuberculosis among HIV patients in Benue State, Nigeria.METHODS: Sputum samples were collected from 425 suspected TB patients from July 2016 to February 2018 and subjected to acid-fast microscopy, GeneXpert MTB/RIF, processed using NALC-NaOH and cultured on Lowenstein-Jensen media. The isolates obtained were identified by SD-Bioline® assay.RESULTS: The prevalence of TB by acid-fast microscopy was 35(15.9%). The prevalence of TB by acid-fast bacilli was significantly (χ2 = 8.458; P = 0.003) highest among the 15-34 years age group (22.0%) compared with other age groups. TB prevalence was significantly (χ2 = 4.751; P = 0.029) higher among patients from rural areas than those from urban center (23.8% vs 14.1%). GeneXpert assay detected 64(15.1%) TB cases of which patients from rural areas had significantly (χ2 = 8.104; P = 0.017) higher prevalence of TB than patients from urban areas (23.8% vs 12.9%). The overall rifampicin resistance TB was 3.1%. Also, patients from rural areas had significantly (χ2 = 10.625; P = 0.005) higher rifampicin resistance compared with patient from urban areas (8.3% vs 1.3%). Of the 126(29.7%) mycobacterial isolates, 42(33.33%) were identified as MTBC and 84 (66.67%) as NTM by SD-Bioline®assay.CONCLUSIONS: The study revealed that Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is still a major public health problem, with relatively high prevalence rate of rifampicin resistance among HIV positive patients. Further studies are needed for early detection and treatment intervention necessary for infection control.

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