Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Studies of Some Hemi-parasitic West African Plants

The study investigated the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of some West African hemi-parasitic plants, which comprised Tapinanthus bangwensis (TB), Tapinanthus globiferus (TG) and Globimetula braunii (GB), used in Nigerian ethnomedicine for the management of skin and other microbial infections. This was with a view to determining the most active plant extract and fraction. The leaf and stem of each plant was separately air-dried, powdered and macerated in ethanol-H20 (8:2). The extracts were subjected to in vitro antioxidant tests such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), Fe2+ chelating ability (FIC) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) assays, with L-ascorbic acid, quercetin and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as positive controls. The antimicrobial test was carried out using micro-broth dilution method against reference strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans, where ciprofloxacin and ketoconazole were the positive controls. An activity-guided fractionation approach was adopted in the study. The most active GB leaf extract was fractionated to obtain n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethylacetate, n-butanol and aqueous fractions, and were subsequently tested. The results showed that the extract of GB leaf demonstrated the highest bioactivities with inhibitory concentration (IC50) of DPPH at 31.21±1.11 µg/mL, FRAP value of 109.30±0.76 mg AAE/g, TAC value of 178.15±3.54 mg AAE/g and MIC of 5.0 – 10.0 mg/mL. The Ethylacetate fraction of GB leaf demonstrated the highest bioactivities, which were four-times, thrice and twice better than its GB leaf extract in the DPPH, TAC and antimicrobial studies respectively. The EtOAc fraction (IC50 = 8.58±1.39 µg/mL) was comparable (P > 0.05) in antioxidant activity with quercetin (IC50 = 7.72±0.88 µg/mL). The EtOAc fraction also exhibited broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity with inhibitory concentration of 1.25 mg/mL against MRSA and C. albicans. In conclusion, the extract of G. braunii leaf demonstrated considerable bioactivities and the moderately polar EtOAc fraction was the most active fraction; hence, validates the folkloric use G. braunii leaf as a remedy for microbial infections.

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Effect of Antibiotic Susceptibility and Inhibitory Activity for the Control of Growth and Survival of Microorganisms of Extracts of Calendula officinalis

European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences ◽

10.34104//ejmhs.019 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Keyword(s):

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Petroleum Ether ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Care Delivery ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Calendula Officinalis ◽

Growth And Survival ◽

E Coli

Extracts from many types of plants show several evidences of beneficial health effects in the living system. Calendula officinalis is a well known medicinal plant in our country. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of C. officinalis for control of growth and survival of microorganisms. Inhibition of growth was tested by the paper disc agar diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by the tube dilution method. C. officinalis leaf extract showed inhibition (MIC, inhibitory) to Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Bacillus subtilis and to the other bacteria tested. Antimicrobial effects of leaf extract of C. officinalis on some microorganisms including pathogens were investigated. The extract of C. officinalis leaf which is prepared in was tested on bacterial cultures such as B. subtilis, S. lutea, E. coli, K. pneumoniae and also investigated that minimum inhibitory concentration 4µg/ml of leaf extract of C. officinalis in Petroleum ether against K. pneumoniae and largest inhibitory zone are created by 512mg/ml chloroform extract against E. coli leaf extract of C. officinalis in Petroleum ether has proved better for antibacterial activity. This study demonstrates that the potentiality of C. officinalis as a source of antimicrobials that could be harness for use in the health care delivery process.

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Uji Konsentrasi Hambat Minimum (KHM) Ekstrak Daun Mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia L.) terhadap Candida albicans Secara In Vitro

e-GIGI ◽

10.35790/eg.5.2.2017.17370 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Lisa Ramschie ◽

Pieter L. Suling ◽

Krista V. Siagian

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Morinda Citrifolia ◽

Control Group ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Control Group Design ◽

Group Design

Abstract: Noni (Morinda cittrifolia L.) leaves contain antraquinon, atsiri oil, saponin, tannin, alkaloid, flavonoid, polifenol, and sterol that have been proved can inhibit the growth of Candida albicans. This study was aimed to establish the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of noni leaf extract against Candida abicans. This was a true experimental study with a randomized pretest-posttest control group design. We used serial dilution method with turbidimetry and spectrophotometry tests. Noni leaves were extracted by using maceration with 96% ethanol. Candida albicans fungi were obtained from Microbiology Laboratory of Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sam Ratulangi University. The turbidimetry test using three repetitions showed that the MIC of noni leaf extract against Candida albicans was 6.25% meanwhile the spectrophotometry test established 12.5% as the MIC of noni leaf extract. Conclusion: Minimum inhibitory concentration of noni (Morinda cittrifolia L.) leaf extract against the growth of Candida albicans was 12.5%.Keywords: noni (Morinda citrifolia L.), Candida albicans, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) Abstrak: Daun mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia L.) mengandung antraquinon, minyak atsiri, saponin, tannin, alkaloid, flavonoid, polifenol dan sterol yang terbukti dapat menghambat pertumbuhan Candida albicans. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan konsentrasi hambat minimum (KHM) dari ekstrak daun mengkudu terhadap Candida albicans. Jenis penelitian ialah eksperimental murni dengan randomized pretest-posttest control group design. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian yaitu serial dilusi dengan pengujian turbidimetri dan spektrofotometri. Daun mengkudu diekstraksi dengan metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 96%. Jamur Candida albicans diambil dari stok jamur Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Program Studi Farmasi Fakultas MIPA Universitas Sam Ratulangi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengujian turbidimetri dengan tiga kali perlakuan mendapatkan KHM pada konsentrasi 6,25% sedangkan pengujian spektrofotometri mendapatkan KHM pada konsentrasi 12,5%. Simpulan: Konsentrasi hambat minimum (KHM) ekstrak daun mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia L.) terhadap pertumbuhan Candida albicans terdapat pada konsentrasi 12,5%.Kata kunci: mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia L.), Candia albicans, konsentrasi hambat minimum (KHM)

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Uji konsentrasi hambat minimum (KHM) ekstrak daun binahong (Anredera cordifolia Steenis) sebagai antibakteri terhadap pertumbuhan Streptococcus mutans

e-GIGI ◽

10.35790/eg.4.2.2016.13766 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Klaudya E. Warokka ◽

Jane Wuisan ◽

Juliatri .

Keyword(s):

Minimal Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Test Methods ◽

Control Group ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Control Group Design ◽

Study Program ◽

Group Design

Abstract: Inadequate oral and dental hygiene can cause plaques containing various kinds of bacteria; one of them is Streptococcus mutans which is the main cause of dental caries. Binahong leaf (Anredera cordifolia Steenis) is a medicinal herb that contains antibacterial compounds namely flavonoids, alkonoid, terpanoid, and saponins. This study aimed to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of binahong leaf extract to the growth of Streptococcus mutans. This was a true experimental study with a randomized pretest-posttest control group design. The method used in this study was serial dilution method with turbidimetry and spectrophotometry as the test methods. Binahong leaves were taken from Tempok village and were extracted with maceration method using ethanol 96%. Streptococcus mutans bacteria were obtained from a pure bacterial stock in Microbiology Laboratory of Pharmacy Study Program, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science University of Sam Ratulangi Manado. The result showed that the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of binahong leaf extract (Anredera cordifolia steenis) to the growth of Streptococcus mutans was 6.25%.Keywords: Streptococcus mutans, binahong leaf, MIC, tooth cariesAbstrak: Kebersihan gigi dan mulut yang buruk dapat menyebabkan terbentuknya plak yang mengandung berbagai macam bakteri, salah satu diantaranya Streptococcus mutans yang menjadi penyebab utama terjadinya karies gigi. Daun binahong (Anredera cordifolia steenis) merupakan tanaman herbal yang mengandung senyawa antibakteri yaitu flavonoid, alkonoid, terpanoid dan saponin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui konsentrasi hambat minimum (KHM) dari daun binahong terhadap pertumbuhan Streptococcus mutans. Jenis penelitian ini ialah eksperimental murni dengan randomized pretest-posttest control group design. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode serial dilusi dengan metode pengujian turbidimetri dan spektrofotometri. Daun binahong diperoleh di desa Tempok, dan diekstraksi dengan metode maserasi menggunakan etanol 96%. Bakteri Streptococcus mutans diambil dari stok bakteri murni Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Program Studi Farmasi Fakultas MIPA Universitas Sam Ratulangi Manado. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan bahwa KHM daun binahong terhadap pertumbuhan streptococcus mutans ialah pada konsentrasi 6,25%.Kata kunci: Streptococcus mutans, daun binahong, KHM, karies gigi

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Effect of Antibiotic Susceptibility and Inhibitory Activity for the Control of Growth and Survival of Microorganisms of Extracts of Calendula officinalis

European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences ◽

10.34104/ejmhs.0190109 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Keyword(s):

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Petroleum Ether ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Care Delivery ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Calendula Officinalis ◽

Growth And Survival ◽

E Coli

Extracts from many types of plants show several evidences of beneficial health effects in the living system. Calendula officinalis is a well known medicinal plant in our country. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of C. officinalis for control of the growth and survival of microorganisms. The inhibition of growth was tested by the paper disc agar diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by the tube dilution method. C. officinalis leaf extract showed inhibition (MIC, inhibitory) to Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Bacillus subtilis and to the other bacteria tested. Antimicrobial effects of leaf extract of C. officinalis on some microorganisms including pathogens were investigated. The extract of C. officinalis leaf which is prepared in was tested on bacterial cultures such as B. subtilis, S. lutea, E. coli, K. pneumoniae and also investigated that minimum inhibitory concentration 4µg/ml of leaf extract of C. officinalis in petroleum ether against K. pneumoniae and largest inhibitory zone are created by 512mg/ml chloroform extract against E. coli leaf extract of C. officinalis in petroleum ether has proved better for antibacterial activity. This study demonstrates that the potentiality of C. officinalis as a source of antimicrobials that could be harness for use in the health care delivery process.

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2-Mercaptobenzimidazole Schiff Bases: Design, Synthesis, Antimicrobial Studies and Anticancer Activity on HCT-116 Cell Line

Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/1389557518666181009151008 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (13) ◽

pp. 1080-1092 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Sumit Tahlan ◽

Balasubramanian Narasimhan ◽

Siong Meng Lim ◽

Kalavathy Ramasamy ◽

Vasudevan Mani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Anticancer Activity ◽

Schiff Bases ◽

Anticancer Agents ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Anticancer Activities ◽

Design Synthesis ◽

Antimicrobial Studies ◽

Development Of Resistance ◽

Microbial Infections ◽

New Chemical Entities

Background: Increased rate of mortality due to the development of resistance to currently available antimicrobial and anticancer agents initiated the need to develop new chemical entities for the treatment of microbial infections and cancer. Objective: The present study was aimed to synthesize and evaluate antimicrobial and anticancer activities of Schiff bases of 2-mercaptobenzimidazole. Methods: The Schiff bases of 2-mercaptobenzimidazole were synthesized from 4-(2-(1H-benzo[d]- imidazol-2-ylthio)acetamido)benzohydrazide. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for antimicrobial and anticancer activities by tube dilution method and Sulforhodamine-B (SRB) assay, respectively. Results: Compounds 8 (MICpa, an = 2.41, 1.20 µM/ml), 10 (MICse, sa = 2.50 µM/ml), 20 (MICec = 2.34 µM/ml) and 25 (MICca = 1.46 µM/ml) showed significant antimicrobial activity against tested bacterial and fungal strains and compounds 20 (IC50 = 8 µg/ml) and 23 (IC50 = 7 µg/ml) exhibited significant anticancer activity. Conclusion: In general, the synthesized derivatives exhibited moderate antimicrobial and anticancer activities. Compounds 8 and 25 having high antifungal potential among the synthesized compounds may be taken as lead molecules for the development of novel antifungal agents.

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Efektivitas Ekstrak Black Garlic dalam Menghambat Pertumbuhan Candida albicans

Pustaka Kesehatan ◽

10.19184/pk.v8i3.12990 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 153

Author(s):

Ratih Iswari Ningtias ◽

Dyah Indartin Setyowati ◽

Ari Tri Wanodyo Handayani

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Test Solution ◽

Garlic Extract ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Control Solution ◽

Minimum Fungicidal Concentration ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Extract Concentration ◽

Positive Controls

Black garlic has many properties naturally can be used as an antifungi. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of Black garlic extract in inhibiting the growth of Candida albicans and knowing the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) of Black garlic extract against Candida albicans. This study used 5 groups of Black garlic extract concentration, namely 75%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, and positive controls, with 5 replications. Extraction was carried out using maceration method with 96% ethanol solvent, while the antifungal test was carried out by liquid dilution method. MIC was determined by observing the turbidity and clarity of each test solution and compared to the control solution. MFC was determined by observing the presence or absence of fungi colonies growing on Sabouraud Dextrosa Agar (SDA) media after incubation for 24 hours. The results of the study carried out the Kruskall-Wallis test showed a significance value (p <0.05) which means that there were significant differences in all groups. In the Mann-Whitney test showed a significance value (p <0.05) which means there are differences between treatment groups. The conclusion is that Black garlic extract has the ability to antifungal with MIC at a concentration of 50% and MFC at a concentration of 75%.

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Uji Konsentrasi Hambat Minimum Ekstrak Daun Gedi (Abelmoschus manihot L. Medik) terhadap Pertumbuhan Streptococcus mutans

e-GIGI ◽

10.35790/eg.6.2.2018.20200 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Benedicta N. D. Rori ◽

Johanna A. Khoman ◽

Aurelia S. R. Supit

Keyword(s):

Dental Caries ◽

Minimal Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Control Group ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Control Group Design ◽

Group Design ◽

Extract Concentration

Abstract: The main problem in dental health is dental caries that occurs due to the fermentation by Streptococcus mutans bacteria. Gedi leaf (Abelmoschus manihot L. Medical) is one of the common plants in Northern Celebes that contains antimicrobial compounds namely flavonoid, alkaloid, steroid, and saponin; all of them have been proved to inhibit the growth of S. mutans. This study was aimed to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of gedi leaf extract (Abelmoschus manihot L. Medical) to S. mutans growth. This was a true experimental study with a randomized pretest-posttest control group design. The method used in this study was serial dilution method with turbidimetry and spectrophotometry. Samples of gedi leaves were obtained at Paal 2 Manado, and were extracted with maceration method using ethanol 96%. S. mutans bacteria were obtained from the pure bacterial stock at Microbiology Laboratory of Pharmacy Study Program, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science University of Sam Ratulangi Manado. The turbidimetry test showed that the tube content became clearer at 25% of extract concentration. Moreover, the UV-Vis spectro-photometer showed a decrease of OD value for the first time at 25% of extract concentration. Conclusion: The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of gedi leaf extract (Abelmoschus manihot L. Medical) to Streptococcus mutans growth was at concentration of 25%.Keywords: gedi leaf (Abelmoschus manihot L. Medical), Streptococcus mutans, MIC, dental caries Abstrak: Masalah utama dalam kesehatan gigi ialah karies gigi yang terbentuk karena proses peragian oleh bakteri Streptococcus mutans. Daun gedi (Abelmoschus manihot L. Medik) merupakan salah satu tanaman khas daerah Sulawesi Utara yang mengandung senyawa antimikroba berupa flavonoid, alkaloid, steroid, dan saponin yang telah terbukti memiliki efek antibakteri terhadap pertumbuhan S. mutans. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui konsentrasi hambat minimum (KHM) ekstrak daun gedi (Abelmoschus manihot L. Medik) terhadap pertumbuhan S. mutans. Jenis penelitian ialah eksperimental murni dengan pretest-posttest control group design. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu metode serial dilusi dengan pengujian turbidimetri dan spektrofotometri. Daun gedi diperoleh dari Kecamatan Paal 2 Manado, dan diekstraksi dengan metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 96%. Bakteri S. mutans diambil dari stok bakteri murni Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Program Studi Farmasi Fakultas MIPA Universitas Sam Ratulangi Manado. Hasil pengujian turbidimetri memperlihatkan bahwa larutan dalam tabung terlihat mulai jernih pada konsentrasi ekstrak 25%. Pada pengujian spektrofotometer UV-Vis terlihat penurunan nilai OD pertama kali pada konsentrasi 25%. Simpulan: Konsentrasi hambat minimum ekstrak daun gedi (Abelmoschus manihot L. Medik) terhadap pertumbuhan Streptococcus mutans terdapat pada konsentrasi 25%.Kata kunci: daun gedi (Abelmoschus manihot L. Medik), Streptococcus mutans, KHM, karies

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Screening of 20 Pantanal Wetland Plants for Anti-Candida Activity using HPLC-DAD-MS/MS and Bioautography to Characterize Active Compounds

Planta Medica International Open ◽

10.1055/a-1494-1117 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (03) ◽

pp. e96-e103

Author(s):

Daniela Z. de Brito ◽

Nadla S. Cassemiro ◽

Jeana M. E. de Souza ◽

Geraldo A. Damasceno-Junior ◽

Rodrigo J. Oliveira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Active Compounds ◽

Antifungal Potential ◽

Sesbania Virgata ◽

Etoac Fraction ◽

Pharmacological Potential ◽

Rich Flora ◽

Brazilian Pantanal ◽

Podophyllotoxin Derivatives ◽

Pantanal Wetland

AbstractThe Pantanal wetland harbors a rich flora with uncharted pharmacological potential. This study evaluated 20 Brazilian Pantanal plants against Candida albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, and C. krusei. Fungal susceptibility was determined by agar diffusion and broth microdilution; active compounds were identified by bioautography and HPLC-DAD-MS/MS. Sesbania virgata, Polygala molluginifolia, and Cantinoa mutabilis extracts and their chloroform and ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fractions exhibited the best activity against all Candida species tested. The EtOAc fraction of P. molluginifolia proved to be more efficient in inhibiting C. parapsilosis and C. krusei growth (Minimum inhibitory concentration of 125 and 62.5 μg/mL, respectively). Bioautography of this fraction revealed two active bands, characterized by HPLC-DAD-MS/MS as a mixture of podophyllotoxin derivatives blumenol, besides some flavonoids. This work demonstrated antifungal potential of P. molluginifolia podophyllotoxin derivatives and the versatility of bioautography with HPLC-DAD-MS/MS to identify the bioactive compounds.

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Susceptibility to patterns of ciprofloxacin among nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella isolates collected in Banepa, Nepal from enteric fever patients

Journal of Biological Research - Bollettino della Società Italiana di Biologia Sperimentale ◽

10.4081/jbr.2016.5527 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 89 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Girija Roka ◽

Subash Pandaya ◽

Md. Reyad-ul Ferdous ◽

Manson Pandey ◽

Naba Raj Pokhrel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nalidixic Acid ◽

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Enteric Fever ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Acid Resistance ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Disc Diffusion ◽

Antimicrobial Sensitivity ◽

Broth Dilution ◽

Nalidixic Acid Resistance

The present study determined the susceptibility to ciprofloxacin of nalidixic acid resistant Salmonella (NARS) isolated from enteric fever patients at Scheer Memorial Hospital, Banepa, Nepal, from June 2012 to December 2012. The antimicrobial sensitivity to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin was determined using modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion and broth dilution method according to the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute. Salmonella was isolated from 34 out of 992 (3.43%) blood cultures collected during the study period, and 10 (29.4%) isolates were identified as Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi, while 24 (70.6%) were identified as Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi. Out of the total isolates, 31 (91.2%) were nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella (NARS). Among NARS, the minimum inhibitory concentration values for ciprofloxacin ranged from 0.25 to 2 mg/L and were constantly higher than those shown by the nalidixic acid-susceptible Salmonella. Therefore, in typhoid Salmonella nalidixic acid resistance may be the indicator of decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin.

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A Facile Synthesis and Studies of Some New Chalcones and Their Derivatives Based on Heterocyclic Ring

E-Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1155/2012/638452 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 1897-1905 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

A. Solankee ◽

K. Patel ◽

R. Patel

Keyword(s):

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Guanidine Hydrochloride ◽

Heterocyclic Ring ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Facile Synthesis ◽

Phenyl Hydrazine ◽

Gram Negative ◽

E Coli ◽

Heterocyclic Aldehydes ◽

Broth Dilution

Chalcones(6a-f)have been prepared by the condensation of ketone(5)and different aromatic and heterocyclic aldehydes. These chalcones(6a-f)on treatment with guanidine hydrochloride and phenyl hydrazine hydrochloride in presence of alkali give aminopyrimidines(7a-f)and phenylpyrazolines(8a-f)respectively. All the newly synthesized compounds have been characterized on the basis of IR,1HNMR spectral data as well as physical data. Antibacterial activity (minimum inhibitory concentration MIC) against Gram-positiveS. aureusMTCC 96 andS. pyogeneusMTCC 442 and Gram-negativeP. aeruginosaMTCC 1688 andE. coliMTCC 443 bacteria, as well as antifungal acivities (MIC) againstC. albicansMTCC 227,A. nigerMTCC 282 andA. clavatusMTCC 1323 were determined by broth dilution method.

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