scholarly journals Chemical Composition, Nutritional Values and Antibacterial Activities of Watermelon Seed (Citrullus lanatus)

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Asoso Oluwakemi Sola ◽  
Ogunmefun Olayinka Temitayo ◽  
Adelegan Olufunke ◽  
Farida Shittu
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Citrullus Lanatus ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
World Health ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Promising Area ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Neisseria Sicca ◽  
Drug Resistant Strains

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines traditional medicine as the sum total of the knowledge, skills, and practices based on the theories, beliefs and experiences indigenous to different cultures, whether explicable or not, used in the maintenance of health as well as in the prevention, diagnosis, improvement or treatment of physical and mental illness. Plants are traditionally used for treatment of bacterial infections. The aim of this study was to investigate chemical composition, nutritional evaluation and antibacterial activities of watermelon seeds. The qualitative phytochemical analysis of watermelon indicated that alkaloids were moderately present, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, and phenols were all present. The quantitative analysis of watermelon indicated 3.080 mg/g for alkaloids, 0.304mg/g for phenols, 0.117 mg/g for tannins, 0.200mg/g for saponins and 2.675 mg/g for flavonoids.  The vitamin composition of watermelon seeds indicated 0.03 mg/100 g for vitaminB1, 0.01 vitaminB2, 0.64 mg/100g for vitaminB3, 0.24 mg /100 g vitaminB6 and 0.01 for vitaminB12.The bioactivities of extract were tested, against Proteus mirabilis, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Necropsobacter rosorum, Tsukamurella hongkongensis, Lactobacillus sp, Staphylococcus petrasii, Neisseria sicca, Dietzi amaris, Pseudomonas oryzyhabitans, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Advenella incenata, Neiserria subflava and Serriatia marcescens. Researchers are advised to turn their attention towards plants products, which is most promising area in search of new biologically activity compounds with better activity against multi drug resistant strains and reduced antibiotic related side effects.

Antimicrobial peptides for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis, allies or foes?

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
pp. 1138-1147
Author(s):  
Bruno Rivas-Santiago ◽  
Flor Torres-Juarez
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
World Health ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Drug Resistant Strains

Tuberculosis is an ancient disease that has become a serious public health issue in recent years, although increasing incidence has been controlled, deaths caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis have been accentuated due to the emerging of multi-drug resistant strains and the comorbidity with diabetes mellitus and HIV. This situation is threatening the goals of World Health Organization (WHO) to eradicate tuberculosis in 2035. WHO has called for the creation of new drugs as an alternative for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis, among the plausible molecules that can be used are the Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs). These peptides have demonstrated remarkable efficacy to kill mycobacteria in vitro and in vivo in experimental models, nevertheless, these peptides not only have antimicrobial activity but also have a wide variety of functions such as angiogenesis, wound healing, immunomodulation and other well-described roles into the human physiology. Therapeutic strategies for tuberculosis using AMPs must be well thought prior to their clinical use; evaluating comorbidities, family history and risk factors to other diseases, since the wide function of AMPs, they could lead to collateral undesirable effects.

Detoxifying Action of Aqueous Extracts of Mucuna pruriens Seed and Mimosa pudica Root Against Venoms of Naja nigricollis and Bitis arietans

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew P. Ameh ◽  
Mamman Mohammed ◽  
Yusuf P. Ofemile ◽  
Magaji G. Mohammed ◽  
Ada Gabriel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phospholipase A2 ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Fibrinolytic Activity ◽  
Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽  
World Health ◽  
Mucuna Pruriens ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Mimosa Pudica ◽  
Health Organization

Background: The World Health Organization included snakebite envenomation among Neglected Tropical Diseases in 2017. The importance of natural products from plants is enormous, given that most prescribed drugs originate from plants. Among this is Mucuna pruriens and Mimosa pudica, with many registered patents asserting their health benefits. Objective: This study investigated the in vitro neutralizing effects of Mucuna pruriens seed and Mimosa pudica root extracts on venoms of Naja nigricollis and Bitis arietans. Methods: In mice, the LD50 and phytochemical analysis of M. pruriens and M. pudica plant extracts were carried out prior to the evaluation of their haemolytic and fibrinolytic effect. Their effects on the activities of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) were also assessed. Results: At a concentration of 50 mg/ml, both plant extracts were found to neutralize the fibrinolytic activity of N. nigricollis, but 400 mg/ml was required to neutralize the fibrinolytic activity of B. arietans. In haemolytic studies, 50 mg/ml concentration of M. pruriens extract suppressed haemolysis caused by N. nigricollis venom by 70% but at the same concentration, M. pudica extract reduced haemolysis by 49.4%. M. pruriens, at 50 mg/ml concentration, only inhibited phospholipase A2 activity by 7.7% but higher concentrations up to 400mg/ml had no effect against the venom of N. nigricollis; at 200 mg/ml. M. pudica extract inhibited PLA2 activity by 23%. Conclusion: The results suggest that M. pruriens and M. pudica may be considered as promising antivenom agents for people living in a snake-bite prone environment.

scholarly journals Measurement report: Fourteen months of real-time characterisation of the submicronic aerosol and its atmospheric dynamics at the Marseille–Longchamp supersite

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 7293-7319
Author(s):  
Benjamin Chazeau ◽  
Brice Temime-Roussel ◽  
Grégory Gille ◽  
Boualem Mesbah ◽  
Barbara D'Anna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Ultrafine Particle ◽  
Urban Traffic ◽  
World Health ◽  
Land Breeze ◽  
Local Pollution ◽  
Shipping Traffic ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Pollution Episodes

Abstract. This study reports results of PM1 chemical composition determined using a Time-of-Flight Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ToF-ACSM) over a 14-month period (1 February 2017–13 April 2018) at the Marseille–Longchamp supersite (MRS-LCP) in France. Parallel measurements were performed with an aethalometer, an ultrafine particle monitor and a suite of instruments to monitor regulated pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, NOx, O3 and SO2). The average PM1 chemical composition over the period was dominated by organic aerosol (OA; 49.7 %) and black carbon (BC; 17.1 %), while sulfate accounted for 14.6 %, nitrate for 10.2 %, ammonium for 7.9 % and chloride for 0.5 % only. Wintertime was found to be the season contributing the most to the annual PM1 mass concentration (30 %), followed by autumn (26 %), summer (24 %) and spring (20 %). During this season, OA and BC concentrations were found to contribute 32 % and 31 % of their annual concentrations, respectively, as a combined result of heavy urban traffic, high emissions from residential heating and low planetary boundary layer (PBL) height. Most (75 %) of the 15 days exceeding the target daily PM2.5 concentration value recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) occurred during this season. Local and long-range pollution episodes with contrasting chemical composition could be distinguished, accounting for 40 % and 60 % of the exceedance days, respectively. Enhanced OA and BC concentrations, mostly originating from domestic wood burning under nocturnal land breeze conditions, were observed during local pollution episodes, while high levels of oxygenated OA and inorganic nitrate were associated with medium-/long-range transported particles. In summertime, substantially higher concentrations of sulfate were found, with an average and a maximum contribution to the PM1 mass of 24 % and 66 %, respectively. Results from k-means clustering analysis of daily profiles of sulfate concentrations clearly reveal the significant influence of local harbour/industrial activities on air quality in addition to the more regional contribution of shipping traffic that originates from the Mediterranean basin.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Antibacterial Activities of Fractions from Ethanol-Extracted Residues of Piper guineense Leaves on Gram Negative Clinical Isolate

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 8-17
Author(s):  
Tharcitus Chilaka Onwudiwe Prince Chiazor Unekwe ◽  
Kingsley Chimsorom Chilaka Malachy Ifeanyi Obi
Keyword(s):  
Plant Material ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Piper Guineense ◽  
Standard Drug ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Antibacterial Screening

The problem of drug resistance to orthodox antimicrobial agents has remained a setback in the treatment of bacterial infections in the modern society. Adverse effects, coupled with scarcity and high cost of orthodox drugs have necessitated interest in the search, development and use of antibacterial agents from plant origin. Piper guineense is claimed in traditional medicine as a remedy for gram negative organism-transmitted infections. The leaves of Piper guineense plant was collected, washed, dried at room temperature and pulverized. The plant material was extracted with 80% ethanol. The ethanol-extracted residue was subjected to fractionation. Seventeen fractions were obtained, and were pooled together based on their Rf values into five pooled-fractions labeled: PF-1, PF-2, PF-3, PF-4, PF-5. Both the ethanol and fraction extracts were subjected to phytochemical analysis, preliminary antibacterial screening, minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentrations determination using both clinical isolates and type culture organisms. The yield of ethanol-extracted residue was low (21.08g) when compared to the amount of pulverized plant material (500g). Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids and terpenoids in all the extracts. The extracts produced statistically significant lower zone of inhibition (p<0.05) when compared with the standard drug (amoxicillin), it also demonstrated activity against test organisms used in the study. The findings of this study demonstrated that ethanol leaf extract of Piper guineense possess antibacterial activities, therefore justifies the traditional claim of the plant.

scholarly journals Study and analysis the effect of chemical composition of spring water of dhofar region against turbidity

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmmed Saadi Ibrahim ◽  
◽  
Tafoul Abdullah Al Kathiri ◽  
Tariq Omar Hassan Al Rashidi Al Rashidi ◽  
Salim Ahmed Salim Al Shanfari Al Shanfari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Solid Particles ◽  
World Health ◽  
Identification System ◽  
Physiochemical Parameters ◽  
Percentage Difference ◽  
Quality Water ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Health Organization

The aim of this study is to calculate the physical properties of eight springs of the water of the Dhofar region in Oman using physiochemical parameters like pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), conductivity, turbidity, and dissolved oxygen (DO). The chemical properties estimated the concentrations of the metals in springs of water and specified the best healthy spring of water depending on the percentage difference between the actual and normal range set by the World Health Organization (WHO). Eight samples for each test were collected from eight springs of water, namely, Ain Hamran, Ain Deribat, Ain Tobruk, Ain Al-Nabi Ayoub, Ain Atom, Ain Jarziz, Ain Sahlnot, and Ain Razat using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) to study the chemical composition of the samples. Ain Jarziz represented high quality water because the percentage difference between actual and WHO was 78.78% compared to Ain Al-Nabi Ayoub, where the difference percentage was 105.95 %. Quantity of dissolved solid particles has a big effect on TDS and conductivity compared to the turbidity. Identification system was used to evaluate the effect of the quality of the chemical composition on the turbidity for Ions of Cl-1, So4 -2, Ca+2, Na+1, Mg+2, and K+1 to be equal to 99.52%, 75.4%, 92.548%, 95.346%, 98.011%, and 97.33 %, respectively. However, more studies are required to conform with the outcomes of this research employing this energetic technique.

scholarly journals Analysis of the clinical pipeline of treatments for drug resistant bacterial infections: despite progress, more action is needed

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark S. Butler ◽  
Valeria Gigante ◽  
Hatim Sati ◽  
Sarah Paulin ◽  
Laila Al-Sulaiman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Antibacterial Agents ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Clinical Development ◽  
World Health ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Antibacterial Drugs ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile ◽  
Differentiated Candidates ◽  
Health Organization

There is an urgent global need for new strategies and drugs to control and treat multi-drug resistant bacterial infections. In 2017, the World Health Organization (WHO) released a list of 12 antibiotic-resistant priority pathogens and began to critically analyze the antibacterial clinical pipeline. This review analyzes ‘traditional’ and ‘non-traditional’ antibacterial agents and modulators in clinical development current on 30 June 2021 with activity against the WHO priority pathogens, mycobacteria and Clostridioides difficile. Since 2017, 12 new antibacterial drugs have been approved globally, but only vaborbactam belongs to a new antibacterial class. Also innovative is the cephalosporin derivative cefiderocol, which incorporates an iron-chelating siderophore that facilitates Gram-negative bacteria cell entry. Overall, there were 76 antibacterial agents in clinical development (45 traditional and 31 non-traditional) with 28 in Phase 1, 32 in Phase 2, 12 in Phase 3 and four under regulatory evaluation. Forty-one out of 76 (54%) targeted WHO priority pathogens, 16 (21%) against mycobacteria, 15 (20%) against C. difficile and 4 (5%) are non-traditional agents with broad spectrum effects. Nineteen of the 76 antibacterial agents have new pharmacophores and four of these have new modes of actions not previously exploited by marketed antibacterial drugs. Despite there being 76 antibacterial clinical candidates, this analysis indicated that there were still relatively few clinically differentiated antibacterial agents in late-stage clinical development, especially against critical Priority Pathogens. We believe that future antibacterial R&D should focus on the development of innovative and clinically differentiated candidates that have clear and feasible progression pathways to the market.

scholarly journals Chemical composition and insecticidal activity of Anacyclus pyrethrum essential oil from the Bensliman area against Culex pipiens

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-21
Author(s):  
Kawtar El Mokhtari ◽  
M'hammed EL Kouali ◽  
Mohammed Talbi ◽  
Latifa Hajji ◽  
Abdelhak El Brouzi
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Insecticidal Activity ◽  
Culex Pipiens ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
World Health ◽  
Herbaceous Plant ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Asteraceae Family ◽  
Lc50 And Lc90

Anacyclus pyrethrum is a herbaceous plant that belongs to the Asteraceae family. The focus of the present study is to extract the essential oil from this plant, to determine its chemical composition and to evaluate its insecticidal activity against the larvae of the mosquito Culex pipiens. The essential oil from A. pyrethrum collected from the region of Bensliman in Morocco was extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry were studied. Essential oil yield obtained by hydrodistillation was 0.09%. The major aroma constituents were Spathulenol (20.47%), Germacrene D (16.48%), Caryophyllene oxide (13.20%), 4(14)-Salviale-1-one (8.27%) and Caryophyllene 4(14),8(15)-dien-5α-ol (7.30%). The larvicidal test carried out according to a methodology based on the standard protocol of the World Health Organization was studied on 4th instar larvae of C. pipiens and showed that A. pyrethrum essential oil possesses remarkable insecticidal properties.  After 24 hours of exposition, larvicidal assays revealed a 100% mortality of C. pipiens larvae. The dose of 40 μL/mL was toxic enough to cause 100% larval mortality of C. pipiens. The lethal concentrations LC50 and LC90 calculated for the essential oil studied were of the order of 14.79 μL/mL and 19.95 μL/mL, respectively. To control mosquitoes, this essential oil extracted from A. pyrethrum might be used as a natural insecticide and therefore could be an alternative to synthetic insecticides already present on the market.

scholarly journals PHARMACOGNOSTIC STUDIES OF DALBERGIA SISSO ROXB.

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
Ijaz Ali ◽  
Ghazala H. Rizwani ◽  
Huma Shareef ◽  
Sohail Khan
Keyword(s):  
Research Work ◽  
Powdered Material ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
World Health ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Infra Red ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
High Level ◽  
Different Parts

<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Present study was aimed to standardize the leaves, pods, and bark of <em>Dalbergia sisso </em>Roxb (Fabaceae) plant which is one of the most important species of Pakistan and used in different ailments.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Powders of dried parts of this plant were used for macroscopic and microscopic, histological, fluorescence, micro chemical, proximate, infra-red spectroscopic examinations and extract were used for preliminary phytochemical examination. These entire tests were performed as per World Health Organization (WHO) standards.<strong><em></em></strong></p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In preliminary phytochemical analysis <em>D. sisso</em> carbohydrates, alkaloids, and tannins were detected in the pod while leaves contain carbohydrates alkaloids and flavonoids. The different cellular structure provides the basis of different parts identifications like stomata in leave (A), schlerides in pods (B) and tissues in bark (C) parts of the powdered plant. Proximate analysis showed the high level of moisture content and ash values of A, B and C samples. The fluorescence behavior of powdered material of A, B and C revealed the coloration of these samples under different wavelength. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) established the spectrum include aromatic and aldehyde based functional groups for the all three powdered samples of <em>D. sisso </em>Roxb.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This research work was performed for the standardization of the plant <em>D. sisso </em>Roxb. as per WHO recommendations and we established the proper identification profile of the plant and its parts.</p>

Obesity as an infectious disease– review of the literature

2015 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-58
Author(s):  
Iwona Bil-Lula ◽  
Anna Krzywonos-Zawadzka
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
World Literature ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Intensive Work

Obesity, which is a pathological and excessive accumulation of body fat (WHO; World Health Organization), is the problem undertaken in the world literature for several decades. Significant mortality due to the obesity comorbidities is the basis to undertake an intensive work on the new preventive and therapeutic strategies worldwide. Nevertheless, due to the multifactorial origin of obesity and the growing number of obese subjects, the effectiveness of these strategies appears to be highly limited. Besides to the traditionally recognized etiological factors of obesity, many reports showing an association of infectious agents and uncontrolled weight gain have been published recently. In this paper we present an overview of reports confirming the association between infections and obesity. Data showed that a specific viral and bacterial infections as well as infections with protozoa and prions are associated with the increased intracellular accumulation of lipids, hypertrophy and hyperplasia of adipose tissue, body weight gain, increase of BMI and changes in lipid metabolism. These infections can serve as direct causal agents, but they can also interact with other environmental factors, thus increasing the predisposition to the development of obesity. There are at least a few hypotheses on the pathogenesis of “infectobesity.” There are some reports describing the damage of the central nervous system and hence the endocrine glands dysfunction due to infection, increased insulin susceptibility of infected cells, reduced production and release of leptin, increased glucose and fatty acids transport into adipocytes and inflammatory basis for infectobesity. Undoubtedly, awareness of the relationship between infections and obesity brings us closer to develop the effective preventive and therapeutic strategies, but it also raises the question about other, so far underestimated, environmental factors that increase the predisposition to obesity.

scholarly journals Infection prevention measures for orthopaedic departments during the COVID-2019 pandemic: a review of current evidence

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 74-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Baldock ◽  
Scott M. Bolam ◽  
Ryan Gao ◽  
Mark F. Zhu ◽  
Michael P. J. Rosenfeldt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
World Health ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Personal Protection ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Personal Protection Equipment ◽  
Orthopaedic Surgeons ◽  
Health Organization

Aim The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic presents significant challenges to healthcare systems globally. Orthopaedic surgeons are at risk of contracting COVID-19 due to their close contact with patients in both outpatient and theatre environments. The aim of this review was to perform a literature review, including articles of other coronaviruses, to formulate guidelines for orthopaedic healthcare staff. Methods A search of Medline, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, World Health Organization (WHO), and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) databases was performed encompassing a variety of terms including ‘coronavirus’, ‘covid-19’, ‘orthopaedic’, ‘personal protective environment’ and ‘PPE’. Online database searches identified 354 articles. Articles were included if they studied any of the other coronaviruses or if the basic science could potentially applied to COVID-19 (i.e. use of an inactivated virus with a similar diameter to COVID-19). Two reviewers independently identified and screened articles based on the titles and abstracts. 274 were subsequently excluded, with 80 full-text articles retrieved and assessed for eligibility. Of these, 66 were excluded as they compared personal protection equipment to no personal protection equipment or referred to prevention measures in the context of bacterial infections. Results There is a paucity of high quality evidence surrounding COVID-19. This review collates evidence from previous coronavirus outbreaks to put forward recommendations for orthopaedic surgeons during the COVID-19 pandemic. The key findings have been summarized and interpreted for application to the orthopaedic operative setting. Conclusion For COVID-19 positive patients, minimum suggested PPE includes N95 respirator, goggles, face shield, gown, double gloves, and surgical balaclava. Space suits not advised. Be trained in the correct technique of donning and doffing PPE. Use negative pressure theatres if available. Minimize aerosolization and its effects (smoke evacuation and no pulse lavage). Minimize further unnecessary patient-staff contact (dissolvable sutures, clear dressings, split casts).

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