Methane Emission Factor in Italian Mediterranean Buffalo According to Production Management

The environmental impact of greenhouse gases caused by livestock farms plays a fundamental role due to the implications and environmental consequences that livestock practices entail, affecting the stability of the entire ecosystem connected to them, especially as a consequence of the growing demand for products of animal origin. The aim of this work was to quantify the CH4 emissions factor in lactating buffaloes by comparing four different types of livestock management: family, conventional, organic and sustainable. To determine the enteric CH4 emissions from buffalo, information about animal production and farm management was analyzed, and the CH4 emission factor was calculated using the IPCC Tier 2 model. ANOVA was conducted to evaluate significant differences between the farms; Pearson’s correlation was used to evaluate the relationship between parameters. In a conventional farm, the CH4 emission factor for buffalo was 27.69 kg CH4/head/yr compared to 22.77 and 21.61 kg CH4/head/yr respectively for organic and family-run. These data may also depend on the higher protein and fiber content in the administered unifeed. Furthermore, the ratio of enteric emissions factor of CH4 / gross energy intake ratio reflected these data (12.04 vs 10.93 vs 10.16 vs 10.65 for conventional, organic, sustainable, and family-run farms, respectively).

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The role of termite CH<sub>4</sub> emissions on ecosystem scale: a case study in the Amazon rain forest

10.5194/bg-2020-384 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Hella van Asperen ◽

João Rafael Alves-Oliveira ◽

Thorsten Warneke ◽

Bruce Forsberg ◽

Alessandro Carioca de Araujo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rain Forest ◽

Emission Factor ◽

Field Studies ◽

Ch4 Emission ◽

Termite Mound ◽

Flux Chamber ◽

Termite Mounds ◽

Ch4 Emissions ◽

Amazon Rain Forest

Abstract. The magnitude of termite methane (CH4) emissions is still an uncertain part of the global CH4 budget and current emission estimates are based on limited field studies. We present in-situ CH4 emission measurements of termite mounds and termite mound sub samples, performed in the Amazon rain forest. Emissions of five termite mounds of the species Neocapritermes brasiliensis were measured by use of a large flux chamber connected to a portable gas analyser, measuring CH4 and CO2. In addition, the emission of mound sub samples was measured, after which termites were counted, so that a termite CH4 and CO2 emission factor could be determined. Mound emissions were found to range between 17.0–34.8 nmol mound−1 s−1 for CH4 and between 1.6–13.5 μmol mound−1 s−1 for CO2. A termite emission factor of 0.32 μmol CH4 gtermite−1 h−1 was found, which is twice as high as the only other reported average value for the Amazon. By combining mound emission measurements with the termite emission factor, colony sizes could be estimated, which were found to range between 50–120 thousand individuals. Estimates were similar to literature values, and we therefore propose that this method can be used as a quick non-intrusive method to estimate termite colony size in the field. The role of termites in the ecosystems CH4 budget was evaluated by use of two approaches. Termite mound emission values were combined with local termite mound density numbers, leading to an estimate of 0.15–0.71 nmol CH4 m−2 s−1 on average emitted by termite mounds. In addition, the termite CH4 emission factor from this study was combined with termite density numbers, resulting in an estimate of termite emitted CH4 of ~1.0 nmol m−2 s−1. Considering the relatively low net CH4 emissions previously measured at this ecosystem, we expect that termites play an important role in the CH4 budget of this Terra Firme ecosystem.

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Inventory of Spatio-Temporal Methane Emissions from Livestock and Poultry Farming in Beijing

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su11143858 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (14) ◽

pp. 3858

Author(s):

Yixuan Guo ◽

Yidong Wang ◽

Shufeng Chen ◽

Shunan Zheng ◽

Changcheng Guo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Field Survey ◽

Tier 2 ◽

Ch4 Emission ◽

Intergovernmental Panel ◽

Enteric Fermentation ◽

Ch4 Emissions ◽

Spatio Temporal ◽

Poultry Farming ◽

Feeding Systems

Livestock and poultry farming sectors are among the largest anthropogenic methane (CH4) emission sources, mainly from enteric fermentation and manure management. Previous inventories of CH4 emission were generally based on constant emission factor (EF) per head, which had some weaknesses mainly due to the succession of breeding and feeding systems over decades. Here, more reliable long-term changes of CH4 emissions from livestock and poultry farming in Beijing are estimated using the dynamic EFs based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Tier 2 method, and high-resolution spatial patterns of CH4 emissions are also estimated with intensive field survey. The results showed that the estimated CH4 emissions derived by dynamic EFs were approximately 13–19% lower than those based on the constant EF before 2010. After 2011, however, the dynamic EFs-derived CH4 emissions were a little higher (3%) than the constant EF method. Temporal CH4 emissions in Beijing had experienced four developing stages (1978–1988: stable; 1989–1998: slow growth; 1999–2004: rapid growth and reached hot moments; 2005–2014: decline) during 1978–2014. Over the first two decades, the contributions of pigs (45%) and cattle (46%) to annual CH4 emission were similar; subsequently, the cattle emitted more CH4 compared to the pigs. At a spatial scale, Shunyi, Daxing, and Tongzhou districts with more cattle and pigs are the hotspots of CH4 emission. In conclusion, the dynamic EFs method obviously improved the spatio-temporal estimates of CH4 emissions compared to the constant EF approach, and the improvements depended on the period and aquaculture structure. Therefore, the dynamic EFs method should be recommended for estimating CH4 emissions from livestock and poultry farming in the future.

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Potential of Alternate Wetting and Drying Irrigation Practices for the Mitigation of GHG Emissions from Rice Fields: Two Cases in Central Luzon (Philippines)

Agriculture ◽

10.3390/agriculture10080350 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 350 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Björn Ole Sander ◽

Pia Schneider ◽

Ryan Romasanta ◽

Kristine Samoy-Pascual ◽

Evangeline B. Sibayan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Experimental Studies ◽

Paddy Rice ◽

Management Technique ◽

N2o Emissions ◽

Tier 2 ◽

Ch4 Emission ◽

Ghg Emission ◽

Wetting And Drying ◽

Alternate Wetting And Drying ◽

Ch4 Emissions

Reducing methane (CH4) emission from paddy rice production is an important target for many Asian countries in order to comply with their climate policy commitments. National greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory approaches like the Tier-2 approach of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) are useful to assess country-scale emissions from the agricultural sector. In paddy rice, alternate wetting and drying (AWD) is a promising and well-studied water management technique which, as shown in experimental studies, can effectively reduce CH4 emissions. However, so far little is known about GHG emission rates under AWD when the technique is fully controlled by farmers. This study assesses CH4 and nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes under continuous flooded (CF) and AWD treatments for seven subsequent seasons on farmers’ fields in a pumped irrigation system in Central Luzon, Philippines. Under AWD management, CH4 emissions were substantially reduced (73% in dry season (DS), 21% in wet season (WS)). In all treatments, CH4 is the major contributor to the total GHG emission and is, thus, identified as the driving force to the global warming potential (GWP). The contribution of N2O emissions to the GWP was higher in CF than in AWD, however, these only offset 15% of the decrease in CH4 emission and, therefore, did not jeopardize the strong reduction in the GWP. The study proves the feasibility of AWD under farmers’ management as well as the intended mitigation effect. Resulting from this study, it is recommended to incentivize dissemination strategies in order to improve the effectiveness of mitigation initiatives. A comparison of single CH4 emissions to calculated emissions with the IPCC Tier-2 inventory approach identified that, although averaged values showed a sufficient degree of accuracy, fluctuations for single measurement points have high variation which limit the use of the method for field-level assessments.

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The role of termite CH<sub>4</sub> emissions on the ecosystem scale: a case study in the Amazon rainforest

Biogeosciences ◽

10.5194/bg-18-2609-2021 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (8) ◽

pp. 2609-2625

Author(s):

Hella van Asperen ◽

João Rafael Alves-Oliveira ◽

Thorsten Warneke ◽

Bruce Forsberg ◽

Alessandro Carioca de Araújo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Emission Factor ◽

Field Studies ◽

Amazon Rainforest ◽

Ch4 Emission ◽

Termite Mound ◽

Flux Chamber ◽

Termite Mounds ◽

Ch4 Emissions ◽

Current Emission

Abstract. The magnitude of termite methane (CH4) emissions is still an uncertain part of the global CH4 budget and current emission estimates are based on limited field studies. We present in situ CH4 emission measurements of termite mounds and termite mound subsamples performed in the Amazon rainforest. Emissions from five termite mounds of the species Neocapritermes brasiliensis were measured by use of a large flux chamber connected to a portable gas analyser measuring CH4 and CO2. In addition, the emissions of mound subsamples were measured, after which the termites were counted so that a termite CH4 and CO2 emission factor could be determined. Mound emissions were found to range between 17.0 and 34.8 nmol mound−1 s−1 for CH4 and between 1.1 and 13.0 µmol mound−1 s−1 for CO2. A termite emission factor of 0.35 µmol CH4 gtermite-1 h−1 was found, which is almost twice as high as the only other reported value for the Amazon. By combining mound emission measurements with the termite emission factor, colony sizes could be estimated, which were found to range between 55–125 thousand individuals. Estimates were similar to literature values, and we therefore propose that this method can be used as a quick non-intrusive method to estimate termite colony size in the field. The role of termites in the ecosystem's CH4 budget was evaluated by use of two approaches. Termite mound emission values were combined with local mound density numbers, leading to an estimate of 0.15–0.71 nmol CH4 m−2 s−1, on average, emitted by termite mounds. In addition, the termite CH4 emission factor from this study was combined with termite biomass numbers, resulting in an estimate of termite-emitted CH4 of ∼1.0 nmol m−2 s−1. Considering the relatively low net CH4 emissions previously measured at this ecosystem, we expect that termites play an important role in the CH4 budget of this terra firme ecosystem.

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Methane emissions from young and mature dairy cattle

Animal Production Science ◽

10.1071/an15102 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 56 (11) ◽

pp. 1897 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

C. A. Ramírez-Restrepo ◽

H. Clark ◽

S. Muetzel

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Emission Factor ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Sulfur Hexafluoride ◽

Dry Matter Intake ◽

Tracer Technique ◽

Ch4 Emissions ◽

Dairy Heifers ◽

Age Related ◽

The Mean

Daily methane (CH4) emissions (g) and CH4 yield (g/kg dry matter intake) were measured from 10 dairy heifers (<1 year old) and nine rumen-fistulated cows (>6 years old) fed ryegrass (Lolium perenne) chaffage indoors. The CH4 emissions were estimated using the sulfur hexafluoride tracer technique in four ~5-day periods beginning in June 2008 and repeated 4, 6 and 7 months later. Respiratory chambers were used in four ~13-day periods beginning in November 2008 and repeated 2, 5 and 6 months later. Third and fourth sulfur hexafluoride tracer periods overlapped with the first and second chamber measurement periods, respectively. Averaged over the four measurement periods the CH4 yields determined using both techniques were similar for heifers and cows. The mean CH4 yield estimated by the sulfur hexafluoride tracer technique was 25.3 ± 0.52 for heifers and 24.1 ± 0.55 for mature cows, whereas the mean CH4 yield measured in respiratory chambers was 23.7 ± 0.66 for heifers and 23.6 ± 0.66 for mature cows. Averaged over the eight measurements irrespective of technique, CH4 yields for heifers (24.5 ± 0.42) and cows (23.8 ± 0.43) were similar. There was also no difference between CH4 methods for assessing CH4 yield during the overlapping measurement periods. It was concluded that no consistent differences in CH4 yield existed between heifers and mature cows. Therefore, we do not recommend adoption of an age-related emission factor for cattle in the national inventory calculations for New Zealand.

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A comment on scaling methane emissions from vegetation and grazing ruminants in New Zealand

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/fp06088 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 33 (7) ◽

pp. 613 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Francis M. Kelliher ◽

Harry Clark ◽

Zheng Li ◽

Paul C. D. Newton ◽

Anthony J. Parsons ◽

...

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Standard Deviation ◽

Forest Canopy ◽

Emission Rate ◽

Oxidative Capacity ◽

Emission Rates ◽

Ch4 Emission ◽

Ch4 Emissions ◽

Grazed Pasture ◽

Indigenous Forest

Keppler et al. (2006, Nature 439, 187–191) showed that plants produce methane (CH4) in aerobic environments, leading Lowe (2006, Nature 439, 148–149) to postulate that in countries such as New Zealand, where grazed pastures have replaced forests, the forests could have produced as much CH4 as the ruminants currently grazing these areas. Estimating CH4 emissions from up to 85 million ruminants in New Zealand is challenging and, for completeness, the capacity of forest and pastoral soils to oxidise CH4 should be included. On average, the CH4 emission rate of grazing ruminants is estimated to be 9.6 ± 2.6 g m–2 year–1 (±standard deviation), six times the corresponding estimate for an indigenous forest canopy (1.6 ± 1.1 g m–2 year–1). The forest’s soil is estimated to oxidise 0.9 ± 0.2 g m–2 year–1 more CH4 than representative soils beneath grazed pasture. Taking into account plant and animal sources and the soil’s oxidative capacity, the net CH4 emission rates of forest and grazed ecosystems are 0.6 ± 1.1 and 9.8 ± 2.6 g m–2 year–1, respectively.

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Soil moisture control over autumn season methane flux, Arctic Coastal Plain of Alaska

Biogeosciences ◽

10.5194/bg-9-1423-2012 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 1423-1440 ◽

Cited By ~ 57

Author(s):

C. S. Sturtevant ◽

W. C. Oechel ◽

D. Zona ◽

Y. Kim ◽

C. E. Emerson

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Winter Season ◽

Methane Flux ◽

Soil Freezing ◽

The Arctic ◽

Freezing Process ◽

Unfrozen Water ◽

Ch4 Emission ◽

Ch4 Emissions ◽

Autumn Season

Abstract. Accurate estimates of annual budgets of methane (CH4) efflux in arctic regions are severely constrained by the paucity of non-summer measurements. Moreover, the incomplete understanding of the ecosystem-level sensitivity of CH4 emissions to changes in tundra moisture makes prediction of future CH4 release from the Arctic extremely difficult. This study addresses some of these research gaps by presenting an analysis of eddy covariance and chamber measurements of CH4 efflux and supporting environmental variables during the autumn season and associated beginning of soil freeze-up at our large-scale water manipulation site near Barrow, Alaska (the Biocomplexity Experiment). We found that the autumn season CH4 emission is significant (accounting for 21–25% of the average growing season emission), and that this emission is mostly controlled by the fraction of inundated landscape, atmospheric turbulence, and the decline in unfrozen water during the period of soil freezing. Drainage decreased autumn CH4 emission by a factor of 2.4 compared to our flooded treatment. Flooding slowed the soil freezing process which has implications for extending elevated CH4 emissions longer into the winter season.

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PENENTUAN MUSIM TANAM, JENIS VARIETAS, DAN TEKNIK BUDIDAYA TANAMAN PADI TERKAIT MITIGASI EMISI METANA (CH4) (Determination of Early Planting Season, Type Varieties, and Cultivation Techniques of Rice as Mitigation to Methane Emission)

Jurnal Manusia dan Lingkungan ◽

10.22146/jml.23077 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Lilik Slamet Supriatin

Keyword(s):

Rainy Season ◽

Growing Season ◽

Dry Season ◽

Wetland Mitigation ◽

Annual Rainfall ◽

Ch4 Emission ◽

Ch4 Emissions ◽

Cultivation Techniques ◽

Planting Season

ABSTRAKEmisi metana (CH4) dari pertanian padi lahan sawah dapat dipengaruhi oleh faktor-faktor seperti cara pemberian air, pengolahan tanah, varietas padi, dan iklim. Pada penelitian ini dikaji tahap penentuan musim tanam, pemilihan varietas padi, dan tahap terakhir adalah teknik budidaya pertanian padi lahan sawah yang terkait mitigasi emisi CH4. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa musim tanam padi pada musim kemarau menghasilkan emisi CH4 lebih kecil daripada di musim hujan dengan pengurangan emisi CH4 sebesar 18,13%. Indonesia yang memiliki tiga tipe pola curah hujan tahunan (monsunal, equatorial, lokal) mengakibatkan periode musim tanam rendah emisi CH4 berbeda antara tipe curah hujan yang satu dengan lainnya. Varietas padi Way apo buru adalah varietas yang menghasilkan emisi CH4 terendah tetapi tetap optimum dalam produksi gabah sehingga dapat dipilih menjadi prioritas pertama untuk ditanam. Teknik budidaya pertanian padi lahan sawah yang menghasilkan rendah emisi CH4 dapat dilakukan dengan membuat genangan air yang dangkal saja, dengan cara pemberian air berselang, dan kombinasi antara pemeliharaan padi, ganggang, tanaman paku air, ikan air tawar, dan bakteri metanotrof dalam satu petak lahan sawah (mina padi plus). Pemberian air dengan cara berselang menurunkan emisi CH4 pada musim kemarau sebesar 59,36% dan pada musim hujan sebesar 51,68% jika dibandingkan dengan pemberian air secara terus-menerus (kontinyu). Teknik budidaya mina padi plus mengurangi emisi CH4 sebesar 21,5 kg/ha/musim tanam dan bakteri metanotrof mengurangi emisi CH4 ke atmosfer sebesar 20-60 Tg. Sawah dapat dijadikan sebagai instalasi terbuka pengolahan udara berlimbah CH4. ABSTRACTMethane (CH4) emissions from rice cultivation can be influenced by several factors i.e. the provision of water, soil cultivation, varieties of rice, and the climate. This study will examine the determination of the growing season, the selection of rice varieties and cultivation techniques of rice agriculture-related wetland mitigation of the CH4 emission. The results showed that the rice planting season in the dry season produces CH4 emissions is smaller than in the rainy season with CH4 emission reduction of 18.13%. Indonesia, which has three types of annual rainfall patterns resulting in periods of low growing season CH4 emissions differ between types of rainfall each other. Way apo buru rice species are varieties that produce low emissions of CH4 but remains optimum in grain production. Cultivation techniques of rice farming rice fields that produce low emissions of CH4 can be done by creating a pool of shallow water only, by way of provision of water intermittent, and the combination of maintenance of rice, algae, plants salviniales, freshwater fish, and bacteria metanotrof in a wetland. The provision of water by intermittent lowering emissions of CH4 in the dry season by 59.36% and in the rainy season amounted to 51.68% when compared to the provision of water continuously (continuous). Mina padi plus cultivation techniques reduce CH4 emissions by 21.5 kg/ha/planting and metanotrof bacteria can reduce CH4 emissions to the atmosphere by 20-60 Tg.

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Quantification and assessment of methane emissions from offshore oil and gas facilities on the Norwegian Continental Shelf

10.5194/acp-2021-872 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Amy Foulds ◽

Grant Allen ◽

Jacob T. Shaw ◽

Prudence Bateson ◽

Patrick A. Barker ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Continental Shelf ◽

Oil And Gas ◽

Accurate Estimate ◽

Ch4 Emission ◽

Emission Mitigation ◽

Ch4 Emissions ◽

Variable Nature ◽

Emission Fluxes ◽

Facility Level ◽

Norwegian Continental Shelf

Abstract. The oil and gas (O&G) sector is a significant source of methane (CH4) emissions. Quantifying these emissions remains challenging, with many studies highlighting discrepancies between measurements and inventory-based estimates. In this study, we present CH4 emission fluxes from 21 offshore O&G facilities collected in 10 O&G fields over two regions of the Norwegian Continental Shelf in 2019. Emissions of CH4 derived from measurements during 13 aircraft surveys were found to range from 2.6 to 1200 t year−1 (with a mean of 211 t year−1 across all 21 facilities). Comparing this with aggregated operator-reported facility emissions for 2019, we found excellent agreement (within 1σ uncertainty), with mean aircraft-measured fluxes 16 % lower than those reported by operators. We also compared aircraft-derived fluxes with facility fluxes extracted from a global gridded fossil fuel CH4 emission inventory compiled for 2016. We found that the measured emissions were 42 % larger than the inventory for the area covered by this study, for the 21 facilities surveyed (in aggregate). We interpret this large discrepancy not to reflect a systematic error in the operator-reported emissions, which agree with measurements, but rather the representivity of the global inventory due to the methodology used to construct it and the fact that the inventory was compiled for 2016 (and thus not representative of emissions in 2019). This highlights the need for timely and up-to-date inventories for use in research and policy. The variable nature of CH4 emissions from individual facilities requires knowledge of facility operational status during measurements for data to be useful in prioritizing targeted emission mitigation solutions. Surveys of individual facilities may always require this. However, for field-aggregated emissions, our results show that an accurate estimate of total field-level emissions simply requires a sufficiently large and representative sample of facilities, to yield meaningful comparisons and flux statistics, irrespective of operational status information. In summary, this study demonstrates the importance and accuracy of detailed, facility-level emission accounting and reporting by operators and the use of measurement approaches to validate bottom-up accounting.

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STAPHYLOCOCCAL BIOFILMS: A NEW CHALLENGE FOR SANITATION OF DAIRY AND MEAT PROCESSING INDUSTRY

Problems of Veterinary Sanitation, Hygiene and Ecology ◽

10.36871/vet.san.hyg.ecol.201903010 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (3) ◽

pp. 302-306

Author(s):

N.A. Shurduba ◽

◽

D.V. Gruznov ◽

Keyword(s):

Biofilm Formation ◽

Animal Origin ◽

Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽

Cross Contamination ◽

Consumer Health ◽

Meat Processing ◽

Food Spoilage ◽

Planktonic Cells ◽

Dairy Processing ◽

The Stability

The article presents data on studies of the stability of staphylococcal biofilms. Staphylococcus grows predominantly as biofilm on virtually any type of industrial surface, causing contamination of food and water, corrosion of the metal surface and obstruction of the equipment. In particular, in the processing meat and dairy industry, biofilm formation can contribute to food spoilage and the transfer of pathogenic microorganisms, increasing the possibility of cross-contamination, which can be associated with a serious risk to consumer health. Staphylococci are often isolated from products of animal origin, but it turned out that in the state of biofilm they are more stable and viable than planktonic cells, especially after insufficiently effective disinfection. In this regard, commonly used means and modes of rehabilitation of technological surfaces of meat and dairy processing enterprises must be improved.

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